Macbeth's Descent into Ambition and Tyranny

Hello, Namaskar, Vanakkam. Macbeth, Act 3, Scene 1, which is the first scene as far as your class 12 syllabus for ISE is concerned. So, that's what we are going to study. We have already seen the murder of King Duncan in the first two acts, in Act 2 in particular. And now we see the consequences of that particular regicide. What really happens, especially to the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Shall we start? Let's start. Shall we start? Okay, so this is the PDF. I hope you can see it on your screen. Now, this particular scene takes place at Fawz. It's pronounced as F-A-W-Z. Okay, this is the palace and Banko enters. Now, Banko is obviously one of the important characters because he's presented throughout the play as F-A-W-Z. a foil to Macbeth till his murder takes place right and we have seen that Banquo is the only other person who knows what the three beard sisters predicted for Macbeth and also to an extent for Banquo. Banquo says thou has it now king codder glams all as the beard women promised and I fear thou playedest most foully for it. Now this is the particular scene in which Macbeth orders the killing of Banquo and his son Fleance. The killing of son Fleance that he orders is extremely important because the witches had predicted that the descendants of Banquo will be the ones who would become kings in the future. So he wants to prevent that line of succession from taking place because he sees them as a potential threat based on the prophecy made by the witches. Now Banquo says thou has it now. What is he referring to? He is referring to the different titles. He says you have it now. You referring to thou referring to Macbeth. Okay. He says you are now the king. You are also the thane of Cawdor, the thane of Glamis, the titles that he occupied before this. All of them and just like the weird woman that is the witches. Predicted, promised means predicted. And I fear, but I suspect, here he is talking about that he is doubting. He suspects that you, that is Macbeth, used foul play, played most foully, that he used some amount of foul play in order to attain these titles. For it means, in order to achieve these titles, especially that of the King of Scotland, you did something. which was not moral, which was not the ethical thing to do. Yet it was said it should not stand in thy posterity. But the witches also said that the titles will not remain with your descendants. Posterity means after you. It should not stand means it is not something which will be there for it for which you did something extremely dishonest. Okay, so he says it will not be for your descendants. Posterity means something which comes after. But that myself should be the root and father of many kings. But that I, myself, that he is referring to Banco himself, will be the root. That is, it is from me that the next line of kings will actually come as far as Scotland is concerned. So the sons and grandsons, that is my root. I will be the father of many kings. That is from me is where the line of descendants will come for Scotland's royalty. If there come truth from them, as upon the Magbid their speeches shine. So he says, if the witches, if there come truth from them, them is referring to the witches. If they indeed spoke the truth, if they indeed spoke the truth, them referring to the witches and what they told about you were brilliantly fulfilled. speeches shine means their speech is shown that whatever they said in that interaction with the they actually came true very brilliantly shine means they really came across very brilliantly because that's precisely what happened why by the verities of the made good may they not be my oracles and as well and set me up in hope but hush no more so he's saying then maybe you So you see, Banco is also hoping that maybe since their predictions about you came true, it is quite possible that their predictions about me, that is my descendants will become the kings of Scotland. that may also come true as well and that gives me hope set me up in hope means that provides him hope that gives banko hope but now i will shut up means i will not speak anymore because he has heard the sound of the arrival of macbeth along with lady macbeth lennox rocks and other ladies and gentlemen and lords so Oracles is an important word here because oracles essentially were used as sources of truth. It is used by Banco for the witches. He is referring to the witches as the oracles as well because oracles were known as sources of some kind of knowledge, prophetic knowledge about your own fate and destiny and by calling them oracles. And this is an important point. by calling the witches as oracles, otherwise he refers to them as weird sisters. But by calling them as oracles, he is kind of giving their predictions, their pronouncements a lot of importance because he has seen at least some of them coming true. As far as Macbeth is concerned, all their predictions have actually come true. Now, the last part, and this is important, please make a note of it. The last part where he is kind of hoping. that why can't they be my oracles as well and that gives me hope it shows that banco is also harboring some kind of ambitions as far as his next generations are concerned so since the witches were right about megbert he starts to entertain the idea that what they may have prophesized about bangkok that might come true as well so he's you know trying to think about his own place in the larger context because magbeth has become king as per the prophecy by the witches he has seen magbeth's rise to ultimate power so you know there is this internal kind of struggle between his loyalty to uh king magbeth and his own ambition which seems to be budding and that's kind of sets up some kind of a clash so this is an important point so if you get uh something with reference to banko's you know ambition you need to mention this megbert says here is our chief guest referring to bangkok okay so lady megbert says if he had been forgotten if we had forgotten him it would have been seen as a gap in our grand feast and all thing unbecoming that if he had forgotten it our big celebration would have been incomplete okay a gap in our big feast means our feast would have been incomplete if we had forgotten about bangkok Okay, and that would have been quite all thing means that would have been quite unbecoming means inappropriate. And you know, to forget about Bangkok would have not only led to a gap in our lacuna in our drawback in our grand feast, but it also would have been rather inappropriate. Meghwet says tonight we hold a solemn supper. So we are having a ceremonial. This is referring to ceremonial. Supper, supper as in dinner or a feast and I request your presence. Please note this word request that I request that you should also attend it. Let your highness command upon me. Now look at why did I say request ko mark karo? Because he uses the word command. Banko responds with the word command to Macbeth's use of the word request. So he says whatever your highness orders me to do, commands me to do. to the which my duties are a most indissoluble tie forever knit so he says banco says that whatever your highness that is your i mean the king magbeth commands me to do it is my duty to obey it now let me just explain to you this particular phrase now indissoluble means something which cannot be broken or undone okay uh tie means some kind of a bond right you know that you know i mean he has good ties with him which means that there is a good relationship between a and b so indissoluble tie is essentially talking about an bond which is unbreakable bond okay so banku is using this particular phrase indus indissoluble time to express his sense of loyalty sense of duty towards the king of Scotland that is Macbeth. So he's basically saying that his loyalty and obligation to follow the king's commands are so strong that they cannot be broken in any way. I also told you that he uses the word request, but he replies by using the word come on. Now, why is Banco's use of the word phrase indissoluble tie significant? Because he is unaware of the fact, though he suspects that Macbeth has done something wrong, dishonest. But he's unaware of the fact that he's the one who actually went ahead and killed King Duncan. So he's kind of expressing loyalty to a man who has actually committed the ultimate crime of regicide. So this kind of creates a dramatic irony that, you know, this man who knew everything about Macbeth, including the predictions made by the three weird sisters, but he did not know that he killed King Duncan and now he is actually expressing great loyalty to this particular king. But at the same time, we also know that Banquo has a strong sense of duty and that kind of leads him on to question Macbeth's legitimacy as the king of Scotland, right? I mean... he is he kind of questions that so and we also know that the moral compass of bangkok is much superior to that of magbeth so he is loyal but he will not follow him blindly so these are the different aspects of bangkok that i'm telling you about which you should be aware of so that you can use it in your answers magbeth says are you going riding this afternoon that is you are going on horse riding bangkok says yes my good lord we should have we should have else desired your good advice which still had been both great and prosperous in this day's council but we will take tomorrow is it far you right so Macbeth wants to know the whereabouts of Banco as to where he is going and whether he is going very far so he says that we would have liked to hear desired means we would have liked your good advice which still has always you know still means which always has been very serious grave means serious and prosperous means it has been of benefit to scotland at the council meeting so he's talking about regular work of the you know the entire kingdom governance issues but we will conduct it tomorrow are you going for banco says as far my lord as will fill up the time between this and supper so He's replying to him as to where he's going. Now, the fact that he's referred to his advice as grave and prosperous, that is serious and beneficial. It shows us that Banco is considered to be a sensible kind of an advisor in the Kingdom of Scotland. And his advice is not just serious, but it also leads to benefits for the Kingdom of Scotland. And that is something which Macbeth is acknowledging in public. So... Yet another aspect of Banco is emphasized, brought out that Banco is someone who is seen as insightful, someone who is wise, someone who is intelligent and can give sound and clear advice. So, you know, in contrast, we do see Macbeth in Act 3 itself, kind of descending into all kinds of different kinds of paranoia. And there is also irony in this, that why he's... praising Banco. Same time, we know in the same scene, he will be also plotting to have him killed. So, there is, you know, it shows that Macbeth is an extremely Machiavellian, scheming kind of character, someone who cannot be trusted because on the face of it, he's praising Banco while he will also be at the back of his mind, he's plotting Banco's murder. So, that is something. So, it shows his deep sense of fear. and insecurity vis-a-vis banco so please whatever i'm telling you about banco keep making notes because these are important points that you will need as far as your answers are concerned five marks or 10 marks okay banco's killing will be an important question for you in the examination okay i will teach you everything in great detail word by word line by line you will not have to look at any book after this if you take down the notes that will take care of it subsequently our test papers will take care of you know the way you need to write the answers that will be later in the year okay as far as my lord as far my lord as will fill up the time with this and supper so he says the distance is far enough that the trip will take me time from now until dinner okay so that much time it will take for me to go and come back that it will be between now when i leave and until dinner time when i come back unless my Go not my horse the better unless my horse goes faster than I expect. You know, you know, unless my horse goes faster than I expect better. That is referring to speed. I must become a borrower of the night for a dark hour or two. So he's saying that I'll be riding an hour or two after it is dark. OK, after it is dark, I will be riding. So, you know, by the time I come back, it will be dark. and it will be almost a couple of hours when I will actually be riding when it is already done. Now, borrower of the night is an interesting phrase that he uses. Now, it is a metaphor. This one is a metaphor. So, it's not as though he's borrowing something from the night, but he's saying that he's going to be taking time from the night to complete his journey. He's not going to be able to complete his journey. in the daytime itself so he is saying that i will have to borrow time from the night in order to complete the journey which is why he has used the phrase borrower of the night twain is a more old style archaic word for two okay for an hour or two okay so that's what he's saying for a couple of hours now uh the other important aspect that you need to bear in mind uh because you see a lot of things happen in the darkness what did happen in the darkness the killing of King Duncan, right? It happened in the night. Now again, he's going to come back in the night when Banquo will also get killed. So Banquo's travel in the dark is kind of telling the audience and the reader that, you know, something wrong is going to happen because the dark always kind of conveys something sinister as far as this play is concerned and it kind of foreshadows the plot. that magbeth has hatched in order to eliminate him and the dramatic irony which is very very stark out here is that bangkok is kind of telling in detail about his travel plans to magbeth without being aware that magbeth is going to use all this information to feed to the murderers in order to kill him he is unaware of the danger that actually lies in the darkness for bangkok magbeth says do not miss our feast fail not our feast my lord i will not miss it megbeth says we hear our bloody cousins are bestowed in england and in ireland not confessing their cruel parasite filling their heroes with strange invention but of that tomorrow so he says that we have heard that our bloody cousins who is he referring to malcolm and donald benn okay because he was related to dunker remember they have taken refuge in england and in Ireland. They are not in Scotland. One of them is in England. One of them is in Ireland. Okay. The two have not yet confessed that they were the ones who killed King Duncan. Killing their father, killing the king is known as regicide. Killing the father is known as parasite. Okay. Filling their hearers and they have been telling strange inventions. Strange invention means they have been telling strange lies or fictitious stories about the murder they are not confessing to having killed the father and they have been filling their hearers whoever is listening to them they are telling them lots of strange fictitious stories but we will discuss that tomorrow of that tomorrow when wherewithal when therewithal we shall have cause of state craving us jointly but we will discuss all that tomorrow when we will discuss matters of state that require both your attention and mine Craving us jointly means both you and I have to discuss those important matters of state. So they crave for us, for our attention. Those matters are craving for our attention. You need to hide, you two horse, you need to hurry. Goodbye till you return at night. He's fluent going with you. You see, he talks about a lot of things and then he kind of slips in a question because he needs that information. Because he's plotting. the murder of both Banco and his son flails. Yes, my good Lord, our time does call upon us. It's time we got going. That's what he's saying. It's time we got going. I wish your horses swift and sure of foot. That are, I wish that your horses are fast and sure footed that they know, you know, how to gallop along. And with that wish, I send you to your horseback riding. You know, I commend you means I let you go to ride your horses. Goodbye. Banco exits. Let every man be master of his time. Now he says that let every man you know control is time till seven at night all of you can do whatever you want to do till seven o'clock at night you know all of you are free to do referring to the i mean addressing the other lords and ladies and he says to make society the sweeter welcome we will keep ourselves till supper time alone in order to ensure that your company is more enjoyable for me i am going to spend that time till dinner all alone so he says you we'll keep ourselves till supper time alone so he says that till such time i want to be alone so that later on when i have your company i enjoy it that much more until then may god be with you and everyone exists except magbeth and one attendant so magbeth says to the attendant sirah a word with you attend those men are pleasure so he says i mean sirah is a word which is it means sir but it's not said with the raspberry it's generally used for someone who is inferior to your rank. It could be a servant or someone who is below you in terms of rank. Attendant says they are waiting, referring to the murderers. He says, bring them upon me. So the attendant exits the scene. And this is the beginning of Magbeth's soliloquy, which is extremely important. So he says, and listen and mark the words carefully, to be thus, thus is referring to be king. So he says that to be king is worthless. That is, it is pointless. Unless I am safe as a king. If I am not safe as a king, to be king is worthless. Our fears in Bangkok stick deep that I am deeply afraid of Bangkok. Okay. And in his royalty of nature reigns that which would be feared. And there is a natural nobility. There is in his royalty of nature reigns that. What is reigning in Bangkok? There is a natural nobility which is reigning in Bangkok, which is part of Banco's character and personality that makes me afraid of him. And then he says, it is much he dares, which means that he is a risk taker. Banco is a risk taker and to that dauntless temper of his mind. And in addition to his rather fearless spirit, in addition to his rather fearless spirit, he has a wisdom. He's also very wise and that guides his. bravery, his courage. This is referring to his bravery. So he is wise and that kind of guides his courage to act safely. So you see, it's very interesting that he's talking about the qualities of Bangkok that he actually admires. But in the same vein, he says that it is the same qualities that he's also a little scared of. So it is a little bit of a strange kind of a situation that Magbeth is. talking about so it shows megbed's internal conflict vis-a-vis banco that there are three qualities which he admires but they also he also sees them as a threat to his position as the king of scotland so there is a sense of insecurity and as we know that throughout the play megbed and banco are pitted against each other megbed says there is none but he who's being i fear that there is no one else except banco who i actually fear and under him my genius is repute now what is genius now he genius essentially means a guardian spirit okay the belief at that time during Shakespeare's time was that every person possessed a controlling guardian spirit that directed his actions that kind of directed what each person will do okay so he says that my guardian spirit is intimidated feels scared you because of Banco's presence, just like it was said that Mark Antony's spirit was intimidated because of Caesar's spirit. So he's making this comparison between himself and Banco with Mark Antony and Caesar. So making a historical comparison, it also shows that, you know, he's kind of beginning to lose his control over his mind because he's talking in those kind of rather abstract terms. So Mark Antony is a very good example of this. Anthony. The story is that Mark Anthony had been told by a that his spirit was brave when it was alone. But when there was Caesar's spirit around him, it felt a little scared and intimidated. So Shakespeare is comparing the two sets, Macbeth and Banco with that of Caesar and Mark Anthony. So Macbeth is feeling that his own abilities, his own potential is kind of diminished because of Banco's presence. He feels overshadowed. intimidated by Banco's wisdom and this is important one it shows what does it show it shows Macbeth's in sense of insecurity okay it also shows his mental state which seems to be deteriorating mental state and the interesting thing is that he is not acknowledging the defects in his character he is kind of projecting the insecurities onto Banco that because of him I am feeling intimidated And as I said, talking about the historical event shows that Macbeth is beginning to lose touch with reality. He is talking about unrelated stories in order to justify his actions. And by talking about Mark Antony and Caesar, he is adding a layer of complexity to his own actions. So he then says that he scolded the sisters who Banco chided. He scolded the sisters when they first said that Magbeth will be king. And he said and bade them, means that he told them that they should speak to him. And then like prophets, he says, witches were like prophets because they prophesied. Then prophet like, they hailed him as the father to a line of kings, saying that the next generations of kings will come from Banco. Banco will not be king, but after Magbeth, it will be Banco's children who will be the kings. And so that means that on my head, they placed a crown which was fruitless. That is, it will not bear any fruit in terms of the crown that I will not be able to pass on my crown to my children. So scepter is the emblem of the symbol of the king's authority. So he says that the scepter that I have in my hand is barren, which means that I cannot be passing it on to my children. The scepter which is there in my crib. Thence to be wrenched by with an unlinear hand. Wrenched means it has to, it will be snatched away. It will be snatched away by a hand which does not belong to me. It's a non-linear kind of a function. So he says that someone from outside my family will take these things from me since no son of mine will succeed me as the king of Scotland. If it be so for Banco's issue, have I filed my mind? That is, I have done all these things. including the murder of gracious Duncan. I did all this for the sake of Banquo's children. So he's feeling rather angry and upset because of this, that, you know, for the sake of Banquo's children, I did something as bad as the murder of gracious Duncan. So filed means defiled. That's what defiled means, spoiled my mind. Okay. So he's kind of in a roundabout manner. admitting that what he did was not the right thing to do. But he's at this point in time feeling more agitated about the fact that he did that for the sake of Banquo's children. That is what is upsetting him more. So you see the different contradictions, layers of Medved's thinking and mind at this point in time. So he says that I put rankers in the vessel of my peace. Rankers is something like obstacles, hurdles. So in the vessel is the mind. That is I spoiled my peace of mind for the sake of Banco's children. I destroyed my peace of mind. So he says that I have handed over only for them and my eternal jewel given to the common enemy of man to make them kings, the seed of Banco kings. So he says that I have handed over eternal jewel means my everlasting peace, everlasting soul. You say no, you sell off the soul to the devil. OK. So I have given away my everlasting soul to the devil. Common enemy of man is who? It is the devil. They say, no, you sold your soul to the devil, which means that you are doing something very dark. That's a phrase, right? That's an idiom. So that Banquo's children could become kings. Banquo's sons becoming the king. Rather than so, come fate into the list. So he is kind of challenging fate. Okay. This is, he's using, he's personifying fate. Okay. So he says that, you know, come fate into the battleground and fight to death. You know, you can come and champion me to the end. Utterance means you come and fight me to the end. And then he says, who is there? Because the two murderers have come with the attendant. So Banquo's issue refers to Banquo's descendants. Defile my mind means that, you know, whatever he did, focused his thoughts and actions on fulfilling the prophecy, which, of course, made him king. And of course, children will be the future king. So he's kind of acknowledging his terrible crime, but he's more upset about the fact that that is going to benefit. someone else so uh it kind of he's kind of getting becoming aware of the pointlessness of his action he's no longer bothered about the fact that oh i have become king he's not thinking about that he's thinking about the next generation very much like politicians you know politicians once they occupy a particular chair they want to ensure that their son daughter etc will be the next in line you know it's very typical of that rankers as i said it means hurdle but it also means feelings of resentment feelings of hatred And Vessel, I have already said, it is about talking about the mind. So in a sense, he is admitting that he has spoiled his peace of mind and happiness because of the regicide that he committed. So it shows, it is highlighting Macbeth's fear. It is also highlighting his frustration. You know, I did not benefit completely because of what I did. So at that point in time, so now he wants to subvert the prophecy, somehow do something to ensure that that part of the prophecy does not come true. So he's not thinking at this point of time logically. He's not thinking if these prophecies came true as far as I'm concerned, even these will come true. But he's not thinking in those terms. So it kind of shows his descent into. Moral darkness, this is an important phrase which you should use. Macbeth's descent into moral darkness and his inner conflict. Okay, I hope with my explanation you have understood this. Okay, so he is making, lastly, a very powerful declaration of defiance. He is kind of declaring. defiance against fate saying that dumb hat okay that's what he's trying to say so now uh see uh another point that you need to remember is that till now macbeth was somewhat passive he was dominated by his wife lady macbeth but now he's actively defying fate and taking control of his own destiny even if it means losing uh fighting a losing battle And it shows that his mental state is gradually deteriorating because a rational person usually will not dare to fight against fate. There is a sense of, you know, we feel that if what is going to happen, this will happen. Can we really fight? But he is kind of daring to take on fate. So it shows a slightly irrational side to Magbets personality, his way of thinking. And it shows that he's now on a... dangerous path and it prepares us that he's going to meet a very violent kind of end the servant enters he says now you go and stay till the door because he doesn't want them him to over here what he will discuss with the two murders so then he says to the murderers was it not yesterday we spoke together now this is an important line it shows that magbeth has been plotting this for a while he's already met the murderers before he has had an initial conversation with him and He was plotting and that's why he wanted to know all those details about Bankos. You know, where he is going, when he is going to come back, how far is he going, etc, etc. How is he going by horseback, on horseback, etc. So, murder says, yeah, it was yesterday. So, please, your highness. So, Meghbib says, well, then now, have you considered of my speeches? In the sense that have you thought about what I spoke to you? Know that it was he in the times past which held you so under fortune. So, now he is trying to be. clever and manipulative. Okay, listen to this carefully what Macbeth says. So Macbeth says that it was Banco who made your lives miserable for so long. He in the times past that before this, which held you under fortune that he's the one who made your life miserable, which you thought had been our innocent self. Okay, you thought that I was responsible for your lack of success. You were blaming me, but no, I was innocent. It was my innocent self. It was Banco who was creating problems for you. Okay. So he's now trying to make it seem as though you have a vested interest in getting rid of Banco. Okay. So I told you about this when we met last. I made good to you, miss. I told this about all this in when we met last. That is when we last spoke, when we last had a conference, passed in probation with you and showed you proof. Hi! I showed you proof how you were born in hand, how cross the instruments that how that he provided them with evidence and then how you were tricked, how born in hand means how you were tricked and deceived by the agents, how crossed and deceived by the agents. OK, deceived by the agents. who did all the dirty work and a lot of other things that could convince who wrought with them and all things that else might to half a soul and to a notion crazed say thus jet bankos so he's saying that you were tricked and deceived by the agents instruments means agents who did all the dirty work and a lot of other things that could convince even someone who is a half-wit someone who is a crazy person uh notion crazed someone who has a crazy mind even he will be convinced to say that yes it was Banco who did it while you all this while thought that I was the one responsible so he is trying to place the seed of doubt and creating enmity between the murders and Banco this phrase gone in hand is an idiom which means deceived or tricked and half a soul which means someone who has a weak judgment who is not able to judge someone properly so he's reminding the murderers of the lie that he had already constructed in the previous meeting which we have not been seen on stage so he's trying to say that this all these things i told you the last time so now for the first time he's also mentioning banco by name that he's the one who was responsible for all the problems that you faced the first murder says yeah you told us about it you explained it all to what So, Mehmet says, I did that and I also said something more, which is now the point of our second meeting. Do you find your patient so predominant in your nature that you can let this go? So, he says that is your nature so forgiving? Okay, do you find your patient so predominant? You know, is your nature so forgiving? Are you of such a forgiving nature, right, that you don't need to... You don't feel the need to take revenge. That you will let this go. You know, it doesn't matter. Yeah, he created problems. We'll let this go. Are you like this? You know that you don't have any feeling of revenge. Is your nature so forgiving? So what is he trying to do? He's trying to provoke the murderers. Okay. Are you so gospel means? Are you so religious that you would pray for this good man and for his issue? That for his... children okay that you would pray for bangkok referring to him as a good man that you would refer pray for this good man when what he what he did what did bangkok do whose heavy hand has brought you to the grave and beggared yours forever whereas he has actually forced you into an early grave early grave means death that he forced you to an early death and made your families and descendants beggars forever that's what He did to you. We are men, my lord. Okay? We are men. So, he is now trying to manipulate to make it a case of revenge by the murderers. So, they don't feel it that they are doing it entirely for Meghbeth. Though later in the scene, he does say it very clearly that he wants to see Banco getting killed. So, initially, he is trying to also make it seem that, you know, you are doing it for yourself for the sake of... Your own revenge. So Medved says, yes, you are part of the, in the catalog, they go for men. So when they say that we are men. So he says, yeah, in the catalog that goes for men. You are part of the species that is called. You are part of the species that is called man. Just as hounds and greyhounds, which are form of wolves and dogs. Okay. spaniels curse dogs shaws water rugs and demi-wool so these are all half wolves they're all dogs these are all what is being referred to they are different kinds of dogs but you can distinguish all by the names of dogs the valued file distinguishes the swift the slow but you can distinguish which of them is fast which of them is slow which of them is a little subtle in terms of movements you know careful in the movements the housekeeper the hunter everyone according to the gift which bounteous nature had in him close so you can know that which of the dogs are fast which of them are slow which of them are clever subtle as in clever movements which of them are watch dogs the housekeeper the hunters right you can describe each dogs based on the specific gift that nature has bestowed upon them and make it different from the general qualities that define a dog the dog is there but each one of these dogs has different qualities that nature has given to them you can know where he gets a particular addition particular addition means a particular title from you know that oh he is a hunter you know because of a particular virtue in that particular dog from the bill that writes them all alike so he says uh it's the same for men okay and so of men it is the same now if you have a station in the file not in the worst rank of manhood say it so he says now if you stand a place in that list of men that is not down at the very bottom if you are completely not at the very bottom tell me because if that is the case i will tell you uh a secret plan if you are not at the complete bottom okay i will tell you a secret plan that will help you get rid of your enemy whose execution takes your enemy it will get rid of your enemy and bring you closer to me grapples you to the heart and love of us that is bring you closer to me as long as a certain man lives i am sick he says till such time that certain man who is he referring to banku lives i am sick his death will cure me okay so he says his death will cure me whose death with who wear our health but sickly in his life that's still such time that he's alive he's um i am sick and only in his death will i get cured perfect Second murderer says I am one my lord. Okay. So station in the file that is referring to out here, this particular line is a metaphor because file is a reference to a rank which suggests that the murderers have a certain level of worth, a certain stature in society. So when he says not in the worst rank of manhood, Macbeth is basically asking if they consider themselves to be courageous, brave and honorable men. So business is referring to the task of killing Banquo. So bosoms is a more poetic word for hearts or minds, suggesting that he's entrusting them with a very secret mission, something that will be between the three of us. Even the attendant who he has asked to stay outside will not know. The line whose execution takes the enemy off makes it clear that he wants to eliminate, get rid of Banco. Grapples suggests that killing Banco will bring them closer and bind them together. So this is the meaning of each one of these words and phrases. So who wear our health but sickly in his life? Our health is a metaphor for prosperity and well-being. He means to say that as long as Banco is alive. Their success will be sickly, will be limited, will be limited and only his death will make their well-being perfect. Okay, so he's kind of making it a common purpose that it is as much your purpose as mine. Okay, so he's doing what he's being extremely manipulative at this time. He's flattering their ego. He's giving them a sense of purpose and he's twisting the narrative to portray that Banco is your enemy. as well. Second murderer says, I am my lord whom the wild blows and buffets of the world have so incensed that I am reckless what I do to spite the world. So second murderer says that I have been so angry, my lord, that as a result of the beating, wild blows and buffets of the world means the beatings that I have taken from the world, you know, all the hardships that I have suffered in this particular world that I do not even care what I do, that I am willing to go to any extent. to do whatever because i'm really fed up of the hardships that i face in this particular world so the first murder says and i another so weary with disaster duck with fortune that i would set my lie on any chance to mend it or be rid on it so he says that i am so sick of my bad luck okay so very very means i am really tired of all my bad luck you know tug with fortune leading to disasters okay that i am at the mercy of fate you know tug with fortune means i am always at the mercy of fate that i would set my life i would risk anything i would risk anything to fix my life or end my life you know i will either mend my life by doing something like this or be rid of it means or i will die i will kill myself so either of the two i am prepared for it because i am really tired of my bad luck always facing disasters you hardships. Both of you know Banko was your enemy. So he says that both of you know that Banko was your enemy. Both of them together they say true my lord. Now Macbeth says and these lines, the lines that he is going to say now, they reveal his fear of Banko. They reveal his fear of Banko. They also reveal his internal conflict. they also reveal the limitations of his power. Okay. That he can, he's the king of Scotland, but there is a limit to which he can also do anything. So he says. And so he's mine, which means that he's my enemy as well. And in such bloody distance that every minute of his being thrust against my nearest of life. So he says, and he's my enemy to such an extent that every minute that he's alive, it threatens my own well-being against my nearest of life. That is, it threatens my own well-being. And though I could with bare face power sweep him from my side, that Though as the king of Scotland, I can just use my raw power to completely destroy him. I cannot do so because we have mutual friends who I need. Okay. Yet because of certain friends who are both his and mine, you know, I can with bare face power, with all my might as the king of Scotland, I can completely banish him away from my side. I can destroy him. Right. But I cannot do so. yet i must not because we have certain mutual friends who are both his friends and my friends whose loves i may not drop okay uh who i need as well so so that you know uh whose loves i may not drop but wail his fall whom i who are myself struck down so he says so that i can grieve i can grieve and cry over his death even though i am the one who will actually get him killed okay so when he is dead i will be able to grieve over his dead so that's why i've come to you asking for your help that's why i've come to you asking for your assistance there are many weighty business reasons there are many important reasons weighty means important there are many important reasons why i must hide masking the business means i must hide the real plans from the public eye the public must not come to know about this I must hide that and for that I have some very important reasons. Second murderer says we shall do this. So the bloody distance that he talks about right at the beginning. So he says that in such bloody distance. So he says that the distance is bloody because it is stained with the potential for violence. Obviously there will be violence if someone is going to be eliminated, if someone is going to be killed, murdered. So he says the next line that every minute of his being thrust, this second line is a metaphor. This particular line is a metaphor because Mehmed feels that Banco's existence is a constant attack on his own well-being. He feels threatened because of the presence of Banco. So, with barefaced power shows that Mehmed has the power to eliminate Banco. You know, he has the power as the king of Scotland and it means he is talking about his authority as the royal. king of scotland sweep him from my side suggest physically removing panko through murder avouch means here avouch means to justify or declare something as true so magbeth says that he could simply use his power to get uh bangkok killed so magbeth is now trying to make it a collaborative exercise that you know you have issues with him i also have issues with him so both of us for our own personal reasons can actually treat banco as a common poor enemy and have him killed. So, we shall my lord perform what you command us. We will do what you want us to do. First murderer says through our lives but Magbeth cuts him short and it shows that you know there is a certain sense of anxiety in Magbeth which is why he kind of cuts him short. So, he says your spirit shine through you, your determination. Spirit mean is referring to determination that you know your determination to do this is actually shining in your eyes within this hour at most i will advise you where to plant yourselves that within the hour i will tell you where to go and where exactly to strike okay perfect spy of the time where exactly the exact time where you should be striking he says the the moment on it for it must be done tonight it must be done tonight okay so i will tell you the perfect time where you need to do this and when exactly to do this where to go and when exactly to do this it must be done tonight and at some distance from the palace at some distance from the palace always thought that i require a clearness okay uh in order always keep in mind that i need to be free of any suspicion clearness means that no suspicion should come on macbeth so he is trying to make sure that nothing of that should fall on him in order for the job to be done right you must kill both banco and his son okay to leave no rubs so that you know you don't leave anything to chance no evidence or anything you know there should be no botch up in the work watch up is no mistake in the work you need to kill both banco and fliance his son who keeps him company whose absence is no less material to me okay uh his absence is as important to me as that of his father that is banco that is you need to kill both fleance as well as the father must embrace the fate of that dark god that is he too must die during that hour that is during the dark hour when it will be done each one of you should make up your mind separately whether or not to do this so resolve yourselves apart that is both of you think for yourselves individually whether you want to do this and i will see you anon means i will see you soon so he wants them to you decide so both murderers says we are resolved that we have decided we will do it so he says i will call for you soon wait for me inside and then they exit and he's speaking to himself he says it is concluded that means that the deal has been fixed banco thy soul's flight that is tonight is when your soul will learn whether it will find heaven or uh is going to hell it will find out tonight so he says Tonight is the night when it will find out. So it's a very chilling statement by Macbeth. Thy soul's flight is a very metaphorical way of referring to Banquo's death. And soul's flight is kind of talking about the flight of spirit from the body, from the human body after the death of the body. So what does the scene essentially tell us about Macbeth? A few points and I'll explain this. I'll just recap. One is his descent into tyranny, into some kind of fear, paranoia. the moral decline okay he's the reasons we have already discussed that he he feels that oh he committed the regicide only so that and the benefits are going to be reaped by banco's son so he wants to get rid of banco and his friends so in that sense he's challenging fate he's also very manipulative in the way he manipulates the two murderers on why they should also uh seek purpose in getting rid of banco he fabricates those kind of stories The play on hell and heaven at the end of this particular scene with regards to Banco's fate, it shows that he is not recognizing moral boundaries. There is a very aggressive challenge that he is mounting to fate. And the ambition, he was initially fueled, if you saw in Act 1 and 2, the initial fuel was that of ambition. But now he is seeing a tyrannical need for control. He is seeing a need for control. that he will eliminate anyone who he perceives as some kind of a threat so fleance is a threat so he says that fleance also needs to be get rid of as much as banco so there is a sense of vulnerability that he feels vulnerable as long as banco and fleance are alive so that is what it shows about macbeth as far as act 3 scene 1 is concerned so a very important scene especially the passage where he talks to himself this is all lucky so you need to pay attention to that and i hope you have understood this pretty clearly i mean i have explained every word and phrase as far as this place is concerned now i'll see you in the next video which will be act 3 scene 2.

And now we see the consequences of that particular regicide. What really happens, especially to the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Shall we start?

Let's start. Shall we start? Okay, so this is the PDF. I hope you can see it on your screen. Now, this particular scene takes place at Fawz.

It's pronounced as F-A-W-Z. Okay, this is the palace and Banko enters. Now, Banko is obviously one of the important characters because he's presented throughout the play as F-A-W-Z. a foil to Macbeth till his murder takes place right and we have seen that Banquo is the only other person who knows what the three beard sisters predicted for Macbeth and also to an extent for Banquo.

Banquo says thou has it now king codder glams all as the beard women promised and I fear thou playedest most foully for it. Now this is the particular scene in which Macbeth orders the killing of Banquo and his son Fleance. The killing of son Fleance that he orders is extremely important because the witches had predicted that the descendants of Banquo will be the ones who would become kings in the future.

So he wants to prevent that line of succession from taking place because he sees them as a potential threat based on the prophecy made by the witches. Now Banquo says thou has it now. What is he referring to?

He is referring to the different titles. He says you have it now. You referring to thou referring to Macbeth.

Okay. He says you are now the king. You are also the thane of Cawdor, the thane of Glamis, the titles that he occupied before this. All of them and just like the weird woman that is the witches. Predicted, promised means predicted.

And I fear, but I suspect, here he is talking about that he is doubting. He suspects that you, that is Macbeth, used foul play, played most foully, that he used some amount of foul play in order to attain these titles. For it means, in order to achieve these titles, especially that of the King of Scotland, you did something. which was not moral, which was not the ethical thing to do.

Yet it was said it should not stand in thy posterity. But the witches also said that the titles will not remain with your descendants. Posterity means after you. It should not stand means it is not something which will be there for it for which you did something extremely dishonest. Okay, so he says it will not be for your descendants.

Posterity means something which comes after. But that myself should be the root and father of many kings. But that I, myself, that he is referring to Banco himself, will be the root. That is, it is from me that the next line of kings will actually come as far as Scotland is concerned. So the sons and grandsons, that is my root.

I will be the father of many kings. That is from me is where the line of descendants will come for Scotland's royalty. If there come truth from them, as upon the Magbid their speeches shine. So he says, if the witches, if there come truth from them, them is referring to the witches.

If they indeed spoke the truth, if they indeed spoke the truth, them referring to the witches and what they told about you were brilliantly fulfilled. speeches shine means their speech is shown that whatever they said in that interaction with the they actually came true very brilliantly shine means they really came across very brilliantly because that's precisely what happened why by the verities of the made good may they not be my oracles and as well and set me up in hope but hush no more so he's saying then maybe you So you see, Banco is also hoping that maybe since their predictions about you came true, it is quite possible that their predictions about me, that is my descendants will become the kings of Scotland. that may also come true as well and that gives me hope set me up in hope means that provides him hope that gives banko hope but now i will shut up means i will not speak anymore because he has heard the sound of the arrival of macbeth along with lady macbeth lennox rocks and other ladies and gentlemen and lords so Oracles is an important word here because oracles essentially were used as sources of truth. It is used by Banco for the witches.

He is referring to the witches as the oracles as well because oracles were known as sources of some kind of knowledge, prophetic knowledge about your own fate and destiny and by calling them oracles. And this is an important point. by calling the witches as oracles, otherwise he refers to them as weird sisters.

But by calling them as oracles, he is kind of giving their predictions, their pronouncements a lot of importance because he has seen at least some of them coming true. As far as Macbeth is concerned, all their predictions have actually come true. Now, the last part, and this is important, please make a note of it.

The last part where he is kind of hoping. that why can't they be my oracles as well and that gives me hope it shows that banco is also harboring some kind of ambitions as far as his next generations are concerned so since the witches were right about megbert he starts to entertain the idea that what they may have prophesized about bangkok that might come true as well so he's you know trying to think about his own place in the larger context because magbeth has become king as per the prophecy by the witches he has seen magbeth's rise to ultimate power so you know there is this internal kind of struggle between his loyalty to uh king magbeth and his own ambition which seems to be budding and that's kind of sets up some kind of a clash so this is an important point so if you get uh something with reference to banko's you know ambition you need to mention this megbert says here is our chief guest referring to bangkok okay so lady megbert says if he had been forgotten if we had forgotten him it would have been seen as a gap in our grand feast and all thing unbecoming that if he had forgotten it our big celebration would have been incomplete okay a gap in our big feast means our feast would have been incomplete if we had forgotten about bangkok Okay, and that would have been quite all thing means that would have been quite unbecoming means inappropriate. And you know, to forget about Bangkok would have not only led to a gap in our lacuna in our drawback in our grand feast, but it also would have been rather inappropriate. Meghwet says tonight we hold a solemn supper. So we are having a ceremonial.

This is referring to ceremonial. Supper, supper as in dinner or a feast and I request your presence. Please note this word request that I request that you should also attend it. Let your highness command upon me.

Now look at why did I say request ko mark karo? Because he uses the word command. Banko responds with the word command to Macbeth's use of the word request.

So he says whatever your highness orders me to do, commands me to do. to the which my duties are a most indissoluble tie forever knit so he says banco says that whatever your highness that is your i mean the king magbeth commands me to do it is my duty to obey it now let me just explain to you this particular phrase now indissoluble means something which cannot be broken or undone okay uh tie means some kind of a bond right you know that you know i mean he has good ties with him which means that there is a good relationship between a and b so indissoluble tie is essentially talking about an bond which is unbreakable bond okay so banku is using this particular phrase indus indissoluble time to express his sense of loyalty sense of duty towards the king of Scotland that is Macbeth. So he's basically saying that his loyalty and obligation to follow the king's commands are so strong that they cannot be broken in any way.

I also told you that he uses the word request, but he replies by using the word come on. Now, why is Banco's use of the word phrase indissoluble tie significant? Because he is unaware of the fact, though he suspects that Macbeth has done something wrong, dishonest.

But he's unaware of the fact that he's the one who actually went ahead and killed King Duncan. So he's kind of expressing loyalty to a man who has actually committed the ultimate crime of regicide. So this kind of creates a dramatic irony that, you know, this man who knew everything about Macbeth, including the predictions made by the three weird sisters, but he did not know that he killed King Duncan and now he is actually expressing great loyalty to this particular king.

But at the same time, we also know that Banquo has a strong sense of duty and that kind of leads him on to question Macbeth's legitimacy as the king of Scotland, right? I mean... he is he kind of questions that so and we also know that the moral compass of bangkok is much superior to that of magbeth so he is loyal but he will not follow him blindly so these are the different aspects of bangkok that i'm telling you about which you should be aware of so that you can use it in your answers magbeth says are you going riding this afternoon that is you are going on horse riding bangkok says yes my good lord we should have we should have else desired your good advice which still had been both great and prosperous in this day's council but we will take tomorrow is it far you right so Macbeth wants to know the whereabouts of Banco as to where he is going and whether he is going very far so he says that we would have liked to hear desired means we would have liked your good advice which still has always you know still means which always has been very serious grave means serious and prosperous means it has been of benefit to scotland at the council meeting so he's talking about regular work of the you know the entire kingdom governance issues but we will conduct it tomorrow are you going for banco says as far my lord as will fill up the time between this and supper so He's replying to him as to where he's going. Now, the fact that he's referred to his advice as grave and prosperous, that is serious and beneficial.

It shows us that Banco is considered to be a sensible kind of an advisor in the Kingdom of Scotland. And his advice is not just serious, but it also leads to benefits for the Kingdom of Scotland. And that is something which Macbeth is acknowledging in public. So...

Yet another aspect of Banco is emphasized, brought out that Banco is someone who is seen as insightful, someone who is wise, someone who is intelligent and can give sound and clear advice. So, you know, in contrast, we do see Macbeth in Act 3 itself, kind of descending into all kinds of different kinds of paranoia. And there is also irony in this, that why he's...

praising Banco. Same time, we know in the same scene, he will be also plotting to have him killed. So, there is, you know, it shows that Macbeth is an extremely Machiavellian, scheming kind of character, someone who cannot be trusted because on the face of it, he's praising Banco while he will also be at the back of his mind, he's plotting Banco's murder.

So, that is something. So, it shows his deep sense of fear. and insecurity vis-a-vis banco so please whatever i'm telling you about banco keep making notes because these are important points that you will need as far as your answers are concerned five marks or 10 marks okay banco's killing will be an important question for you in the examination okay i will teach you everything in great detail word by word line by line you will not have to look at any book after this if you take down the notes that will take care of it subsequently our test papers will take care of you know the way you need to write the answers that will be later in the year okay as far as my lord as far my lord as will fill up the time with this and supper so he says the distance is far enough that the trip will take me time from now until dinner okay so that much time it will take for me to go and come back that it will be between now when i leave and until dinner time when i come back unless my Go not my horse the better unless my horse goes faster than I expect. You know, you know, unless my horse goes faster than I expect better. That is referring to speed.

I must become a borrower of the night for a dark hour or two. So he's saying that I'll be riding an hour or two after it is dark. OK, after it is dark, I will be riding.

So, you know, by the time I come back, it will be dark. and it will be almost a couple of hours when I will actually be riding when it is already done. Now, borrower of the night is an interesting phrase that he uses. Now, it is a metaphor. This one is a metaphor.

So, it's not as though he's borrowing something from the night, but he's saying that he's going to be taking time from the night to complete his journey. He's not going to be able to complete his journey. in the daytime itself so he is saying that i will have to borrow time from the night in order to complete the journey which is why he has used the phrase borrower of the night twain is a more old style archaic word for two okay for an hour or two okay so that's what he's saying for a couple of hours now uh the other important aspect that you need to bear in mind uh because you see a lot of things happen in the darkness what did happen in the darkness the killing of King Duncan, right? It happened in the night.

Now again, he's going to come back in the night when Banquo will also get killed. So Banquo's travel in the dark is kind of telling the audience and the reader that, you know, something wrong is going to happen because the dark always kind of conveys something sinister as far as this play is concerned and it kind of foreshadows the plot. that magbeth has hatched in order to eliminate him and the dramatic irony which is very very stark out here is that bangkok is kind of telling in detail about his travel plans to magbeth without being aware that magbeth is going to use all this information to feed to the murderers in order to kill him he is unaware of the danger that actually lies in the darkness for bangkok magbeth says do not miss our feast fail not our feast my lord i will not miss it megbeth says we hear our bloody cousins are bestowed in england and in ireland not confessing their cruel parasite filling their heroes with strange invention but of that tomorrow so he says that we have heard that our bloody cousins who is he referring to malcolm and donald benn okay because he was related to dunker remember they have taken refuge in england and in Ireland.

They are not in Scotland. One of them is in England. One of them is in Ireland.

Okay. The two have not yet confessed that they were the ones who killed King Duncan. Killing their father, killing the king is known as regicide.

Killing the father is known as parasite. Okay. Filling their hearers and they have been telling strange inventions. Strange invention means they have been telling strange lies or fictitious stories about the murder they are not confessing to having killed the father and they have been filling their hearers whoever is listening to them they are telling them lots of strange fictitious stories but we will discuss that tomorrow of that tomorrow when wherewithal when therewithal we shall have cause of state craving us jointly but we will discuss all that tomorrow when we will discuss matters of state that require both your attention and mine Craving us jointly means both you and I have to discuss those important matters of state. So they crave for us, for our attention.

Those matters are craving for our attention. You need to hide, you two horse, you need to hurry. Goodbye till you return at night.

He's fluent going with you. You see, he talks about a lot of things and then he kind of slips in a question because he needs that information. Because he's plotting.

the murder of both Banco and his son flails. Yes, my good Lord, our time does call upon us. It's time we got going. That's what he's saying.

It's time we got going. I wish your horses swift and sure of foot. That are, I wish that your horses are fast and sure footed that they know, you know, how to gallop along.

And with that wish, I send you to your horseback riding. You know, I commend you means I let you go to ride your horses. Goodbye.

Banco exits. Let every man be master of his time. Now he says that let every man you know control is time till seven at night all of you can do whatever you want to do till seven o'clock at night you know all of you are free to do referring to the i mean addressing the other lords and ladies and he says to make society the sweeter welcome we will keep ourselves till supper time alone in order to ensure that your company is more enjoyable for me i am going to spend that time till dinner all alone so he says you we'll keep ourselves till supper time alone so he says that till such time i want to be alone so that later on when i have your company i enjoy it that much more until then may god be with you and everyone exists except magbeth and one attendant so magbeth says to the attendant sirah a word with you attend those men are pleasure so he says i mean sirah is a word which is it means sir but it's not said with the raspberry it's generally used for someone who is inferior to your rank.

It could be a servant or someone who is below you in terms of rank. Attendant says they are waiting, referring to the murderers. He says, bring them upon me.

So the attendant exits the scene. And this is the beginning of Magbeth's soliloquy, which is extremely important. So he says, and listen and mark the words carefully, to be thus, thus is referring to be king.

So he says that to be king is worthless. That is, it is pointless. Unless I am safe as a king. If I am not safe as a king, to be king is worthless.

Our fears in Bangkok stick deep that I am deeply afraid of Bangkok. Okay. And in his royalty of nature reigns that which would be feared. And there is a natural nobility.

There is in his royalty of nature reigns that. What is reigning in Bangkok? There is a natural nobility which is reigning in Bangkok, which is part of Banco's character and personality that makes me afraid of him. And then he says, it is much he dares, which means that he is a risk taker. Banco is a risk taker and to that dauntless temper of his mind.

And in addition to his rather fearless spirit, in addition to his rather fearless spirit, he has a wisdom. He's also very wise and that guides his. bravery, his courage. This is referring to his bravery. So he is wise and that kind of guides his courage to act safely.

So you see, it's very interesting that he's talking about the qualities of Bangkok that he actually admires. But in the same vein, he says that it is the same qualities that he's also a little scared of. So it is a little bit of a strange kind of a situation that Magbeth is. talking about so it shows megbed's internal conflict vis-a-vis banco that there are three qualities which he admires but they also he also sees them as a threat to his position as the king of scotland so there is a sense of insecurity and as we know that throughout the play megbed and banco are pitted against each other megbed says there is none but he who's being i fear that there is no one else except banco who i actually fear and under him my genius is repute now what is genius now he genius essentially means a guardian spirit okay the belief at that time during Shakespeare's time was that every person possessed a controlling guardian spirit that directed his actions that kind of directed what each person will do okay so he says that my guardian spirit is intimidated feels scared you because of Banco's presence, just like it was said that Mark Antony's spirit was intimidated because of Caesar's spirit. So he's making this comparison between himself and Banco with Mark Antony and Caesar. So making a historical comparison, it also shows that, you know, he's kind of beginning to lose his control over his mind because he's talking in those kind of rather abstract terms.

So Mark Antony is a very good example of this. Anthony. The story is that Mark Anthony had been told by a that his spirit was brave when it was alone. But when there was Caesar's spirit around him, it felt a little scared and intimidated.

So Shakespeare is comparing the two sets, Macbeth and Banco with that of Caesar and Mark Anthony. So Macbeth is feeling that his own abilities, his own potential is kind of diminished because of Banco's presence. He feels overshadowed.

intimidated by Banco's wisdom and this is important one it shows what does it show it shows Macbeth's in sense of insecurity okay it also shows his mental state which seems to be deteriorating mental state and the interesting thing is that he is not acknowledging the defects in his character he is kind of projecting the insecurities onto Banco that because of him I am feeling intimidated And as I said, talking about the historical event shows that Macbeth is beginning to lose touch with reality. He is talking about unrelated stories in order to justify his actions. And by talking about Mark Antony and Caesar, he is adding a layer of complexity to his own actions. So he then says that he scolded the sisters who Banco chided. He scolded the sisters when they first said that Magbeth will be king.

And he said and bade them, means that he told them that they should speak to him. And then like prophets, he says, witches were like prophets because they prophesied. Then prophet like, they hailed him as the father to a line of kings, saying that the next generations of kings will come from Banco. Banco will not be king, but after Magbeth, it will be Banco's children who will be the kings.

And so that means that on my head, they placed a crown which was fruitless. That is, it will not bear any fruit in terms of the crown that I will not be able to pass on my crown to my children. So scepter is the emblem of the symbol of the king's authority. So he says that the scepter that I have in my hand is barren, which means that I cannot be passing it on to my children. The scepter which is there in my crib.

Thence to be wrenched by with an unlinear hand. Wrenched means it has to, it will be snatched away. It will be snatched away by a hand which does not belong to me. It's a non-linear kind of a function. So he says that someone from outside my family will take these things from me since no son of mine will succeed me as the king of Scotland.

If it be so for Banco's issue, have I filed my mind? That is, I have done all these things. including the murder of gracious Duncan. I did all this for the sake of Banquo's children. So he's feeling rather angry and upset because of this, that, you know, for the sake of Banquo's children, I did something as bad as the murder of gracious Duncan.

So filed means defiled. That's what defiled means, spoiled my mind. Okay. So he's kind of in a roundabout manner.

admitting that what he did was not the right thing to do. But he's at this point in time feeling more agitated about the fact that he did that for the sake of Banquo's children. That is what is upsetting him more. So you see the different contradictions, layers of Medved's thinking and mind at this point in time. So he says that I put rankers in the vessel of my peace.

Rankers is something like obstacles, hurdles. So in the vessel is the mind. That is I spoiled my peace of mind for the sake of Banco's children.

I destroyed my peace of mind. So he says that I have handed over only for them and my eternal jewel given to the common enemy of man to make them kings, the seed of Banco kings. So he says that I have handed over eternal jewel means my everlasting peace, everlasting soul. You say no, you sell off the soul to the devil.

OK. So I have given away my everlasting soul to the devil. Common enemy of man is who?

It is the devil. They say, no, you sold your soul to the devil, which means that you are doing something very dark. That's a phrase, right?

That's an idiom. So that Banquo's children could become kings. Banquo's sons becoming the king.

Rather than so, come fate into the list. So he is kind of challenging fate. Okay.

This is, he's using, he's personifying fate. Okay. So he says that, you know, come fate into the battleground and fight to death.

You know, you can come and champion me to the end. Utterance means you come and fight me to the end. And then he says, who is there?

Because the two murderers have come with the attendant. So Banquo's issue refers to Banquo's descendants. Defile my mind means that, you know, whatever he did, focused his thoughts and actions on fulfilling the prophecy, which, of course, made him king.

And of course, children will be the future king. So he's kind of acknowledging his terrible crime, but he's more upset about the fact that that is going to benefit. someone else so uh it kind of he's kind of getting becoming aware of the pointlessness of his action he's no longer bothered about the fact that oh i have become king he's not thinking about that he's thinking about the next generation very much like politicians you know politicians once they occupy a particular chair they want to ensure that their son daughter etc will be the next in line you know it's very typical of that rankers as i said it means hurdle but it also means feelings of resentment feelings of hatred And Vessel, I have already said, it is about talking about the mind. So in a sense, he is admitting that he has spoiled his peace of mind and happiness because of the regicide that he committed.

So it shows, it is highlighting Macbeth's fear. It is also highlighting his frustration. You know, I did not benefit completely because of what I did.

So at that point in time, so now he wants to subvert the prophecy, somehow do something to ensure that that part of the prophecy does not come true. So he's not thinking at this point of time logically. He's not thinking if these prophecies came true as far as I'm concerned, even these will come true.

But he's not thinking in those terms. So it kind of shows his descent into. Moral darkness, this is an important phrase which you should use.

Macbeth's descent into moral darkness and his inner conflict. Okay, I hope with my explanation you have understood this. Okay, so he is making, lastly, a very powerful declaration of defiance.

He is kind of declaring. defiance against fate saying that dumb hat okay that's what he's trying to say so now uh see uh another point that you need to remember is that till now macbeth was somewhat passive he was dominated by his wife lady macbeth but now he's actively defying fate and taking control of his own destiny even if it means losing uh fighting a losing battle And it shows that his mental state is gradually deteriorating because a rational person usually will not dare to fight against fate. There is a sense of, you know, we feel that if what is going to happen, this will happen.

Can we really fight? But he is kind of daring to take on fate. So it shows a slightly irrational side to Magbets personality, his way of thinking. And it shows that he's now on a... dangerous path and it prepares us that he's going to meet a very violent kind of end the servant enters he says now you go and stay till the door because he doesn't want them him to over here what he will discuss with the two murders so then he says to the murderers was it not yesterday we spoke together now this is an important line it shows that magbeth has been plotting this for a while he's already met the murderers before he has had an initial conversation with him and He was plotting and that's why he wanted to know all those details about Bankos.

You know, where he is going, when he is going to come back, how far is he going, etc, etc. How is he going by horseback, on horseback, etc. So, murder says, yeah, it was yesterday. So, please, your highness.

So, Meghbib says, well, then now, have you considered of my speeches? In the sense that have you thought about what I spoke to you? Know that it was he in the times past which held you so under fortune. So, now he is trying to be. clever and manipulative.

Okay, listen to this carefully what Macbeth says. So Macbeth says that it was Banco who made your lives miserable for so long. He in the times past that before this, which held you under fortune that he's the one who made your life miserable, which you thought had been our innocent self. Okay, you thought that I was responsible for your lack of success. You were blaming me, but no, I was innocent.

It was my innocent self. It was Banco who was creating problems for you. Okay. So he's now trying to make it seem as though you have a vested interest in getting rid of Banco.

Okay. So I told you about this when we met last. I made good to you, miss. I told this about all this in when we met last.

That is when we last spoke, when we last had a conference, passed in probation with you and showed you proof. Hi! I showed you proof how you were born in hand, how cross the instruments that how that he provided them with evidence and then how you were tricked, how born in hand means how you were tricked and deceived by the agents, how crossed and deceived by the agents.

OK, deceived by the agents. who did all the dirty work and a lot of other things that could convince who wrought with them and all things that else might to half a soul and to a notion crazed say thus jet bankos so he's saying that you were tricked and deceived by the agents instruments means agents who did all the dirty work and a lot of other things that could convince even someone who is a half-wit someone who is a crazy person uh notion crazed someone who has a crazy mind even he will be convinced to say that yes it was Banco who did it while you all this while thought that I was the one responsible so he is trying to place the seed of doubt and creating enmity between the murders and Banco this phrase gone in hand is an idiom which means deceived or tricked and half a soul which means someone who has a weak judgment who is not able to judge someone properly so he's reminding the murderers of the lie that he had already constructed in the previous meeting which we have not been seen on stage so he's trying to say that this all these things i told you the last time so now for the first time he's also mentioning banco by name that he's the one who was responsible for all the problems that you faced the first murder says yeah you told us about it you explained it all to what So, Mehmet says, I did that and I also said something more, which is now the point of our second meeting. Do you find your patient so predominant in your nature that you can let this go? So, he says that is your nature so forgiving? Okay, do you find your patient so predominant?

You know, is your nature so forgiving? Are you of such a forgiving nature, right, that you don't need to... You don't feel the need to take revenge. That you will let this go.

You know, it doesn't matter. Yeah, he created problems. We'll let this go. Are you like this? You know that you don't have any feeling of revenge.

Is your nature so forgiving? So what is he trying to do? He's trying to provoke the murderers. Okay. Are you so gospel means?

Are you so religious that you would pray for this good man and for his issue? That for his... children okay that you would pray for bangkok referring to him as a good man that you would refer pray for this good man when what he what he did what did bangkok do whose heavy hand has brought you to the grave and beggared yours forever whereas he has actually forced you into an early grave early grave means death that he forced you to an early death and made your families and descendants beggars forever that's what He did to you. We are men, my lord.

Okay? We are men. So, he is now trying to manipulate to make it a case of revenge by the murderers.

So, they don't feel it that they are doing it entirely for Meghbeth. Though later in the scene, he does say it very clearly that he wants to see Banco getting killed. So, initially, he is trying to also make it seem that, you know, you are doing it for yourself for the sake of...

Your own revenge. So Medved says, yes, you are part of the, in the catalog, they go for men. So when they say that we are men.

So he says, yeah, in the catalog that goes for men. You are part of the species that is called. You are part of the species that is called man. Just as hounds and greyhounds, which are form of wolves and dogs. Okay.

spaniels curse dogs shaws water rugs and demi-wool so these are all half wolves they're all dogs these are all what is being referred to they are different kinds of dogs but you can distinguish all by the names of dogs the valued file distinguishes the swift the slow but you can distinguish which of them is fast which of them is slow which of them is a little subtle in terms of movements you know careful in the movements the housekeeper the hunter everyone according to the gift which bounteous nature had in him close so you can know that which of the dogs are fast which of them are slow which of them are clever subtle as in clever movements which of them are watch dogs the housekeeper the hunters right you can describe each dogs based on the specific gift that nature has bestowed upon them and make it different from the general qualities that define a dog the dog is there but each one of these dogs has different qualities that nature has given to them you can know where he gets a particular addition particular addition means a particular title from you know that oh he is a hunter you know because of a particular virtue in that particular dog from the bill that writes them all alike so he says uh it's the same for men okay and so of men it is the same now if you have a station in the file not in the worst rank of manhood say it so he says now if you stand a place in that list of men that is not down at the very bottom if you are completely not at the very bottom tell me because if that is the case i will tell you uh a secret plan if you are not at the complete bottom okay i will tell you a secret plan that will help you get rid of your enemy whose execution takes your enemy it will get rid of your enemy and bring you closer to me grapples you to the heart and love of us that is bring you closer to me as long as a certain man lives i am sick he says till such time that certain man who is he referring to banku lives i am sick his death will cure me okay so he says his death will cure me whose death with who wear our health but sickly in his life that's still such time that he's alive he's um i am sick and only in his death will i get cured perfect Second murderer says I am one my lord. Okay. So station in the file that is referring to out here, this particular line is a metaphor because file is a reference to a rank which suggests that the murderers have a certain level of worth, a certain stature in society. So when he says not in the worst rank of manhood, Macbeth is basically asking if they consider themselves to be courageous, brave and honorable men.

So business is referring to the task of killing Banquo. So bosoms is a more poetic word for hearts or minds, suggesting that he's entrusting them with a very secret mission, something that will be between the three of us. Even the attendant who he has asked to stay outside will not know.

The line whose execution takes the enemy off makes it clear that he wants to eliminate, get rid of Banco. Grapples suggests that killing Banco will bring them closer and bind them together. So this is the meaning of each one of these words and phrases.

So who wear our health but sickly in his life? Our health is a metaphor for prosperity and well-being. He means to say that as long as Banco is alive.

Their success will be sickly, will be limited, will be limited and only his death will make their well-being perfect. Okay, so he's kind of making it a common purpose that it is as much your purpose as mine. Okay, so he's doing what he's being extremely manipulative at this time. He's flattering their ego.

He's giving them a sense of purpose and he's twisting the narrative to portray that Banco is your enemy. as well. Second murderer says, I am my lord whom the wild blows and buffets of the world have so incensed that I am reckless what I do to spite the world.

So second murderer says that I have been so angry, my lord, that as a result of the beating, wild blows and buffets of the world means the beatings that I have taken from the world, you know, all the hardships that I have suffered in this particular world that I do not even care what I do, that I am willing to go to any extent. to do whatever because i'm really fed up of the hardships that i face in this particular world so the first murder says and i another so weary with disaster duck with fortune that i would set my lie on any chance to mend it or be rid on it so he says that i am so sick of my bad luck okay so very very means i am really tired of all my bad luck you know tug with fortune leading to disasters okay that i am at the mercy of fate you know tug with fortune means i am always at the mercy of fate that i would set my life i would risk anything i would risk anything to fix my life or end my life you know i will either mend my life by doing something like this or be rid of it means or i will die i will kill myself so either of the two i am prepared for it because i am really tired of my bad luck always facing disasters you hardships. Both of you know Banko was your enemy.

So he says that both of you know that Banko was your enemy. Both of them together they say true my lord. Now Macbeth says and these lines, the lines that he is going to say now, they reveal his fear of Banko. They reveal his fear of Banko.

They also reveal his internal conflict. they also reveal the limitations of his power. Okay.

That he can, he's the king of Scotland, but there is a limit to which he can also do anything. So he says. And so he's mine, which means that he's my enemy as well. And in such bloody distance that every minute of his being thrust against my nearest of life.

So he says, and he's my enemy to such an extent that every minute that he's alive, it threatens my own well-being against my nearest of life. That is, it threatens my own well-being. And though I could with bare face power sweep him from my side, that Though as the king of Scotland, I can just use my raw power to completely destroy him.

I cannot do so because we have mutual friends who I need. Okay. Yet because of certain friends who are both his and mine, you know, I can with bare face power, with all my might as the king of Scotland, I can completely banish him away from my side. I can destroy him.

Right. But I cannot do so. yet i must not because we have certain mutual friends who are both his friends and my friends whose loves i may not drop okay uh who i need as well so so that you know uh whose loves i may not drop but wail his fall whom i who are myself struck down so he says so that i can grieve i can grieve and cry over his death even though i am the one who will actually get him killed okay so when he is dead i will be able to grieve over his dead so that's why i've come to you asking for your help that's why i've come to you asking for your assistance there are many weighty business reasons there are many important reasons weighty means important there are many important reasons why i must hide masking the business means i must hide the real plans from the public eye the public must not come to know about this I must hide that and for that I have some very important reasons.

Second murderer says we shall do this. So the bloody distance that he talks about right at the beginning. So he says that in such bloody distance. So he says that the distance is bloody because it is stained with the potential for violence.

Obviously there will be violence if someone is going to be eliminated, if someone is going to be killed, murdered. So he says the next line that every minute of his being thrust, this second line is a metaphor. This particular line is a metaphor because Mehmed feels that Banco's existence is a constant attack on his own well-being. He feels threatened because of the presence of Banco.

So, with barefaced power shows that Mehmed has the power to eliminate Banco. You know, he has the power as the king of Scotland and it means he is talking about his authority as the royal. king of scotland sweep him from my side suggest physically removing panko through murder avouch means here avouch means to justify or declare something as true so magbeth says that he could simply use his power to get uh bangkok killed so magbeth is now trying to make it a collaborative exercise that you know you have issues with him i also have issues with him so both of us for our own personal reasons can actually treat banco as a common poor enemy and have him killed. So, we shall my lord perform what you command us.

We will do what you want us to do. First murderer says through our lives but Magbeth cuts him short and it shows that you know there is a certain sense of anxiety in Magbeth which is why he kind of cuts him short. So, he says your spirit shine through you, your determination. Spirit mean is referring to determination that you know your determination to do this is actually shining in your eyes within this hour at most i will advise you where to plant yourselves that within the hour i will tell you where to go and where exactly to strike okay perfect spy of the time where exactly the exact time where you should be striking he says the the moment on it for it must be done tonight it must be done tonight okay so i will tell you the perfect time where you need to do this and when exactly to do this where to go and when exactly to do this it must be done tonight and at some distance from the palace at some distance from the palace always thought that i require a clearness okay uh in order always keep in mind that i need to be free of any suspicion clearness means that no suspicion should come on macbeth so he is trying to make sure that nothing of that should fall on him in order for the job to be done right you must kill both banco and his son okay to leave no rubs so that you know you don't leave anything to chance no evidence or anything you know there should be no botch up in the work watch up is no mistake in the work you need to kill both banco and fliance his son who keeps him company whose absence is no less material to me okay uh his absence is as important to me as that of his father that is banco that is you need to kill both fleance as well as the father must embrace the fate of that dark god that is he too must die during that hour that is during the dark hour when it will be done each one of you should make up your mind separately whether or not to do this so resolve yourselves apart that is both of you think for yourselves individually whether you want to do this and i will see you anon means i will see you soon so he wants them to you decide so both murderers says we are resolved that we have decided we will do it so he says i will call for you soon wait for me inside and then they exit and he's speaking to himself he says it is concluded that means that the deal has been fixed banco thy soul's flight that is tonight is when your soul will learn whether it will find heaven or uh is going to hell it will find out tonight so he says Tonight is the night when it will find out.

So it's a very chilling statement by Macbeth. Thy soul's flight is a very metaphorical way of referring to Banquo's death. And soul's flight is kind of talking about the flight of spirit from the body, from the human body after the death of the body.

So what does the scene essentially tell us about Macbeth? A few points and I'll explain this. I'll just recap. One is his descent into tyranny, into some kind of fear, paranoia. the moral decline okay he's the reasons we have already discussed that he he feels that oh he committed the regicide only so that and the benefits are going to be reaped by banco's son so he wants to get rid of banco and his friends so in that sense he's challenging fate he's also very manipulative in the way he manipulates the two murderers on why they should also uh seek purpose in getting rid of banco he fabricates those kind of stories The play on hell and heaven at the end of this particular scene with regards to Banco's fate, it shows that he is not recognizing moral boundaries.

There is a very aggressive challenge that he is mounting to fate. And the ambition, he was initially fueled, if you saw in Act 1 and 2, the initial fuel was that of ambition. But now he is seeing a tyrannical need for control. He is seeing a need for control. that he will eliminate anyone who he perceives as some kind of a threat so fleance is a threat so he says that fleance also needs to be get rid of as much as banco so there is a sense of vulnerability that he feels vulnerable as long as banco and fleance are alive so that is what it shows about macbeth as far as act 3 scene 1 is concerned so a very important scene especially the passage where he talks to himself this is all lucky so you need to pay attention to that and i hope you have understood this pretty clearly i mean i have explained every word and phrase as far as this place is concerned now i'll see you in the next video which will be act 3 scene 2.

Transcript for:Macbeth's Descent into Ambition and Tyranny

Transcript for:
Macbeth's Descent into Ambition and Tyranny