Overview
This lecture introduces the structure and function of the human brain, detailing its main regions, their roles, protective mechanisms, and tips for maintaining brain health.
Main Regions of the Brain
- The brain is divided into four main regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon.
- The cerebrum is the largest region, responsible for higher functions like learning, reasoning, speech, sight, and hearing.
- The cerebellum coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance and posture.
- The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions like heart rate, breathing, digestion, and sleep.
- The diencephalon contains structures that process sensory information, and regulate hormones, weight, energy, and instinctive behaviors.
Components of Each Region
- The brainstem includes the pons (sensory information), midbrain (movement, auditory/visual processing), and medulla oblongata (motor/sensory pathways).
- The diencephalon houses the thalamus (processes all senses except smell), hypothalamus, and pituitary gland (regulate neurochemicals and body functions).
Brain Protection and Health
- The blood-brain barrier is a semipermeable wall that restricts entry of certain chemicals from the bloodstream into the brain.
- Despite protection, the brain is vulnerable to tumors, dementia, and diseases.
- Physical activity and a balanced diet can help preserve cognitive function and reduce risks of diseases like Alzheimer's.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Cerebrum — largest brain region; controls higher functions and senses.
- Cerebellum — coordinates movement, balance, and posture.
- Brainstem — connects brain to spinal cord; controls vital functions.
- Diencephalon — brain core with thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary; regulates hormones, senses, and behaviors.
- Blood-brain barrier — semipermeable membrane protecting brain from harmful substances.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the main regions of the brain and their functions.
- Read about ways to maintain brain health through lifestyle choices.