Transcript for:
APUSH Comprehensive Lecture Overview

Terms: SCOTUS = Supreme Court of the United States USFG = US Federal Government Roosevelt = Theodore Roosevelt FDR = Franklin Delano Roosevelt LBJ = Lyndon B. Johnson Period 1 (Natives and Exploration) Native Americans Location Economic Social Southwest Maize, hunting, gathering The Pueblo Tribes, Navajo, and Apache deserted the area in 1300 CE because of crop failures West Hunting, gathering, fishing - provided goods to trade Sedentary villages (different villages for different hunting/gathering seasons - they would stay at one and go to another when the season changed) Northeast Three-sister farming: squash, beans, corn Permanent and large villages in the Ohio River Valley Iroquois League curbed intertribal violence Southeast Organized urban centers Five Civilized Tribes made alliances with the colonists (Jamestown) Plains Corn, hunting, gathering Sedentary villages They were the victims of colonists’ westward expansion; native groups forced out of the east settled with Plains natives and led to increased competition European Interaction Causes Effects * GGG * Columbian Exchange * Treaty of Tordesillas * Encomienda System → Repartimiento/use of black slaves * Virginia Company and Jamestown Big Ideas * Native Americans developed distinct and increasingly complex societies in diverse environments * European nations’ efforts for exploration stemmed from GGG * The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism * Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews in terms of religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power Period 2 (Colonization) Differences Between Countries’ Colonies England France Spain Economic Agriculture Fur Gold/Silver Population Men and Women Jesuit Priests/Fur Traders (Men) Conquistadors (Men) Native Relationships Hostile/conflict Friendly/Alliances Convert/exploit Intermarriage No Yes Yes Political Self-government (Burgesses, Mayflower Compact) Viceroy Viceroy Diversity Different ethnic/religious No non-Catholics No non-Catholics Population Density Centered around coast Spread over Canada Spread over South America Colonies New England Middle Southern * Puritans and Pilgrims * Rocky soil → subsistence farming * Whaling, fishing, shipbuilding, logging * Bradford - Plymouth * Winthrop - Massachusetts Bay * Breadbasket (grain, oats) * Fur trade, lumber, shipbuilding * Religious tolerance * William Penn - Pennsylvania (Quakers) = freedom of religion, high immigration * Indentured servants and slave labor * Rice, indigo, and tobacco * Chattel slavery (slave’s children = slaves) * Jamestown * Lord Baltimore - Maryland * Headright system - 50 acres for paying for indentured servant’s passage Causes of Slavery Effects of Slavery Bacon’s Rebellion: * Former indentured servants grew resentful of taxes they had to pay and burned down homes of the elite * Virginians turned to slaves instead of unreliable indentured servants Stono Rebellion * Led to the deaths of 20 slave owners * Tightened slave codes * Lesser rebellion: working slowly, breaking tools, keeping cultural ties to Africa Native American Conflict Native Attacks * 1st Powhatan War: Indian assaults led to the death of 347 colonists * 2nd Powhatan War: Indian attempts to drive the colonists out fail * Susquehannock War: Indians attack colonists → Bacon’s Rebellion Colonist Attacks * King Philip’s War: English encroachment on Indian lands, English cattle destroy cornfields * Half of New England towns destroyed, 1/10 colonists dead Spanish * Pueblo Revolt: Encomienda system disrupted native economy, Pueblo religion was banned → 300+ Spanish died, Spanish were driven out for 12 years Britain and the Colonies Economic Mercantilism: - Colonies should benefit the mother country (exports > imports) - so need colony to supply raw materials - Wool, Hat, Iron Act established to prevent the development of manufacturing in the colonies Religious 1st Great Awakening: - An emotional manifestation of religion - preachers held large meetings in rural areas (George Whitfield) - Promoted a democratic sense - everyone should have religious experience - Led to weakening of established churches, rejection of overly intellectual clergy, first unifying experience of the colonies Social Trans-Atlantic Print Culture: - Most news that came from Britain appealed to merchants - commodity prices, ship arrivals, European politics - Regulated by public officials: fear of undermining British authority - By 1776, more than 50% of men were literate - Enlightenment = confidence about attacking government in newspaper - Franklin’s almanac Intellectual Enlightenment: - John Locke: people have natural rights, including the right to rebel under a tyrannical government - Montesquieu: separation of powers and checks and balances - Radical Whig Ideology: Whig pamphlets were spread to the US - concentrated power = threat to liberty, balance between legislature and king Big Ideas * The goals and patterns of colonization varied among the British, French, Spanish, and Dutch empires * The British colonies developed into different regions based on geography, types of settlers, motives for settling, and reliance on slavery * European nations had varying types of relations with natives - sometimes allies and sometimes enemies * Colonies were connected to Britain, but began drifting away Period 3 (Revolution, America in Infancy) Causes of Revolution Political Cause: French and Indian War Causes - Land disputes in the Ohio River Valley → forts built and skirmishes → French and Indian War Timeline - Local affair - continuation of skirmishes between British and French colonists - Full takeover of the war by Britain, seizing supplies and forcing colonists to join the war - the colonists resisted - British government tried to work with the colonies and reinforced the troops with British soldiers → French surrendered in 1761 Effects - Treaty of Paris (1763): France surrendered its North American empire - Canada and east of Mississippi to Britain and West of Mississippi River to Spain - Sugar, Stamp, Quartering Act - Pontiac’s Rebellion: colonists occupied Ottawa land, clash with natives - Proclamation Act of 1763: Britain ordered colonists not to settle beyond the Appalachians; many colonists had already migrated because they believed they deserved the land for the sacrifices they made in the war Economic Causes: Acts Incident Reaction Stamp Act * Stamp Act Congress: delegates wrote a list of grievances: No taxation without representation * Committees of Correspondence: shadow governments that worked to undermine royal governors * Sons of Liberty harassed Stamp Act agents, stores were ransacked if they did not boycott British goods Townshend Act: Taxed imported goods * Called for boycotts, Americans sought locally produced goods * Boston Massacre: Britain deployed troops to quell riots, when heckled, they shot Bostonians Tea Act: allowed British East India Company monopoly * Boston Tea Party: dumped $2 million of tea in the harbor to protest Intolerable Acts: Put MA under British rule, closed Boston’s ports, expanded the Quartering Act, can move trials from MA to Britain * Continental Congress: passed resolutions on nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption to cut off all trade with Britain * Committees of Safety: enforced the agreements and recommended military preparations Intellectual Causes Protestant Evangelicalism Focused on individual conversion, ministers projected the American Revolution as a struggle against godless tyranny Enlightenment Ideas of Locke and Montesquieu Common Sense Argued that independence was the only path for the colonies Declaration of Independence Most colonists at the beginning of the war did not want full independence; the Declaration listed grievances and formally declared independence from Britain, after being passed by the Continental Congress Revolution Britain’s Advantages Colonies’ Advantages * Highly trained, professional army * Strongest navy * Financial resources * Support of Loyalists * Offered freedom to slaves who joined Britain * Native American alliances * Continental army was underfunded because Congress could not levy taxes, tried to print money → inflation * Allied with the French * British were far from home * Fighting a defensive war * Patriot soldiers believed in their cause * Strong leadership: Washington, Nathanael Greene, Henry Knox Phase 1 The British thought that the revolution was started by a minority, and suffered heavy losses (although they won) in the Battle of Bunker Hill, and retreated from New England Phase 2 The British tried to gain control of New York to isolate New England and drove Washington and his troops out of New York in 1776 However, they were defeated at the Battle of Saratoga, which convinced France to lend a hand Phase 3 In the South, Britain hoped to rally Loyalist sentiments and the resentment of the slaves, but French aid led Cornwallis to surrender at the Battle of Yorktown Articles of Confederation (Effect of Revolution) Issues Lack of Political Power * Loose collection of states * No power to enforce laws * Could only request money and troops from the states Lack of Economic Power * No power to impose taxes, tariffs, or regulate interstate commerce * Shay’s Rebellion: veterans had not been paid for the war and were being taxed → rebellion Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Set up a process where territories could apply to become states and banned slavery north of the Ohio River Constitution Constitutional Convention Responses * ⅗ Compromise counted slaves as ⅗ of a man for representation * Great Compromise meshed the Virginia and New Jersey plans to create the Senate and House * Division of Power - Congress, SCOTUS, President * Bill of Rights: Antifederalists agreed to ratify if it was passed, protecting rights of states and the people * 10th Amendment left all undelegated power to states * Federalist Papers: Written by Madison, Jay, and Hamilton who urged ratification America in Infancy Federalists Democratic Republicans * John Adams, Hamilton * Favored a powerful national government * Merchants, bankers, landowners * Centered in New England * Government should be controlled by rich, well born, well educated * Distrusted the common man * Loose interpretation of Constitution * Tended to favor Britain (criticized as the monarchist party) * Madison, Jefferson * Favored limited role of national government * Shop owners, city workers, farmers * Support based in South and West * Government controlled by capable leaders * Favored individual liberties * Strict interpretation of Constitution (elastic clause) * Tended to favor France Washington * Precedent: chose secretaries of state, war, and treasury; served no more than 2 terms; peaceful transfer of power * Maintained neutrality: French Revolution * Pinckney’s Treaty (Spain): US gets right of deposit of the Mississippi River Hamilton * National Bank to hold government tax revenues and stabilized the economy - use elastic clause to achieve this * Insisted that national war debt (bonds) be paid back in full to enhance the bank’s legitimacy and assume states’ debts - met with opposition by states that did not have large debt * Encouraged manufacturing by imposing tariffs on foreign goods * Whiskey (Excise) Tax - Hit grain farmers hard → Whiskey Rebellion (put down by Washington’s troops) Adams * XYZ Affair: American negotiators (to stop the seizure of American ships) were offered a bribe by French agents * Quasi War: undeclared war - instilled respect for America’s navy * Alien and Sedition Acts: allowed deportation of aliens and silenced government criticism during the Quasi War * Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions: Jefferson and Madison asserted that states could nullify government laws if they were unconstitutional Big Ideas * Overview * America begins as the colonial partner of Britain * French and Indian War expenses led to increasing conflict between the mother country and the colonies * Ideas about independence inspired patriots to declare independence * Americans experimented with forms of government - state constitutions, Articles, and Constitution * Washington and Adams breathed life into the Constitution and created institutions for the American experiment * Power of national government * British government vs. Colonies * Articles vs. Constitution * Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans Period 4 (Era of Jefferson and Jackson) Jefferson Change and Continuity of Jefferson with past Federalist presidents Change Continuity * Repealed the Whiskey tax, naturalization Act, Judiciary Act of 1801 (midnight judges appointed by Adams) * Pardoned those convicted under Sedition Act * Sent navy to fight Barbary pirates * Louisiana Purchase - first purchase of territory by a president * Lewis and Clark expedition * Peaceful transfer of power * Maintained bank, funding, and assumption policies * Louisiana Purchase - elastic clause * Chesapeake Affair (European interference in American trade) * Embargo Act - an attempt to avoid war (cut trade with Britain and France to stop impressment but failed and crippled America’s mercantile sector) War of 1812 Causes * Impressment of sailors * Resentment of British leftover from the Revolution * Belief that British were arming/inciting Indians in west * British did not abandon posts and forts in North America * War-hawks elected to Congress in 1812 * American territorial ambitions for Florida and Canada Timeline * The war lasted 2 ½ years - Britain won early battles at Fort Dearborn and Fort Detroit, but in 1813, the US burned the city of York and won the Battle of the Thames in Canada where they defeated British and Indian forces and killed the Indian leader Tecumseh Effects * Hartford Convention: Federalists meet to oppose fighting the war, but seem traitorous when Americans win - ends the Federalist Party * Treaty of Ghent: No territorial changes, impressment not addressed * Growth of American Nationalism Postwar America Politics and Policies American System * Henry Clay’s 3 part plan: protective tariff, 2nd National Bank, building roads and canals * Plan was to have the South exchange agricultural goods with the North’s manufactured goods Missouri Compromise * Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to keep the balance * Divided the Louisiana territory at the 36 30 line - slavery was banned north of the line Monroe Doctrine * Banned the Western hemisphere from European Colonization * European attempts to intervene would be seen as dangerous Era of Good Feelings * Monroe was elected with support from all sections * Federalists had disappeared * John Marshall SCOTUS: Marbury v. Madison upheld judicial review, the court’s ability to declare laws unconstitutional Market Revolution Technological * Agricultural efficiency: steel plow, automatic reaper, cotton gin * Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts → assembly line factory * Steam power came from Britain → steam boats * Telegraph lines Infrastructure * Construction of canals and roads were done by private entities with government subsidies * Railroad tracks connected the entire country by 1860 → lowered cost of transportation Social * Immigration: Irish (potato famine) and German (failed revolution by German states) immigrants * Westward migration * Free labor ideology: Northerners touted the idea that wage earners could eventually own their own land as the standard of living increased, however, many were stuck in the factory * Development of labor unions - collective bargaining with employer * Cult of Domesticity and republican motherhood put women in a separate sphere, maintaining the house and caring for the children Jacksonian Democracy Whigs Democrats Led by Henry Clay Led by Andrew Jackson Politics of the elite and educated Politics of the common man - universal male suffrage American system: manufacturing, business, trade, banking Agriculture Strong central government that promotes economic and social goals Weak federal government, opposed to government action and spending Supported by northerners and cities Supported by southerners and countryside Tariffs No tariffs Jackson’s Administration Election of 1824 * Although Jackson had the most electoral votes, it was not enough to be elected and the House elected John Q. Adams instead * Ended Era of Good Feelings Jackson’s Policies * Expanded role of President: used veto 12 times * Specie Circular (because of suspicion of bankers and credit, government land could only be sold for hard currency) and destruction of the 2nd National Bank led to the Panic of 1837 (economic crisis that stopped infrastructure building, led to business collapse, and high unemployment) * Indian Removal Act - relocated them to Oklahoma (Trail of Tears) Nullification Crisis * When SC passed a resolution nullifying the Tariff Act of 1828 (as they depended heavily on cotton exports), he authorized military action against them Age of Reform Second Great Awakening (Cause of Reform) * At beginning of the 1800s, many clergy members worried that Americans were more captivated by politics than God and Salvation, and Americans felt a yearning for a more immediate religious experience * Second Great Awakening ministers such as Finney told people they could control their eternal life, much different from predestination, which encouraged individual redemption and even societal reformation * It acted as a springboard for a variety of reform movements Reforms Temperance * Many women were troubled by their husbands spending all their income on alcohol and domestic abuse * Tried to limit or ban the sale and consumption of alcohol * Temporarily reduced alcohol consumption by ½ in the US, but did not last through the 1870s * EXAMPLE Asylum * Dorothea Dix advocated for the rights of the mentally ill, and created the first mental asylums in the US Education * Horace Mann, the secretary of the education, led a movement for free public education, which was seen as essential to democratic participation Abolition * Led by free African Americans like Frederick Douglass and benevolent white Americans like William Lloyd Garrison * Uncle Tom’s Cabin - Harriet Beecher Stowe - written to depict the brutality of slavery Women’s Rights * Seneca Falls Convention organized by Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott to discuss the rights of women * Declaration of Sentiments: “All men and women created equal” Big Ideas * SCOTUS established that federal laws take precedence over state laws * America underwent an economic and technological revolution - cotton gin, steam engine, factory system, and railroads and canals * The US expanded after the Louisiana Purchase - wanted to be a major player in foreign trade * The debate over slavery raged on - the Missouri Compromise resolved some tension for the next 3 decades * By the 1820s and 30s, new parties arose - the Democrats (Andrew Jackson) and the Whigs (Clay) - that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvement * The rise of democratic and individual beliefs, rationalism, and changes caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to various reform movements Period 5 (Manifest Destiny, Civil War, Reconstruction) Manifest Destiny Causes * Population increase * Economic depressions - 1819 and 1837 (Panics) * Abundance of cheap (or free) land in West * Expansion offered opportunities for new commerce * People began moving over new trails like Santa Fe Trail and Oregon Trail Timeline * Belief that God determined America should stretch from Atlantic to Pacific * Believed that US had mission to extend boundaries of freedom to others by sharing idealism and democratic institutions * James K. Polk = Manifest Destiny * Mexican American War: US gained the Mexican Cession - debate over whether or not to permit slavery in these territories; Wilmot Proviso would ban slavery in Mexican Cession Effects * Increased tensions between settlers and natives, abolitionists and slaveholders * Sectionalism * Compromise of 1850: stricter Fugitive Slave Law, admission of CA as free state, popular sovereignty in NM and UT Civil War Causes Slavery / Sectionalism * Dred Scott decision: Dred Scott sues on the basis that he lived in a free state and was a free man, and was being forced into slavery * SCOTUS ruled that Scott was still a slave and could not initiate a lawsuit, and declared that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that Congress cannot ban slavery in any territory Extremism * John Brown raided the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry to arm and incite a generalized slave revolt in the south; was executed and became a martyr * Senator Sumner was beat with a cane after condemning slavery acts in Kansas Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 * Let Kansas and Nebraska determine slaves by popular sovereignty (even though they were above the Missouri Compromise line) * Bleeding Kansas: Pro-slavery border ruffians came into these states to vote, violence broke out, Pierce ended up recognizing the pro-slavery governments * Formation of Republican Party: dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery into “free” soil; defended “free labor” ideology Election of 1860/Secession * Lincoln was elected in 1860 * SC and 6 other states seceded the following year, forming the Confederate States of America * Confederacy fired on Fort Sumter, and Lincoln rallied 75,000 troops after Confederates North Advantages South Advantages * Greater population (much of the southern population was slaves) * Greater military capacity * Border States were loyal to Union * Extensive railroad network * This allowed the Union to resupply its troops and bring reinforcements as the war dragged on * Fighting a defensive war * Did not have to invade the North to win, just had to fight on home soil * South’s rich military tradition - had able generals and a cohort of military men to draw from Union’s 3 Part Strategy 1. Anaconda Plan: The navy would blockade southern ports to prevent supplies from reaching the South and prevent Southern exports to stifle economy 2. Divide Confederate territory in half by taking control of the Mississippi River 3. Troops march on the confederate capital of Richmond, VA to achieve victory Trajectory of the War Beginning * Union suffered many defeats: First/Second Battle of Bull Run, etc. * Lincoln went through many incompetent generals before Grant * Battle of Antietam: Slight Union victory, McClellan repels Confederate forces in bloodiest day of fighting * Successfully execute Anaconda Plan Turning Point * Battle of Gettysburg: Confederacy was now on the retreat End * Victory at Vicksburg: gained control of Mississippi River * Sherman’s March to the Sea: military campaign designed to raid and loot civilians; destroy their morale so they would beg for the war to end * Robert E. Lee surrenders to Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation * Waited until Union achieved a victory (Antietam) * Freed slaves in states of rebellion (not border states that were part of Union) * Not universally applauded by North Gettysburg Address * Framed the war as fulfilling the US’s democratic goals * After Civil War, US was referred to as a nation, not just a union of states 10% Plan * If 10% of the voting population in Southern states swore loyalty to the Union, they would be let back in Reconstruction (Effect of the War) Effects of Reconstruction Reconstruction: process of readmitting the former Confederate states into the Union 1. Cities, towns, and farms ruined 2. High food prices and crop failures → many southerners faced starvation 3. Confederate money because worthless → Banks failed and merchants became bankrupt → people couldn’t pay their debts Amendments 13th Declared slavery illegal in America 14th Granted citizenship to everyone born in the US; equal protection of the law 15th Granted black men the right to vote Andrew Johnson Policy * Pro-slavery, did not care for emancipation or black equality * Tried to veto all bills giving civil rights to blacks Reconstruction Act of 1867 * Passed by the Radical Republicans, it divided the South into 5 military districts * To be readmitted, states would have to ratify the 14th Amendment Impeachment * Opposed to Reconstruction, tried to remove Secretary of War * Impeached, but not removed from office * Impeachment made it so that he could not act while the Reconstruction Acts were being passed Slavery Freedmen's Bureau * Blacks faced many needs - owners no longer had to feed and shelter them * The Bureau was created to undertake the relief effort and help educate them Resistance * Black Codes * KKK * Redeemers (wanted to redeem white supremacy) Compromise of 1877 * Election of 1876: Neither Hayes or Tilden had enough electoral votes to be declared the winner * Compromise: Hayes (Republican) was declared president in exchange for the removal of federal troops from the South - end of Reconstruction Big Ideas * Americans enthusiastically supported Western expansion in hopes of finding economic opportunities - Manifest Destiny * The Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, and Dred Scott decision were precursors to the Civil War * Debates about slavery led to a widening gap between North and South * Due to superior military strategy, more resources, larger population, and better infrastructure, the Union defeated the Confederacy * After the Civil War, the 13th Amendment officially ended slavery, and the 14th and 15th Amendments further expanded the rights of blacks Period 6 (Postwar South, Gilded Age/Industrialization) Postwar South Characteristics New South * Coined by Henry Grady, he urged the South to abandon its longstanding agrarian economy for a modern economy grounded in factories, mines, and mills * Largely a failure, income in the South was less than the national average and rural poverty persisted Legalized Slavery * Sharecropping took the place of slavery → put black and poor white farmers in poverty → Southern economy stagnated * Black Codes forbid blacks from owning property or businesses * Literacy tests restricted them from voting while uneducated whites had grandfather clauses * Jim Crow laws: segregation of facilities * Plessy v. Ferguson: SCOTUS ruled Jim Crow constitutional under the equal protection of the 14th amendment, as long as blacks had “separate but equal” facilities Westward Migration Causes 1. Transcontinental Railroads 2. Homestead Act: gave away free land for westbound settlers 3. Mining: gold and silver 4. Ranching/Farming Characteristics Mining Boomtowns * Most mining was done with expensive equipment by large mining firms, most prospectors did not get rich * Towns next to mines grew rapidly → as mining became more industrial, they began to resemble the industrial towns of the East Chinese Immigration * Chinese immigrants originally drawn by CA gold rush * Discrimination pushed them away from mining → railroads * 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: banned Chinese immigration Native Conflict * With westward migration came conflict with natives * Battle of Little Big Horn: defeat of the largest and fiercest Plains Indian tribes was a major turning point in controlling Plains Indians * President Grant: policy of native assimilation → eventually be citizens Gilded Age Characteristics * Industrial Age from 1870-1900 * Era of industrialization: railroads, steel industry, and oil industry dominated both the economy and politics * Gilded Age was an era of political corruption → policies favorable to Big Business (laissez faire) Innovation 2nd Industrial Revolution A revolution of mass production, and ways of making and shipping and communicating about business transactions and materials Bessemer Process Made the production of steel commercially viable Telephone Made business transactions possible on the spot Railroads Connected the nation; intranational train travel Industrial Capitalization Managerial Revolution * Large corporations development management systems that separated top executives and managers * New managers: accounting, marketing, sales, etc. Consumer Change * Retail outlets and department stores replaced small local stores * Because of mail-order catalogs, you no longer had to live near a metropolitan center/actual store * Home → commercial production; ex. Home grown produce → canned food Robber Barons * Term given to men who controlled major industries in the US * Andrew Carnegie: dominated the steel industry by investing in all aspects of production, Gospel of Wealth * Vertical integration: Carnegie Steel company performed all key aspects - controlled the mills where steel was made, the mines that supplied coal, and the mines that supplied iron ore * Consolidation: a trust consisted of several companies merging to gain monopoly control of an industry * Rockefeller: owned a trust called Standard Oil * J.P. Morgan: a financier who gained control of the economy through financing railroads Labor Working Class * Fierce industrial competition worsened working conditions * Panics, child labor, and immigrants led to decreases in wages * Production/separation of processes led to an increase in unsafe and unsanitary conditions * Also led to unskilled tasks → women and children entered into the workforce * However, industrialization did lead to a decrease in the price of goods Strikes and Unions * Labor battles were almost always won by management because of their economic and political power, and backing of the government * American Federation of Labor (AFL): federation of unions of skilled workers that argued for better wages, hours, and conditions * Great Railroad Strike of 1877: a strike at McCormick Reaper Works led to jobs of striking workers being given to replacements (scabs); police fired on strikers rallying in Haymarket Square * Homestead Strike: fight erupted between union workers and hired Pinkerton guards in Carnegie’s steel plant * Pullman Strike: Railroad workers went on strike, causing trains to come to a standstill; federal troops killed 25 and put the strike down Immigration Pull Factors (what attracted them to the US) Push Factors (what made them leave home) 1. Freedom 2. Economic opportunity 3. Abundant land 1. Population growth (overcrowding) 2. Agricultural changes 3. Crop failures 4. Industrial revolution 5. Religious and political turmoil Big Ideas * Large scale industrialization and advances in technology gave rise to capitalism and the era of big business (Robber Barons) * Due to the rise of big business, many groups such as farmers and unions called for stronger governmental protections to regulate the economy and safeguard the rights of workers * Migration increased, both to and within the US; cities became areas of economic growth that attracted blacks and migrants from Asia and Europe * Debates intensified over citizens’ rights, especially over gender and race Period 7 (Imperialism, Progressivism, WWI, New Deal, WWII) Imperialism Causes 1. Industrial Revolution Needed new resources, markets, places to invest surplus capital 2. Close of Frontier No more land to be discovered → search for new opportunity 3. European Example 2nd wave of European colonization - Asia and Africa 4. American Nationalism Big navyism - global trade requires navy 5. White Man’s Burden Social Darwinism, American “duty” to help the weak Causes of the Spanish American War Cuban Revolution A movement trying to end Spanish rule was suppressed by cruel tactics/concentration camps Yellow Journalism brought this to attention of American public, US intervened Effects Treaty of Paris 1898 * US annexed Puerto Rico and Guam, gained control of the Philippines * Do constitutional rights apply to those in US territories? Platt Amendment * Allowed US to intervene militarily in Cuba when they saw fit - so that their economic interests could never be threatened Philippine Insurrection * Philippinos rebelled because they thought the US would give them freedom Involvement in Asia * Intervened in China with the Open Door policy: allowed the US to gain a foothold in trade; missionaries → Boxer Rebellion Involvement in the Caribbean * US caused a revolution in Panama to gain independence from Colombia, Panama agrees to let the US gain rights to build the Panama Canal Imperialist POV Anti-Imperialist POV * The US needs colonies to compete economically * US needs colonies and naval bases to be a world power * It is America’s duty to care for weak people * To abandon territories makes US cowardly * Honorable to keep the land that Americans lost their lives to obtain * Supporting an empire would eb financial burden * The US should focus on solving problems at home * Nonwhites cannot be assimilated into American society * An empire would involve the US in more wars * Violation of democratic principles to annex land and not offer its people the same Constitutional rights Progressivism Muckraking * “Investigative journalism”: using the power of the mass media to shed light on social ills Women * Progressivism provided a means for women to be involved in public issues - framed this as “social housekeeping” * 19th Amendment, supported by Wilson, granted them suffrage Segregation * Du Bois called for full political equality, whereas Booker T. Washington had a more conciliatory approach - confrontation would end badly for blacks Temperance * Women’s Christian Temperance Movement * Saloons were seen as parasites to working class communities * 18th Amendment banned the production/sale of alcohol Democratic Reforms * Direct Presidential primaries * Referendum: directly vote on bills * Direct election of senators: 17th Amendment * Secret ballots: privacy Industry Regulation * The Jungle by Upton Sinclair exposed the meat-packing industry → creation of the FDA * History of Standard Oil by Ida Tarbell led to USFG breaking up Standard Oil * Roosevelt as “Trust Buster” - passed the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up monopolies * Wilson passed the Federal Reserve Act - created the Federal Reserve Bank which would raise and lower interest rates on loans, controlling the economy * Wilson passed the Clayton Antitrust Act, exempting labor unions from being targeted by antitrust actions Environment * Roosevelt championed environmental protection, expanding the national park system * Conservation: nature/resources should be used in a responsible way * Preservation: nature should be hands off to society WWI Causes of Joining WWI Lusitania Germany sunk the passenger ship Lusitania; signs Sussex Pledge but still begins unrestricted submarine warfare again British Blockade Britain’s Blockade on Germany was a cause of unrestricted sub warfare Zimmerman Note Germany would help Mexico regain territory it lost to the US if Mexico joined the war Effects 1. Booming Industry * Munitions industry: US selling weapons to Britain and France * War Industries Board: production and price regulations on industry 2. The Draft * Selective Service Act 3. Labor * Hired in large numbers because of labor shortage (draft) * Great Migration: blacks left South to find work in the North * National War Labor Board: US government mediated discussion between industry and unions to avoid strikes 4. Patriotism * Liberty bonds - regular people financed the war * Victory gardens - people grew their own produce to help ration 5. Unpatriotic Acts * Congress stifled dissent * Espionage and Sedition Acts: could be jailed for interfering with the draft or say anything disloyal about the war effort Mass Culture Red Scare * Cause by the Bolshevik Revolution; Communist Party formed in the US * Attorney General Palmer hunted down suspected communists and trampled on people’s civil rights * Labor union membership declined because of the correlation to communism Radio and Movies * Became an extremely popular medium for American people - sermons, music, comedy, soap operas * ¾ Americans going to the movies * Created a more homogenous culture KKK * Had a resurgence, a genuine mass movement devoted to white supremacy Cars * Led to the growth of steel and oil * Led more Americans to settle in suburban communities Great Depression Causes 1. Overproduction and Underconsumption * Assembly line and scientific management increased industrial output * Consumption could not keep up with production * Farmers increased production for WWI, but they were left in a cycle of overproduction and falling commodity prices 2. Overspeculation * Inflated stock market because people bought stocks with the promise to pay the price later * Because the stock market did not match up with the actual valuation of the company, investors began panic selling * Stock market crashed in 1929 3. Availability of Easy Credit * Installment plans left many in debt 4. Uneven Distribution of Income * Industries and corporations controlled the economy * The fall of these companies led to a downturn in the economy that the government could not prevent New Deal First New Deal * National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA): Drew up a set of codes designed to shorten hours, establish min. wage, and promote fair business practices * This increased the popularity of unions * Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): paid farmers to grow fewer crops - reduce production to bolster falling commodity prices and strengthen the agricultural sector * Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): employed 2.75 million men in infrastructure projects Second New Deal * Works Progress Administration (WPA): created millions of jobs for the unemployed * Social Security Act: designed to help the unemployed, elderly, and disabled, funded by taxes on workers and employees Critics of the New Deal Left * Upton Sinclair wanted more socialist solutions * Huey Long proposed taxing the rich and redistributing their wealth Right * SCOTUS: declared NIRA and AAA unconstitutional Rollback of the New Deal Roosevelt Recession * By 1937, the US showed signs of improvement and FDR cut back spending on the New Deal → led to further downturn in the economy * Critics argue that the New Deal did little to improve the Great Depression and that it was increased manufacturing for WWII that brought the US out of recession Keynesian Economics * Argues that government deficit spending was desirable if it was stimulating the economy: using the tools of the government to influence economic activity WWII - Causes of Joining WWII Dictatorships vs. Isolationism * Mussolini and the Fascists took power in Italy in 1922, Hitler and the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, and Japan fell under military rule * Made it hard for the US to maintain isolationism * Many Americans believed that Hitler had to be stopped before he reached the US; did not support isolationism British Relations * Lend-Lease Act: allowed the US to send arms to Britain in their own ships * Atlantic Charter: solidified alliance between Britain and US Pearl Harbor * Trigger for entering WWII Wartime America The Home Front * Rationing policies gave ration books and stamps to families * Funded the war effort through war bonds and increase in taxes * Unemployment of the 1930s ended because of arms manufacturing Women * Rosie the Riveter: government campaign to recruit women into factories African Americans * Executive Order 8802 banned discrimination in war-related industries * Double V Campaign: victory against facism abroad and victory against racism in the US Japanese * Executive Order 9066 authorized the government to relocate more than 100,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps Timeline Island Hopping * Avoided heavily fortified islands, only attacked key islands - naval bases, airfields * US cut off islands it had hopped over by blockading supply ships Underbelly of the Axis * ¼ million Allied troops landed in Sicily and tried to enter the Axis through Italy D-Day * Allies stormed Normandy, France and pushed Hitler’s forces back to Germany, liberating Paris from Nazi occupation V-E Day * Victory in Europe Day: After Hitler’s last attempt to stop the Allies at the Battle of the Bulge failed, Germany surrendered Atomic Bomb * Unleashed on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan swiftly surrendered * It did not generate much controversy at the time as it ended a conflict that had taken 50 million lives; modern critics argue that Japan was already on the verge of surrender Effects Yalta Conference * Divided Germany into zones controlled by the US, USSR, France, and Britain * US and Britain allowed Stalin to remain in Eastern Europe * FDR and Churchill were later criticized for abandoning Eastern Europe to communist forces; however, they could not dislodge the Red Army from Europe without starting a war Potsdam Conference * Resolved denazification of Germany → Nuremberg War Trials Big Ideas * America became more globally involved with imperialism * Social change began with Progressivism to aspects of industry, environment, temperance, women, segregation, etc. * America’s culture became more homogenous with technology connecting the country * FDR’s reform with the New Deal shifted power away from big businesses and gave power to unions and workers * America’s economic system evolved into one of the leading industrial powers in the world * America became the leading defender of democracy * The US would no longer retreat into isolationism after WWII * The War was a turning point - for groups in the US, for migration patterns, and for the military Period 8 (Cold War, New Culture, Civil Rights) Cold War Causes * US believed that Soviets were intent on controlling Europe * When WWII ended, the USSR left its Red Army troops in Eastern Europe, taking those countries and making them Soviet satellites while installing a puppet regime in Poland Timeline Truman Doctrine * Declared the goal of the US was to contain Communism Marshall Plan * Allocated $13 billion for war-torn Europe to rebuild, stabilized the capitalist economies of Europe: West Germany, France, and Britain Berlin Airlift * USSR wanted control Germany and keep Berlin isolated, blockading it from food and supplies until it joined East Germany * US, Britain, and France sent food and supplies through planes instead NATO * US broke with its tradition of avoiding peacetime alliances * Formed after Berlin - US, Canada, and Western Europe joined forces to resist aggression by the USSR Communism in China * US allied with the Nationalist side led by Jiang Jieshi * Mao Zedong and the Communist Party had a huge following among the poor, rural population and established the People’s Republic of China * Truman was accused of losing China to Communism Korean War * North Korean troops, using Soviet equipment, invaded South Korea * UN forces repelled them; divided at the 38th parallel Eisenhower Doctrine * Egyptian President Nasser established close relations with the USSR and seized control of the British and French owned Suez Canal * Eisenhower pressured France, Great Britain, and Israel who were looking to take control of the canal against invading Egypt * Eisenhower pledged he would support any Middle Eastern country threatened by a Communist nation Space Race * The USSR were the first to reach space with Sputnik, alarming the US because of its capability to launch nuclear weapons to any location * The US became the first to land a man on the moon MAD * Mutually Assured Destruction; US needed to be aware that the USSR was prepared to go to war and had to prepare a massive retaliation * Leads to nuclear proliferation/arms race Detente with China and USSR * Detente: easing of tensions; thawing of the Cold War * 1971: Nixon and USSR agreed to recognize East Germany and West Berlin, respectively * 1972: Nixon visits China Bay of Pigs Invasion * Fidel Castro overthrew the government the US had put in Cuba * The US trained a group of Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro - they landed in the Bay of Pigs but were captured by Cuban forces. Cuban Missile Crisis * A U-2 spy plane discovered that Cuba was preparing bases for Soviet missiles * Kennedy made a deal with the USSR that they would abandon their missile program and the US would not attempt another invasion of Cuba Timeline of the Vietnam War Background * A resistance movement led by Ho Chi Minh defeated France at Dien Bien Phu to gain independence * Rebel communists of the North: Vietcong, were fighting against a corrupt and dictatorial South Vietnam Domino Theory * When a nation is Communist, it is likely to spread to its neighbors * US supported and sent aid to South Vietnam Tet Offensive * Major attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnam; thousands dead * Demonstrated the Vietcong’s ability to organize a coordinated strike My Lai Massacre * A company of American troops killed everyone in a village despite finding no enemy forces * Led many Americans to question the morality of the war US Pulls Out * Nixon adopted a policy of Vietnamization: replacing American troops with South Vietnamese troops * The US pulled out in 1973 and Vietnam was united as a Communist nation Second Red Scare Red Fear * Growing fear of Communist spies in American institutions * Fear that Hollywood might be Communist led HUAC to investigate many actors, writers, and directors * Rosenbergs: a couple that was executed, accused of for leaking information about the nuclear bomb to the USSR McCarthy * Rose to prominence when he announced he had a list of 205 known Communists working in the State Department; inspired a mindset where Americans began to suspect people around them as Communists * McCarthyism: anti-Communist movement of the 1950s Fall of McCarthyism * Eventually, critics asserted that anti-Communist measures violated people’s constitutional rights * McCarthy went too far by accusing members of the military * After finding his accusations baseless, the Senate censured McCarthy American Culture and Counterculture GI Bill * Provided low interest loans for veterans to purchase homes and attend college * Prevented a wave of unemployment that could have occurred after the war, drove the prosperity of the postwar era Suburbia * Housing crunch created by returning veterans of WWII * Levittown: mass produced communities of identical houses * Growth of suburbs → reduction of cities’ tax bases → slums Interstate Highways * The Interstate Highway Act allowed the government to build an interstate highway system; promoted as a defensive measure, allowing for the rapid movement of military personnel Conformity * Pressures to conform due to McCarthyism * Television and the sitcom added to homogenous American culture Rock ‘n Roll * Extremely popular with young people in the 50s, generational divide * Dubbed “race music” and dangerous by mainstream whites Literature and Art * Beats literature: rejection of mainstream social values - suburban lifestyle, consumer society, patriotism * Abstract Expressionism: emphasized emotion over realism (Jackson Pollock) Living Room War * First war that was televised to the American public * Caused many to question the justness of the war Beatlemania * Beatles and the Rolling Stones transformed American culture * Feared by conservatives - challenge to traditional moral values Hippies * Rejection of materialistic conformity - encouraged urban and rural communities, mystical experiences, drug use, experimental music Great Society Poverty * Dramatic rise in middle class - home and car ownership, college education, comfortable income * Harrinton’s The Other America: Poverty in the US revealed that technological advancements → job displacements and urban slums Liberalism * Sided with Keynesian economics, also anti-Communist New Frontier * Kennedy’s liberalist policy for advancing civil and economic rights for all: minimum wage, education, Peace Corps, equal pay for women Great Society * LBJ’s attempt to end poverty: Medicare and Medicaid, welfare programs, and public housing Civil Rights Black Civil Rights Jim Crow * Challenged the racism that justified Jim Crow Segregation WWII * Many blacks who took part in the Double V Campaign were empowered Timeline Rosa Parks * Refused to give up her seat for a white person → catalyst for the Montgomery Bus Boycott MLK * Central figure of the civil rights movement who advocated peaceful civil disobedience SCOTUS * Occupied by a liberal court, ruled in Brown v. Education Board of Topeka that the separate but equal doctrine of Plessy had to end Freedom Rides * Organized buses with blacks riding next to whites to protest state segregation laws that ignored the Topeka ruling Birmingham Campaign * “Bull” Connor violently broke up a march in Birmingham → images of police brutality helped bring public sympathy to civil rights March on Washington * More than 200,000 people gathered to demonstrate; MLK’s “I Have a Dream Speech” Civil Rights Act * Passed by LBJ: equal access to public education, accommodations, and voting; banned discrimination in employment on race and gender Voting Rights Act * USFG could oversee voter registration * Outlawed literacy tests and poll taxes Expansion of Civil Rights Women’s Liberation * Challenged inequities in the job market, representation of women in the media and in society * Inspired by Firedan’s The Feminine Mystique which challenged traditional options for women in life Title IX * Banned gender discrimination in all aspects of education - faculty hiring and admissions; led to major funding for female sports Roe v. Wade * Sexual Revolution: pill was introduced to the market * SCOTUS prohibited states from banning abortions Society Transitions Stagflation * Stagnation of wages and inflation in prices caused by the cost of the Vietnam War and oil crisis to economic downturn Camp David * These accords created a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel; considered a big success for Carter’s administration Oil Crisis * OPEC cut off exports to the US and increased the price of oil, retaliating for US support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War Carter Doctrine * Stated that the US would repel any force attempting to gain control of the Persian Gulf region; protected US oil interests Energy Crisis * Oil embargo caused the US to reduce energy consumption * Instated a 55mph speed limit; responded to by a truckers’ strike * Incidents at 3 Mile Island and Chernobyl dissuaded people from nuclear energy Conservatism * Emergence of Conservatism: many Americans were dismayed by protests against the Vietnam War, counterculture, civil rights movement → came with the victory of Reagan Watergate * Nixon was caught stealing documents and wiretapping phones of his political opponents for reelection; resigned before he could be impeached Big Ideas * The US positioned itself as a global leader * Initially, there was major American support for an anti-Communist foreign policy * Civil rights activists energized a new nationwide movement for racial progress * Spurred by the civil rights movement, other social movements advocated their causes * In the 1960s, President Johnson’s Great Society program attempted to use the power of the federal government to eliminate poverty, end racial discrimination, and promote social justice * In the 1970s, the public grew increasingly distrustful of the government’s ability to solve problems Period 9 (Modern) Politics Presidential Policy New Right 1. Focused on containing Communism 2. Pro-business: lower corporate taxes, deregulation, laissez faire 3. Grassroots support: traditional minded frustration with counterculture Reaganomics * Economic policies that favored big business * Cut taxes for corporations and reduced regulations on industry - tripling national debt Clinton’s Impeachment * Accused of having an affair with a White House intern and of lying to a grand jury/obstruction of justice * Impeached, but not removed from office Election of 2000 * Without Florida, neither Al Gore or Bush had 270 electoral votes * Bush v. Gore ruled Bush ahead of Gore, securing his presidency Election of Obama * Harnessed the power of the Internet to build a large base for his campaign * Fox promoted the Tea Party Movement expressing discontent with big government; called for decreased government spending Election of Trump * Perceived as speaking his mind; appealed to many common Americans * Attempted to undo the Affordable Care Act and set travel bans on Muslim countries, rolled back environmental regulations * Tax code overhaul: cuts in taxes of corporations and the wealthy * Impeached for abuse of power: enlisting Ukraine to get dirt on Biden, and incitement of insurrection: Capitol riots End of Cold War Reagan Doctrine * Provided aid to governments that were anti-Communist, even if they were undemocratic or repressive Iran-Contra Affair * Reagan tried to overthrow a government in Nicaragua that had replaced the US backed dictatorship by training a military group (Contras), but Congress blocked this after reports of human rights abuses by the Contras * A scheme was developed to sell weapons to Iran and use the money to fund the Contras * Details of this affair became public; Reagan nicknamed the “Teflon President” because accusations did not stick to him Berlin Wall * Soviet leader Gorbachev introduced reforms that would dismantle the repressiveness of the USSR and introduce elements of capitalism * Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and every government in Europe was non-Communist Gulf War * Iraq and Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait for oil * H.W. Bush and a 34 nation coalition initiated Operation Desert Storm, defeating Iraqi forces and driving them out of Kuwait America’s Role in the World 9/11 * Terrorists from al-Qaeda hijacked planes, killing 3,000 people Iran and Afghanistan * W. Bush initiated military action against Iran and Afghanistan * American forces overthrew the Taliban in Afghan * Operation Iraqi Freedom was launched to remove Hussein and create a more democratic government * While defeating Hussein and the Iraqi army was easy, creating stability was not → this hurt Bush’s approval ratings Patriot Act * Criticized for the FBI’s ability to search information without a court order Bush Doctrine * Preemptive warfare against threats to the US - axis of evil: Iraq, Iran, North Korea (W. Bush) Iran Nuclear Deal * Obama agreed to remove sanctions on Iran for Iran’s promise not to produce a nuclear bomb * Condemned by Republicans and the Israeli prime minister Economics Crisis and Reform Social Security * Reagan led the expansion of Medicare and Medicaid (insurance for the elderly, disabled, and low-income); ensured its long-term solvency NAFTA * Eliminated all trade barriers and tariffs between US, Canada, Mexico * Critics argued that nations would no longer be able to implement environmental regulations or ensure workers’ rights Saving and Loan Crisis * In the 80s, savings and loan associations suffered from risk investments and a downturn in the housing market * H.W. Bush signed a bill, extending billions of dollars to bail the industry out * Criticized for creating a moral hazard - companies would be more incentivized to take risks knowing they would be bailed out Housing Crisis * Banks lured first time home buyers who had low credit ratings to take out mortgages they could not pay back * These lenders would be sold to Wall Street * When the real estate market weakened in 2007, the bubble burst: many walked away from their homes, and financial institutions were ruined - business activity slowed and consumer spending decreased Great Recession Policies * W. Bush administration outlined a loan program for the country’s biggest banks to borrow at discounted rates * The automobile industry that was hit as a result of reduced consumer spending was bailed out; it was a success and the industry recovered * Obama created a stimulus package, providing $800 billion to state and local governments for infrastructure, schools, hospitals, etc. * Dodd-Frank Act: regulated financial markets to prevent having a company whose single failure would devastate the economy Healthcare Reform * Obama passed the Affordable Care Act, dramatically reducing the number of uninsured Americans Economic shift Technology * Economists cite productivity growth as a result of information technology and the increased speed of communications * Online shopping increased convenience but drove many brick and mortar stores out of business * Allowed the rise of the “Gig industry” - Fiverr, Uber, delivery Deindustrialization * A large number of factories have closed due to a shift of the manufacturing sector out of the US and into underdeveloped countries, as well as the rise of manufacturing in China Service Sector * 70% of jobs in the US are in the service sector, representing a shift in the economy from the production of things to the providing of services * Low wage jobs in retail and fast-food → stagnation of wages and growing income gap; calling for $15 minimum wage Society Reform LGBTQ * In 1981, there was a disease that seemed to disproportionately affect gay men called AIDS caused by HIV * NIH established a committee devoted to AIDS research * Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell: allowed LGBTQ members to serve in the military as long as they were closeted * Repealed by Obama in 2011 * SCOTUS ruled the legality of same-sex marriages Women’s Movement * Quiet Revolution of women entering the workplace in large numbers continued * There was a push for government-funded day care * Women’s Activism grew in the Trump Era through the #MeToo movement, calling attention to sexual harassment Policing * Blacks are incarcerated at 5x the rate of whites * BLM emerged in response to the acquittal of a Florida man who shot a black teenager; associated with police brutality and racial profiling * BLM resurged in 2020 after the death of George Floyd Gun Control * Shootings in Sandy Hook, Las Vegas, and Parkland left many dead * NRA lobbied against gun control, citing the Second Amendment Immigration * Obama pushed for comprehensive immigration reform * Republicans and Trump pushed against immigration, fearing that large numbers will take American jobs and draw on public resources Big Ideas * The end of the Cold War left the United States as the world’s major superpower * Tensions in the Middle East erupted after 9/11 and the Gulf War * The New Right and Reagan attempted to pass corporate tax cuts, and Wall Street institutions were bailed out during the Great Recession * The growth of technology has led to the spread of reform movements (BLM, #MeToo) and a change in the economy Key Concepts Period 1 (1491 - 1607): 4-6% 1. ​As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. 1. Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. 1. The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies. * Ex. Pueblo, Navajo 2. Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles. * Ex. Sioux, Apache 3. In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter–gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages. * Ex. Iroquois Confederacy of the Northeast, Creek, Choctaw, or Cherokee of the Southeast 4. Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean. * Ex. Chinook, Nez Perce, Shoshone 2. Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. 1. European expansion into the western hemisphere generated intense social, religious, policial, and economic competition and changes within European societies 1. European nations’ efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity. * Ex. “3 Gs”: Gold, God, and Glory, founding of St. Augustine (1565), Northwest Passage, Roanoke Island 2. The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism. * Ex. Introduction of corn, potatoes, and tomatoes to Europe, growth of European nation-states 3. Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas. * Ex. Caravel, sextant, joint-stock trading company 2. The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic and social changes 1. Spanish exploration and conquest were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas. * Ex. Spread of smallpox; European introduction of horses, rice, wheat, and oxen to the New World; bison hunting on the Great Plains 2. In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources. * Ex. Sugar plantations, silver mines, Black Legend 3. European traders partnered with some African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining. * Ex. Line of Demarcation, Middle Passage 4. The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire. * Ex. Mestizo, Zambo, mulatto 3. In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. 1. Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other’s culture. * Ex. African religious traditions combined with Christian traditions, Maroon communities 2. As European encroachments on Native Americans’ lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance. * Ex. Spanish mission system, Juan de Onate, Acoma War and defeat of the Pueblo (1599) 3. Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans. * Ex. Juan de Sepulveda, Bartolome de Las Casas, communal nature of land, private vs. public ownership of land, animism. ________________ Period 2 (1607 - 1754): 6-8% 1. Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources 1. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. 1. Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into the Spanish colonial society. * Ex. Christopher Columbus, Cortez, Pizarro, conquistadores, mission system, encomienda system, New Spain, establishment of Santa Fe (1610) 2. French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquires furs and other products for export to Europe. * Ex. Samuel de Champlain, Coureurs de bois, New Netherland, Jesuit missionaries, French alliance with Huron Indians 3. English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately. * Ex. Jamestown (1607), starving time, head-right system, John Rolfe, tobacco as cash crop 2. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. 1. The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco — a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans. * Ex. Middle Passage, indentured servants, Bacon’s Rebellion (1676), Chesapeake colonies, racial hierarchy 2. The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. * Ex. Puritan work ethic, town meetings, expanded life expectancy in New England, social hierarchy, blue laws, subsistence farming, John Winthrop’s “city upon a hill”, Salem witch trials, trial of Anne Hutchinson, banishment of Roger Williams, establishment of Harvard College (1636) 3. The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance. * Ex. William Penn, Quakers, religious toleration, “middle way”, ethnic diversity, “bread-basket colonies” 4. The colonies of the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy. * Ex. rice as cash crop in Georgia and the Carolinas, sugar as cash crop in Barbados, slave codes, Gullah, ring-shout, spirituals 5. Distance and Britain’s initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the Southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies. * Ex. Mayflower Compact (1620), Maryland Toleration Act (1649), House of Burgesses, Massachusetts General Court 3. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. 1. An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and theAmericas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor. * Ex. Triangular trade routes, direct trade routes, Middle Passage 2. Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts. * Ex. Praying towns, fur trade 3. Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other Indian groups. * Ex. Beaver Wars of the mid-1600s, Chickasaw Wars of the mid-1700s, King William’s War (1688-1697), Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713), King George’s War (1744-1748) 4. The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, and trade. * Ex. Bacon’s Rebellion (1676), revocation of Massachusetts’ charter, Navigation Acts/smuggling, protests against the Dominion of New England 5. British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War) in New England. * Ex. Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1610-1640s), Pequot War (1636-1637), King Philip’s War (1675-1676) 6. American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest. * Ex. Caste system, mulattoes, mestizos, Pueblo Revolt (1680) 2. The British colonies participated in policial, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to British control 1. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. 1. The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the First Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas. * Ex. Great Awakening, Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, “new lights vs. old lights”, Enlightenment, John Locke 2. The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from inter-colonial commercial ties, the emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism. * Ex. Anglicization, republicanism, salutary neglect, trial of John Peter Zenger 3. The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies. * Ex. Mercantilism, Board of Trade, Navigation Act of the 1660s, Dominion of New England, Wool Act of 1699, Molasses Act of 1733 4. Colonists’ resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self- government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system. * Ex. Widespread smuggling, Dominion of New England/Edmund Andros, First Great Awakening (J. Edwards & G. Whitefield), John Locke 2. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. 1. All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand forcolonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southernmost Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. * Ex. Triangular trade, Middle Passage, plantation agriculture 2. As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity. * Ex. Barbados slave code, Stone Rebellion of 1739, NYC slave revolt of 1741 3. Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion. * Ex. Work slowdowns, runaway slaves, NYC slave revolt (1711), Stono Rebellion (1739) ________________ Period 3 (1754 - 1800): 10-17% 1. British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War 1. The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven years’ War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians. 1. Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18th century, as the growing population of the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French–Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy. * Ex. French-Huron alliance, British-Iroquois alliance, French and Indian War, Albany Plan of Union, Treaty of Paris 2. Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies. * Ex. End of salutary neglect, writs of assistance, use of admiralty courts to try smugglers, virtual representation of Parliament 3. After the British victory, imperial officials’ attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands. * Ex. Pontiac’s War, Proclamation of 1763, Iroquois Confederacy, Chief Little Turtle and the Western Confederacy (1793-1795) 2. The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain 1. The imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, as well as new British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and to assert imperial authority in the colonies, began to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights. * Ex. Sugar Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), Quartering Act (1765), Declaratory Act (1766), Townshend Acts (1767), Tea Act (1773), Intolerable Acts (1774), Quebec Act (1774) 2. Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment. * Ex. Taxation without representation, consent of the governed, republicanism, bicameral colonial legislatures, natural rights 3. The effort for American independence was energized by colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism of laborers, artisans, and women. * Ex. Otis Warren, Paul Revere, Mercy Otis Warren, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Sons of Liberty, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (John Dickinson), Stamp Act Congress (1765), Boston Tea Party, committees of correspondence, First and Second Continental Congress 4. In the face of economic shortages and the British military occupation of some regions, men and women mobilized in large numbers to provide financial and material support to the Patriot movement. * Ex. Committees of Correspondence, Minutemen of Massachusetts 5. Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain’s apparently overwhelming military and financial advantages, the Patriot cause succeeded because of the actions of colonial militias and the Continental Army, George Washington’s military leadership, the colonists’ ideological commitment and resilience, and assistance sent by European allies. * Ex. Battle of Trenton, Battle of Saratoga, French Alliance, Battle of Yorktown 2. The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideas inspired new experiments with different forms of government 1. The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the18th century. 1. Enlightenment ideas and philosophy inspired many American political thinkers to emphasize individual talent over hereditary privilege, while religion strengthened Americans’ view of themselves as a people blessed with liberty. * Ex. End of primogeniture laws, First Great Awakening, New Lights vs. Old Lights, consent of the governed, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2. The colonists’ belief in the superiority of republican forms of government based on the natural rights of the people found expression in Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence. The ideas in these documents resonated throughout American history, shaping Americans’ understanding of the ideals on which the nation was based. * Ex. Common Sense, Declaration of Independence, republicanism, natural rights 3. During and after the American Revolution, an increased awareness of inequalities in society motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments. * Ex. Quakers, Abigail Adams’ “remember the ladies”, Pennsylvania gradual emancipation law (1780), Vermont constitution abolished slavery, reduction of state property requirements to vote, abolition societies, separation of church and state, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786) 4. In response to women’s participation in the American Revolution, Enlightenment ideas, and women’s appeals for expanded roles, an ideal of “republican motherhood” gained popularity. It called on women to teach republican values within the family and granted women a new importance in American political culture. * Ex. Republican motherhood, improved education for women, republican virtues of liberty and natural rights, 5. The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence reverberated in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future independence movements. * Ex. French Revolution (1789-1799), US Neutrality Proclamation, Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) 2. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence. 1. Many new state constitutions placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship. * Ex. Conventions to ratify constitutions, fundamental laws, strong state legislatures combined with weak governors and courts 2. The Articles of Confederation unified the newly independent states, creating a central government with limited power. After the Revolution, difficulties over international trade, finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations, and internal unrest led to calls for a stronger central government. * Ex. Unicameral legislature with no power to tax, draft soldiers, or regulate trade; lack of judicial or executive branch; tariff and currency disputes; Spanish restrictions on Mississippi River; British occupation of forts on US land; Shay’s Rebellion; Newburgh Conspiracy; Annapolis Convention 3. Delegates from the states participated in a Constitutional Convention and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches. * Ex. Great (Connecticut) Compromise, checks and balances, separation of powers, Electoral College, Supreme Court, republicanism, federalism 4. The Constitutional Convention compromised over the representation of slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808. * Ex. Three-fifths compromise, slave trade compromise, fugitive slave clause 5. In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principals were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government. * Ex. Federalist Papers, Bill of Rights, Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists 3. New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues. 1. During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice. * Ex. Executive branch departments, Cabinet, Judiciary Act of 1789 2. Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties — most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. * Ex. Hamilton’s financial plan, creation of the Bank of the US, elastic clause, strict vs. loose interpretation of the Constitution, formation of the Federalist Party, formation of the Democratic-Republican Party, Alien and Sedition Acts, Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions by Jefferson and Madison 3. The expansion of slavery in the deep South and adjacent western lands and rising antislavery sentiment began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward the institution. * Ex. Anti-slavery societies, limited rights of free blacks 4. Ideas about national identity increasingly found expression in works of art, literature, and architecture. * Ex. John Trumbull, Benjamin Banneker, US flag, growth of nationalism, Mercy Otis Warren’s History of the American Revolution, Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 3. Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations 1. In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending. 1. Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the U.S., seeking to limit migration of white settlers and maintain control of tribal lands and natural resources. British alliances with American Indians contributed to tensions between the U.S. and Britain. * Ex. March of the Paxton Boys, Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794), Treaty of Greenville (1795) 2. As increasing numbers of migrants from North America and other parts of the world continued to move westward, frontier cultures that had emerged in the colonial period continued to grow, fueling social, political, and ethnic tensions. * Ex. Scots-Irish migration to the frontier, frontier vs. tidewater Virginia, Whiskey Rebellion, Regulator Movement 3. As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance for admitting new states; the ordinance promoted public education, the protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory. * Ex. Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787, Section 16, equal statement, abolition of slavery in Northwest Territory 4. An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes contributed to problems regarding treaties and American Indian legal claims relating to the seizure of their lands. * Ex. Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville 5. The Spanish, supported by the bonded labor of the local American Indians, expanded their mission settlements into California; these provided opportunities for social mobility among soldiers and led to new cultural blending. * Ex. Expansion of Spanish missions in California, Spanish vaqueros (cowboys) of the Southwest, mestizos 2. The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests. 1. The United States government forged diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with the continued British and Spanish presence in North America, as U.S. settlers migrated beyond the Appalachians and sought free navigation of the Mississippi River. * Ex. Spanish control of Mississippi River, British occupation of US forts, impressment of US sailors, Jay Treaty (1794), Pinckney Treaty (1795) 2. War between France and Britain resulting from the French Revolution presented challenges to the United States over issues of free trade and foreign policy and fostered political disagreement. * Ex. French Revolution, US Proclamation of Neutrality, Citizen Genet Affair, XYZ Affair (1797-1798), Quasi-war with France, Convention of 1800 3. George Washington’s Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances. * Ex. Political disagreements about aid to the French Revolution and the establishment of the Bank of the US, Farewell Address warned against entangling alliances and political parties. ________________ Period 4 (1800 - 1848): 10-17% 1. The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them 1. The nation’s transformation to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties. 1. In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers. * Ex. Election of 1800 (“Revolution of 1800”), First Party System, Louisiana Purchase (1803), 12th Amendment (1804), War with Tripoli (1801-1805), Chesapeake Leopard Affair (1807), Embargo Act of 1807, Non-intercourse Act (1809), Macon’s Bill #2 (1810), “War Hawks”, War of 1812 (impressment, desire for Canada, British occupation of US forts, British aid to Indians), Federalists and the Hartford Convention (1814), Treaty of Ghent (1815), Henry Clay’s “American System”, protective tariff of 1816, Second Band of the US, Era of Good Feelings, Madison’s veto of Bonus Bill (1817) 2. Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws. * Ex. John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, McCullough v. Maryland, Worcester v. Georgia, Gibbons v. Ogden, Dartmouth College v. Woodward 3. By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose — the Democrats, led, by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay — that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements. * Ex. Corrupt bargain of 1824, Second Party System, opposition of Whigs to Democrat “King Andrew”, end of property requirements to vote by 1828, Jackson’s use of spoils system, universal manhood suffrage, “Age of the Common Man”, Webster Hayne Debate of 1830, Jackson’s veto of Maysville Road (1830), Jackson’s veto of Second Bank of US re-charter, Jackson’s use of “pet banks”, South Carolina Exposition and Protest by John Calhoun (1828), South Carolina nullification of Tariffs of 1828 and 1832, Jackson’s “Force Act” of 1833, Compromise Tariff of 1833 4. Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders’ positions on slavery and economic policy. * Ex. John Calhoun’s “positive good” arguments, Missouri Compromise of 1820, sectional balance in the Senate, Indian Removal Act of 1830, South Carolina nullification of Tariffs of 1828 and 1832, Jackson’ Force Act of 1833, Compromise Tariff of 1833 2. While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own. 1. The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants that influenced moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements. * Ex. Charles Finney, Seneca Falls Convention (1848), Utopian communities (Brook Farm, Shakers, Mormons, Oneida), American, American Temperance Society, Dorothea Dix and prison reform, Horace Mann and education reform 2. A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities. * Ex. Hudson River School of art; transcendental writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau; James Audubon, Knickerbocker writers such as Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper; Noah Webster’s American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) 3. Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture. * Ex. Romanticism, transcendentalism, Federal style of architecture, Thomas Jefferson’s rotunda 4. Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status. * Ex. surrogate families; covert resistance (work slowdowns, sabotage, and runaways); spirituals; Richard Allen’ African Methodist Episcopal Church (1816); American Colonization Society (1816); Benjamin Lunch’s Genius of Universal Emancipation (gradual emancipation); David Walker’s Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829); William Lloyd Garrison’s “immediate and uncompensated” emancipation; American Anti-slavery Society (1833); Garrison’s Liberator (1831); Underground Railroad; Sojourner Truth; Frederick Douglass’ North Star (1847); Liberty Party (1840) 3. Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals. 1. Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society through temperance and other reform efforts. * Ex. American Temperance Society, American Anti-slavery Society, Seneca Falls Convention and the Declaration of Sentiments, Oberlin College 2. Abolitionist and antislavery movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North, contributing to the growth of the free African American population, even as many state governments restricted African Americans’ rights. Antislavery efforts in the South were largely limited to unsuccessful slave rebellions. * Ex. American Colonization Society, William Lloyd Garrison’s “immediate and uncompensated” emancipation, gradual emancipation, Denmark Vesey’s rebellion, Nat Turner’s rebellion 3. A women’s rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention. * Ex. Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton 2. Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities 1. New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production. 1. Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers cameto prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized. * Ex. John Deere’s steel plow, Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper, Samuel Slater “Father of American Factory System”, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin and interchangeable part, Samuel Morse and the telegraph, Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamboat, Lowell system, Baldwin Locomotive Works of Pennsylvania 2. Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods. * Ex. Lowell system, steam locomotives, steamboats, spinning jenny, steamboats, interchangeable parts, cotton gin, telegraph, steel plow, mechanical reaper, improved roads/turnpikes 3. Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence. Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than either was linked to the South. * Ex. Lancaster Turnpike, regional specialization and interdependence, Erie Canal, Canal Era, Henry Clay’s American System, Cumberland (National) Road, protective tariff of 1816, Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) 2. The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers’ lives, and gender and family relations. 1. Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women and men working in factories, no longer relied on semi-subsistence agriculture; instead they supported themselves producing goods for distant markets. * Ex. Lowell mills, Industrial Revolution, factory system 2. The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite but also to a large and growing population of laboring poor. * Ex. Income gap, social hierarchy, plantation aristocracy, “Yankee traders”, National Trades Union, Commonwealth v. Hunt 3. Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, particularly with the growth of definitions of domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres. * Ex. Cult of domesticity, Lydia Child challenged cult of domesticity, Elizabeth Blackwell, Sojourner Truth’s Ain’t I a Woman?, Grimke sisters 3. Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions. 1. Large numbers of international migrants moved to industrializing northern cities, while many Americans moved west of the Appalachians, developing thriving new communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. * Ex. Erie Canal, Lancaster Turnpike, German immigration, Irish immigration, Midwest farm goods traded for New England factory goods 2. Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties. * Ex. “King Cotton”, protective tariffs, textile industry, whaling and fishing industry, “Yankee traders”, Treaty of Wanghia (1844) expanded trade with China 3. Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples, contributing to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity. * Ex. Slow urban growth, planter aristocracy (“cottonocracy”), growth of the internal slave trade 4. Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections of the country. * Ex. Protective tariffs of 1816 and 1824, Madison’s veto of the Bonus Bill, internal improvements, Cumberland (National) Road, Jackson’s veto of the Maysville Road, Second Bank of the US 3. The U.S. interest in increasing foregin trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation's foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives 1. Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade. 1. Following the Louisiana Purchase, the United States government sought influence and control over North America and the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including exploration, military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine. * Ex. Rush Bagot Treaty (1817), Convention of 1818, Adams Onis Treaty (1819), Monroe Doctrine (1823), dispute over annexation of Texas (1836-1845), annexation of Texas by joint resolution (1845), Webster Ashburton Treaty (1842), Oregon Treaty with Britain (1846), Mexican American War (1846-1848), Manifest Destiny 2. Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations. * Ex. Tecumseh’s Confederacy (1808-1813), Battle of Tippecanoe (1811), First Seminole War (1816-1818), Indian Removal Act (1830), Trail of Tears, Second Seminole War (1835-1842), Indian Territory 2. The United States’ acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories. 1. As over-cultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow. * Ex. Cotton gin and growth of upland (short-staple) cotton, growth of the internal slave trade 2. Antislavery efforts increased in the North, while in the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no slaves, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life. * Ex. John Calhoun’s “positive good” arguments, Biblical justifications for slavery, Constitutional justifications for slavery (fugitive slave clause and three-fifths clause) 3. Congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only temporarily stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery. * Ex. Jefferson’s “firebell in the night” warning (1820), Webster Hayne Debate (1830) dispute over annexation of Texas (1836-1845), gag rule, Wilmot Proviso (1846) ________________ Period 5 (1848 - 1877): 10-17% 1. The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist forieng policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries 1. Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives. 1. The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West. * Ex. Mormon settlements in Utah (1847), California gold rush (1848), Chinese immigration, Comstock Lode - silver mining in Nevada (1859), Pike’s Peak gold rush (1858-1861), decline of the buffalo 2. Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United States to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean. * Ex. Manifest Destiny, Election of 1844, Slidell Mission (1845), US annexation of Texas (1845), Bear Flag Revolt (1846), Oregon Boundary Treaty (1846), Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), Gadsden Purchase (1853), Pony Express (1860-1861) 3. The U.S. added large territories in the West through victory in the Mexican–American War and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions about the status of slavery, American Indians, and Mexicans in the newly acquired lands. * Ex. Wilmot Proviso (1846), Lincoln’s spot resolutions (1846), Free Soil Party (1848), Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau (1849), popular sovereignty, Ostend Manifesto (1854) 4. Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting Western transportation and economic development. * Ex. Gadsden Purchase (1853), Pacific Railway Act (1862), Homestead Act (1862), Homestead Act (1862), Morrill Land Grant Act (1862), completion of the Union Pacific Railroad (1869) 5. U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia. * Ex. Clipper ships, Treaty of Wanghia (1846), Commodore Perry’s expedition to Japan (1852-1854), missionaries 1. In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of U.S. inhabitants. 1. Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the United States from Europe and Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs. * Ex. Old Immigration from North and Western Europe, Irish potato famine (1845-1851), parochial schools 2. A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants’ political power and cultural influence. * Ex. Know-Nothing movement (1840s and 1850s), American Party (1854) 3. U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and American Indians increased in regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico, altering these groups’ economic self-sufficiency and cultures. * Ex. Sand Creek Massacre (1864), Battle of Little Big Horn (Custer’s Last Stand - 1876), reservation system, Mariano Vallejo 2. Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and policial issues led the nation into civil war 1. Ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the North and the South. 1. The North’s expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy’s dependence on slave labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor. * Ex. Bessemer process (1855), Oil drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania (1859), Free Soil Party (1848-1852), Hinton Helper’s Impending Crisis of the South (1857) 2. African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting slaves’ escapes, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals. * Ex. William Lloyd Garrison’s Liberator and the American Antislavery Society, Liberty Party (1840-1844), Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman (1849), Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry (1859) 3. Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states’ rights were protected by the Constitution. 4. Ex. “positive good” thesis, John C. Calhoun, states’ rights, nullification, George Fitzhugh’s Cannibals All! (1857), minstrel shows 2. Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states. 1. The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories. * Ex. end of gag rule (1844), Wilmot Proviso (1846), Mexican Cession (1848), popular sovereignty 2. The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict. * Ex. Compromise of 1850, Fugitive Slave Act (1850), personal liberty laws, Kansas Nebraska Act (1854), “Crime against Kansas Speech” by Charles Sumner and attack by Preston Brooks (1856), Pottawatomie Creek, Dispute over Lecompton Constitution (1857), Bleeding Kansas (1856-1861), Dred Scott Supreme Court decision (1857) 3. The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North. * Ex. Formation of the Republican Party (1854), Lincoln’s support of free soil doctrine, Lincoln’s “House Divided Speech” (1858), Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858), Freeport Doctrine (1858) 4. Abraham Lincoln’s victory on the Republicans’ free-soil platform in the election of 1860 was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes. After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War. * Ex. Secession of seven southern states (1860-1861), Crittenden Compromise rejected (1860-1861), Fort Sumter and secession of four additional southern states (1861), Lincoln’s call for troops 3. The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested Reconstruction of the SOuth settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved amny questions about the power fo the federal government and citizenship rights 1. The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate slaves eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War. 1. Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition. * Ex. Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus (1861), Morrill Tariff (1861), Southern Conscription Act (1862), National Bank Act (1863), Northern Conscription Act of 1863, “rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”, NYC draft riots (1863), Radical Republicans, War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Order of the Sons of Liberty (1864) 2. Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union, but Lincoln’s decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy. * Ex. Trent Affair (1861), Alabama commerce raider (1862), Emancipation Proclamation (1863), enlistment of African Americans, Massachusetts 54th Regiment (1863), 3. Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America’s founding democratic ideals. * Ex. Battle of Gettysburg, Gettysburg Address (1863), “Four score and seven years…” 4. Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South’s infrastructure. * Ex. Anaconda Plan (1861), Antietam (1862), Gettysburg (1863), Vicksburg (1863), Union’s “total war” strategy, Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864), Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse (1865) 2. Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities. 1. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and15th Amendments granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights. * Ex. 13th Amendment (1865), 14th Amendment (1868), 15th Amendment (1870) 2. The women’s rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution. * Ex. Opposition of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, National Woman's Suffrage Association (1869), American Women’s Suffrage Association (1869) 3. Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and to reorder race relations in the defeated South yielded some short-term successes. Reconstruction opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North’s waning resolve. * Ex. Black codes, Ku Klux Klan (1866), Presidential vs. Radical Reconstruction (1865-1867), Military Reconstruction (1867-1877), carpetbaggers, scalawags, Senator Hiram Revels, Senator Blache K Bruce, Representative Robert Smalls, Johnson’s veto of Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights Act of 1866, Tenure of Office Act (1867), impeachment of President Johnson (1868), Redeemer governments (Solid South), Enforcement Acts (1870-1871) 4. Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region’s land even after Reconstruction. Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks’ and poor whites’ access to land in the South. * Ex. black codes, sharecropping, tenant farming, crop-lien system, peonage system, Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) 5. Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights, but the 14th and 15th Amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century. * Ex. Compromise of 1877, poll taxes, literacy tests to vote, Jim Crow laws, grandfather clauses. Civil Rights Cases (1883), Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) ________________ Period 6 (1865 - 1898): 10-17% 1. Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States 1. Large-scale industrial production — accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies — generated rapid economic development and business consolidation. 1. Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportation and communication systems helped open new markets in North America. * Ex. Federal and state loans and land grants to transcontinental railroads, Credit Mobilier Scandal, transatlantic telegraph cable (1866) 2. Businesses made use of technological innovations, greater access to natural resources, redesigned financial and management structures, advances in marketing, and a growing labor force to dramatically increase the production of goods. * Ex. John D. Rockefeller (oil), J.P. Morgan (banking), Andrew Carnegie (Bessemer steel), Alexander Graham’s Bell (telephone), Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads), Cyrus Field (transatlantic telegraph), Montgomery Ward mail order catalog 3. As the price of many goods decreased, workers’ real wages increased, providing new access to a variety of goods and services; many Americans’ standards of living improved, while the gap between rich and poor grew. * Ex. Gilded Age by Mark Twain (1873), Boss Tweed (1869-1876), tenement housing, Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson (1881), How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis (1890) 4. Many business leaders sought increased profits by consolidating corporations into large trusts and holding companies, which further concentrated wealth. * Ex. near monopoly, Standard Oil Trust (1882), holding company, business pool, horizontal integration, vertical integration, 5. Businesses and foreign policymakers increasingly looked outside U.S. borders in an effort to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources in the Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin America. * Ex. Purchase of Alaska (1867), Influence of Sea Power upon History by Alfred T. Mahan (1890) Turner Thesis (1893), Treaty of Paris (1898) and the acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, annexation of Hawaii (1898), John Hay’s Open Door Note (1899) 2. A variety of perspectives on the economy and labor developed during a time of financial panics and downturns. 1. Some argued that laissez-faire policies and competition promoted economic growth in the long run, and they opposed government intervention during economic downturns. * Ex. Laissez faire policies, Panic of 1873, Panic of 1893, Social Darwinism, Horatio Alger’s “rags to riches” dime novels, Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth (1899), philanthropy 2. The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal and international migration; child labor also increased. * Ex. Farm mechanization led to increased migration to cities, “New Immigration” from Southern and Eastern Europe, Chinese immigration 3. Labor and management battled over wages and working conditions, with local workers organizing local and national unions and/or directly confronting business leaders. * Ex. Knights of Labor (1869), Terrence Powderly, Haymarket Square riot (1886), American Federation of Labor (1886), Samuel Gompers, “bread and butter” unionism, Mother Jones’ “March of the Children” (1903), yellow dog contracts, blacklists, Railway Strike of 1877, Homestead Strike of 1892, Pullman Strike of 1894 4. Despite the industrialization of some segments of the Southern economy — a change promoted by Southern leaders who called for a “New South” — agriculture based on sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be the primary economic activity in the South. * Ex. “New South”, Henry Grady, textile mills in the South, James Duke 3. New systems of production and transportation enabled consolidation within agriculture, which, along with periods of instability, spurred a variety of responses from farmers. 1. Improvements in mechanization helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed to declines in food prices. * Ex. Reapers, combines, bonanza farming, dry farming, barbed wire 2. Many farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets and their dependence on the evolving railroad system by creating local and regional cooperative organizations 3. Ex. Grange (1867), Granger laws, Wabash v. Illinois (1886), Southern Farmers’ Alliance (1875), National Farmers’ Alliance (1877), Colored Farmers’ Alliance (1886) 4. Economic instability inspired agrarian activists to create the People’s (Populist) Party, which called for a stronger governmental role in regulating the American economic system. * Ex. Ocala Platform of 1890, goals of the Populist Party, “free silver” movement, William Jennings Bryan 2. The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural changes 1. International and internal migrations increased both urban and rural populations, but gender, racial, ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic inequalities abounded, inspiring some reformers to attempt to address these inequities. 1. As cities became areas of economic growth featuring new factories and businesses, they attracted immigrants from Asia and from southern and eastern Europe, as well as African American migrants within and out of the South. Many migrants moved to escape poverty, religious persecution, and limited opportunities for social mobility in their home countries or regions * Ex. Pap Singleton and the Exodusters (1879), New Immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, Chinese immigration 2. Urban neighborhoods based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes provided new cultural opportunities for city dwellers. * Ex. Chinatowns, “Little Italy” 3. Increasing public debates over assimilation and Americanization accompanied the growth of international migration. Many immigrants negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought and the culture they found in the United States. * Ex. Assimilation, Ellis Island, Angel Island 4. In an urban atmosphere where the access to power was unequally distributed, political machines thrived, in part by providing immigrants and the poor with social services. * Ex. National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890), Women’s Christian Temperance Union (1874), Tammany Hall political machine, settlement houses, Jane Addams and Hull House (1889), General Federation of Women’s Clubs (1890) 5. Corporations’ need for managers and for male and female clerical workers as well as increased access to educational institutions, fostered the growth of a distinctive middle class. A growing amount of leisure time also helped expand consumer culture. * Ex. Conspicuous consumption, Harvard Annex for women (1879), Bryn Mawr College (1885) 2. Larger numbers of migrants moved to the West in search of land and economic opportunity, frequently provoking competition and violent conflict. 1. The building of transcontinental railroads, the discovery of mineral resources, and government policies promoted economic growth and created new communities and centers of commercial activity. * Ex. Pacific Railway Acts (1862 to 1866), federal and state government subsidies to transcontinental railroads, cattle trails, cow towns 2. In hopes of achieving ideals of self-sufficiency and independence, migrants moved to both rural and boomtown areas of the West for opportunities, such as building the railroads, mining, farming, and ranching. * Ex. Silver boom in Tombstone (1877-1890), Abilene, Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West show, Frederic Remington’s paintings, Edward Wheeler’s Deadwood Dick “dime novels”, “range wars” 3. As migrant populations increased in number and the American bison population was decimated, competition for land and resources in the West among white settlers, American Indians, and Mexican Americans led to an increase in violent conflict. * Ex. Sand Creek Massacre, Battle of Little Big Horn (1876), Battle of Bear Paw Mountain, Battle of Wounded Knee (1890) 4. The U.S. government violated treaties with American Indians and responded to resistance with military force, eventually confining American Indians to reservations and denying tribal sovereignty. * Ex. Surrender of Chief Joseph (1877), Surrender of Apaches led by Geronimo (1887), Great Sioux Reservation 5. Many American Indians preserved their cultures and tribal identities despite government policies promoting assimilation, and they attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices. * Ex. Carlisle Indian School (1879), Dawes Act (1887), Ghost Dance movement (1890) 3. The “Gilded Age” witnessed new cultural and intellectual movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social policies 1. New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the Gilded Age. 1. Social commentators advocated theories later described as Social Darwinism to justify the success of those at the top of the socioeconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable. * Ex. Social Darwinism, laissez faire policies, Russell Conwell’s Acres of Diamonds sermon, Horatio Alger’s “rags to riches” dime novels, American Protective Association (1887), Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) 2. Some business leaders argued that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the less fortunate and improve society, as articulated in the idea known as the Gospel of Wealth, and they made philanthropic contributions that enhanced educational opportunities and urban environments. * Ex. Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth (1899), Carnegie public libraries, Stanford University, Vanderbilt University 3. A number of artists and critics, including agrarians, utopians, socialists, and advocates of the Social Gospel, championed alternative visions for the economy and U.S. society. * Ex. Gilded Age by Mark Twain (1873), Henry George’s “single land tax” in Progress and Poverty (1879), Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson (1881), Edward Bellamy’s “utopian socialism” in Looking Backward (1888), Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth (1889), How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis (1890), social gospel movement (1890), Jacob Coxey’s “March on Washington” (1894) 2. Dramatic social changes in the period inspired political debates over citizenship, corruption, and the proper relationship between business and government. 1. The major political parties appealed to lingering divisions from the Civil War and contended over tariffs and currency issues, even as reformers argued that economic greed and self-interest had corrupted all levels of government. * Ex. patronage vs. civil service reform, Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883), regulation of railroads, Interstate Commerce Act (1887), McKinley Tariff of 1890, “free silver” issue, Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890), Greenback Labor Party (1874-1889), National Farmers’ Alliance, Populist Party (1891), regulation of trusts, Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) 2. Many women sought greater equality with men, often joining voluntary organizations, going to college, promoting social and political reform, and, like Jane Addams, working in settlement houses to help immigrants adapt to U.S. language and customs. * Ex. settlement houses, Jane Addams’ Hull House, “good government” movement, National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890), Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Catt, Margaret Sanger, coed colleges, normal schools, “city beautiful” movement. 3. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson that upheld racial segregation helped to mark the end of most of the political gains African Americans made during Reconstruction. Facing increased violence, discrimination, and scientific theories of race, African American reformers continued to fight for political and social equality. * Ex. Jim Crow laws, poll taxes, grandfather clauses, literacy tests to vote, Impact of Plessy v. Ferguson, Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise (1895), Ida Wells-Barnett’s anti-lynching crusade, National Association of Colored Women (1896), Paul Lawrence Dunbar’s Lyrics of Lowly Life (1896), George Washington Carver ________________ Period 7 (1898 - 1945): 10-17% 1. Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system 1. The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies. 1. New technologies and manufacturing techniques helped focus the U.S. economy on the production of consumer goods, contributing to improved standards of living, greater personal mobility, and better communications systems. 2. By 1920, a majority of the U.S. population lived in urban centers, which offered new economic opportunities for women, international migrants, and internal migrants. 3. Episodes of credit and market instability in the early 20th century, in particular the Great Depression, led to calls for a stronger financial regulatory system. 2. In the Progressive Era of the early 20th century, Progressives responded to political corruption, economic instability, and social concerns by calling for greater government action and other political and social measures 1. Some Progressive Era journalists attacked what they saw as political corruption, social injustice, and economic inequality, while reformers, often from the middle and upper classes and including many women, worked to effect social changes in cities and among immigrant populations. 2. On the national level, Progressives sought federal legislation that they believed would effectively regulate the economy, expand democracy, and generate moral reform. Progressive amendments to the Constitution dealt with issues such as prohibition and woman suffrage. 3. Preservationists and conservationists both supported the establishment of national parks while advocating different government responses to the overuse of natural resources. 4. The Progressives were divided over many issues. Some Progressives supported Southern segregation, while others ignored its presence. Some Progressives advocated expanding popular participation in government, while others called for greater reliance on professional and technical experts to make government more efficient. Progressives also disagreed about immigration restriction. 3. During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the mass unemployment and social upheavals of the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state, redefining the goals and ideas of modern American liberalism. 1. Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal attempted to end the Great Depression by using government power to provide relief to the poor, stimulate recovery, and reform the American economy. 2. Radical, union, and populist movements pushed Roosevelt toward more extensive efforts to change the American economic system, while conservatives in Congress and the Supreme Court sought to limit the New Deal’s scope. 3. Although the New Deal did not end the Depression, it left a legacy of reforms and regulatory agencies and fostered a long-term political realignment in which many ethnic groups, African Americans, and working- class communities identified with the Democratic Party 2. Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns 1. Popular culture grew in influence in U.S. society, even as debates increased over the effects of culture on public values, morals, and American national identity. 1. New forms of mass media, such as radio and cinema, contributed to the spread of national culture as well as greater awareness of regional cultures. 2. Migration gave rise to new forms of art and literature that expressed ethnic and regional identities, such the Harlem Renaissance movement. 3. Official restrictions on freedom of speech grew during World War I, as increased anxiety about radicalism led to a Red Scare and attacks on labor activism and immigrant culture. 4. In the 1920s, cultural and political controversies emerged as Americans debated gender roles, modernism, science, religion, and issues related to race and immigration. 2. Economic pressures, global events, and political developments caused sharp variations in the numbers, sources, and experiences of both international and internal migrants. 1. Immigration from Europe reached its peak in the years before World War I. During and after World War I, nativist campaigns against some ethnic groups led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration, particularly from southern and eastern Europe, and increased barriers to Asian immigration. 2. The increased demand for war production and labor during World War I and World War II and the economic difficulties of the 1930s led many Americans to migrate to urban centers in search of economic opportunities. 3. In a Great Migration during and after World War I, African Americans escaping segregation, racial violence, and limited economic opportunity in the South moved to the North and West, where they found new opportunities but still encountered discrimination. 4. Migration to the United States from Mexico and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere increased, in spite of contradictory government policies toward Mexican immigration. 3. Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world 1. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, new U.S. territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied heightened public debates over America’s role in the world. 1. Imperialists cited economic opportunities, racial theories, competition with European empires, and the perception in the 1890s that the Western frontier was “closed” to argue that Americans were destined to expand their culture and institutions to peoples around the globe. 2. Anti-imperialists cited principles of self-determination and invoked both racial theories and the U.S. foreign policy tradition of isolationism to argue that the U.S. should not extend its territory overseas. 3. The American victory in the Spanish–American War led to the U.S. acquisition of island territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific, an increase in involvement in Asia, and the suppression of a nationalist movement in the Philippines. 2. World War I and its aftermath intensified ongoing debates about the nation’s role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests. 1. After initial neutrality in World War I, the nation entered the conflict, departing from the U.S. foreign policy tradition of noninvolvement in European affairs, in response to Woodrow Wilson’s call for the defense of humanitarian and democratic principles. 2. Although the American Expeditionary Forces played a relatively limited role in combat, the U.S.’s entry helped to tip the balance of the conflict in favor of the Allies. 3. Despite Wilson’s deep involvement in postwar negotiations, the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. 4. In the years following World War I, the United States pursued a unilateral foreign policy that used international investment, peace treaties, and select military intervention to promote a vision of international order, even while maintaining U.S. isolationism. 5. In the 1930s, while many Americans were concerned about the rise of fascism and totalitarianism, most opposed taking military action against the aggression of Nazi Germany and Japan until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor drew the United States into World War II. 3. U.S. participation in World War II transformed American society, while the victory of the United States and its allies over the Axis powers vaulted the U.S. into a position of global, political, and military leadership. 1. Americans viewed the war as a fight for the survival of freedom and democracy against fascist and militarist ideologies. This perspective was later reinforced by revelations about Japanese wartime atrocities, Nazi concentration camps, and the Holocaust. 2. The mass mobilization of American society helped end the Great Depression, and the country’s strong industrial base played a pivotal role in winning the war by equipping and provisioning allies and millions of U.S. troops. 3. Mobilization and military service provided opportunities for women and minorities to improve their socioeconomic positions for the war’s duration, while also leading to debates over racial segregation. Wartime experiences also generated challenges to civil liberties, such as the internment of Japanese Americans. 4. The United States and its allies achieved military victory through Allied cooperation, technological and scientific advances, the contributions of servicemen and women, and campaigns such as Pacific “island-hopping” and the D-Day invasion. The use of atomic bombs hastened the end of the war and sparked debates about the morality of using atomic weapons. 5. The war-ravaged condition of Asia and Europe, and the dominant U.S. role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements, allowed the United States to emerge from the war as the most powerful nation on earth. ________________ Period 8 (1945 - 1980): 10-17% 1. The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and working to maintain a position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences 1. After World War II, the United States sought to stem the growth of Communist military power and ideological influence, create a stable global economy, and build an international security system. 1. The United States developed a foreign policy based on collective security and a multilateral economic framework that bolstered non-Communist nations. 2. The United States sought to “contain” Soviet-dominated communism through a variety of measures, including military engagements in Korea and Vietnam. * Ex. development of hydrogen bomb, massive retaliation, space race 3. The Cold War fluctuated between periods of direct and indirect military confrontation and periods of mutual coexistence (or détente). 2. As the United States focused on containing communism, it faced increasingly complex foreign policy issues, including decolonization, shifting international alignments and regional conflicts, and global economic and environmental changes. 1. Postwar decolonization and the emergence of powerful nationalist movements in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East led both sides in the Cold War to seek allies among new nations, many of which remained non aligned. 2. Cold War competition extended to Latin America, where the U.S. supported non-Communist regimes with varying levels of commitment to democracy. 3. Ideological, military, and economic concerns shaped U.S. involvement in the Middle East, with several oil crises in the region eventually sparking attempts at creating a national energy policy. * Ex. Suez Canal Crisis, OPEC 3. Cold War policies led to continued public debates over the power of the federal government, acceptable means for pursuing international and domestic goals, and the proper balance between liberty and order. 1. Americans debated policies and methods designed to root out Communists within the United States even as both parties tended to support the broader Cold War strategy of containing communism. 2. Although the Korean conflict produced some minor domestic opposition, the Vietnam War saw the rise of sizable, passionate, and sometimes violent antiwar protests that became more numerous as the war escalated. 3. Americans debated the merits of a large nuclear arsenal, the “military-industrial complex,” and the appropriate power of the executive branch in conducting foreign and military policy. 2. New movements for civil rights and liberal efforts to expand the role of government generated a range of political and cultural responses 1. Seeking to fulfill Reconstruction-era promises, civil rights activists and political leaders achieved some legal and political successes in ending segregation, although progress toward equality was slow and halting. 1. Following World War II, civil rights activists utilized a variety of strategies — legal challenges, direct action, and nonviolent protest tactics — to combat racial discrimination. * Ex. Fannie Lou Hamer, John Lewis, Thurgood Marshall 2. Decision-makers in each of the three branches of the federal government used measures including desegregation of the armed services, Brown v. Board of Education, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to promote greater racial justice. 3. Continuing white resistance slowed efforts at desegregation, sparking a series of social and political crises across the nation, while tensions among civil rights activists over tactical and philosophical issues increased after 1965. 2. Stirred by a growing awareness of inequalities in American society and by the African American civil rights movement, activists also addressed issues of identity and social justice, such as gender/sexuality and ethnicity 1. Activists began to question society’s assumptions about gender and to call for social and economic equality for women and for gays and lesbians. * Ex. The Feminine Mystique, Gloria Steinem 2. Latinos, American Indians, and Asian Americans began to demand social and economic equality and a redress of past injustices. 3. Despite the perception of overall affluence in postwar America, advocates raised awareness of the prevalence and persistence of poverty as a national problem, sparking efforts to address this issue. 3. As many liberal principles came to dominate postwar politics and court decisions, liberalism came under attack from the left as well as from resurgent conservative movements. 1. Liberalismreached its zenith with Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society efforts to use federal power to end racial discrimination, eliminate poverty, and address other social issues while attacking communism abroad. 2. Liberal ideals were realized in Supreme Court decisions that expanded democracy and individual freedoms, Great Society social programs and policies, and the power of the federal government, yet these unintentionally helped energize a new conservative movement that mobilized to defend traditional visions of morality and the proper role of state authority. * Ex. Griswold v. Connecticut, Miranda v. Arizona 3. Groups on the left also assailed liberals, claiming they did too little to transform the racial and economic status quo at home and pursued immoral policies abroad. * Ex. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Black Panthers 3. Postwar economics and demographic changes had far-reaching consequences for American society, politics, and culture 1. Rapid economic and social changes in American society fostered a sense of optimism in the postwar years, as well as underlying concerns about how these changes were affecting American values. 1. A burgeoning private sector, continued federal spending, the baby boom, and technological developments helped spur economic growth, middle-class suburbanization, social mobility, a rapid expansion of higher education, and the rise of the “Sun Belt” as a political and economic force. 2. These economic and social changes, in addition to the anxiety engendered by the Cold War, led to an increasingly homogeneous mass culture, as well as challenges to conformity by artists, intellectuals, and rebellious youth. * Ex. Beat Movement, The Affluent Society, rock and roll music 3. Conservatives, fearing juvenile delinquency, urban unrest, and challenges to the traditional family, increasingly promoted their own values and ideology. 2. As federal programs expanded and economic growth reshaped American society, many sought greater access to prosperity even as critics began to question the burgeoning use of natural resources. 1. Internal migrants as well as migrants from around the world sought access to the economic boom and other benefits of the United States, especially after the passage of new immigration laws in 1965. 2. Responding to the abuse of natural resources and the alarming environmental problems, activists and legislators began to call for conservation measures and a fight against pollution. * Ex. Rachel Carson, Clear Air Act 3. New demographic and social issues led to significant political and moral debates that sharply divided the nation. 1. Although the image of the traditional nuclear family dominated popular perceptions in the postwar era, the family structure of Americans was undergoing profound changes as the number of working women increased and many social attitudes changed. 2. Young people who participated in the counterculture of the 1960s rejected many of the social, economic, and political values of their parents’ generation, initiated a sexual revolution, and introduced greater informality into U.S. culture. 3. Conservatives and liberals clashed over many new social issues, the power of the presidency and the federal government, and movements for greater individual rights. * Ex. Watergate, Bakke v. university of California, Phyllis Schlafly ________________ Period 9 (1980 - Present): 4-6% 1. A newly ascendant conservative movement achieved several political and policy goals during the 1980s and continued to strongly influence public discourse in the following decades 1. Reduced public faith in the government’s ability to solve social and economic problems, the growth of religious fundamentalism, and the dissemination of neoconservative thought all combined to invigorate conservatism. 1. Public confidence and trust in government declined in the 1970s in the wake of economic challenges, political scandals, foreign policy “failures,” and a sense of social and moral decay. * Ex. OPEC oil embargo, 1970s inflation, Iranian hostage crisis 2. The rapid and substantial growth of evangelical and fundamentalist Christian churches and organizations, as well as increased political participation by some of those groups, encouraged significant opposition to liberal social and political trends. * Ex. Moral Majority, Focus on the Family 2. Conservatives achieved some of their political and policy goals, but their success was limited by the enduring popularity and institutional strength of some government programs and public support for cultural trends of recent decades. 1. Conservatives enjoyed significant victories related to taxation and deregulation of many industries, but many conservative efforts to advance moral ideals through politics met inertia and opposition. * Ex. tax cuts passed under Ronal Reagan and George W. Bush, Contract with America, Planned Parenthood v. Casey 2. Although Republicans continued to denounce “big government,” the size and scope of the federal government continued to grow after 1980, as many programs remained popular with voters and difficult to reform or eliminate * Ex. expansion of Medicare and Medicaid, growth of the budget deficit 2. Moving into the 21st century, the nation experienced significant technological, economic, and demographic changes 1. The Reagan administration pursued a reinvigorated anti-Communist and interventionist foreign policy that set the tone for later administrations. 1. President Ronald Reagan, who initially rejected détente with increased defense spending, military action, and bellicose rhetoric, later developed a friendly relationship with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, leading to significant arms reductions by both countries. * Ex. “Star Wars” missile defense system, START I 2. The end of the Cold War led to new diplomatic relationships but also new U.S. military and peacekeeping interventions, as well as debates over the nature and extent of American power in the world. 2. Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, U.S. foreign policy and military involvement focused on a war on terrorism, which also generated debates about domestic security and civil rights. 1. In the wake of attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, U.S. decision-makers launched foreign policy and military efforts against terrorism and lengthy, controversial conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. 2. The war on terrorism sought to improve security within the United States but also raised questions about the protection of civil liberties and human rights. 3. The end of the Cold War and new challenges to U.S. leadership forced the nation to redefine its foreign policy and role in the world. 1. The increasing integration of the U.S. into the world economy was accompanied by economic instability and major policy, social, and environmental challenges. 1. Economic inequality increased after 1980 as U.S. manufacturing jobs were eliminated, union membership declined, and real wages stagnated for the middle class. 2. Policy debates intensified over free trade agreements, the size and scope of the government social safety net, and calls to reform the U.S. financial system. * Ex. North American Free Trade Agreement, debates over health care reform, debates over Social Security reform 3. Conflict in the Middle East and concerns about climate change led to debates over U.S. dependence on fossil fuels and the impact of economic consumption on the environment. 4. The spread of computer technology and the Internet into daily life increased access to information and led to new social behaviors and networks. 2. The U.S. population continued to undergo significant demographic shifts that had profound cultural and political consequences. 1. After 1980, the political, economic, and cultural influences of the American South and West continued to increase as the population shifted to those areas, fueled in part by a surge in migration from regions that had not been heavily represented in earlier migrations, especially Latin America and Asia. 2. The new migrants affected U.S. culture in many ways and supplied the economy with an important labor force, but they also became the focus of intense political, economic, and cultural debates. 3. Demographic changes intensified debates about gender roles, family structures, and racial and national identity. * Ex. Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell debate Practice Tests LINK: google drive folder w/tests How to Write: SAQ Preface: The way you’re supposed to write an SAQ can vary depending on who you ask, so this technique and format comes straight from College Board, the “trusted” source. Understanding the basics: * 40 minutes to write * Know that SAQ is NOT a miniature essay * Scoring scale is 0-3 points (per SAQ) * There are 23 lines on an SAQ, if you go over it then it doesn’t count Possible Approach: * “Rule of 9”, use three sentences per letter (a, b, c) to make a total of 9 sentences for your response to the SAQ * 1 sentence responds to the question * 1 sentence provides specific evidence as support * 1 sentence elaborates the evidence you used How to Write: LEQ Preface: LEQ is only for those taking the in-person test and for those taking online you don’t have to look at this section. Information on how to write an LEQ is sourced from Heimler's History. Understanding the basics: * Time is combined with DBQ - 1 hour and 40 minutes or 100 minutes for both * There will be 3 questions you can choose from in ranging time periods * Question 1: 1491-1800 * Question 2: 1800-1898 * Question 3: 1890-present Possible Approach: * Thesis (0-1 pt) * Despite [counterargument], because [evidence 1] and [evidence 2], [argument] * ^^sets up complexity and fulfills the rubric requirements * Contextualization * 1 paragraph 3-4 sentences that sets the stage for your argument. Technically while you can write context anywhere in your LEQ it’s better to write it before your established argument since a majority of students have found that easier * Use specific historical evidence * Demonstrate how this evidence is related and sets up your argument * Evidence * Bare minimum of 2 pieces of evidence (I recommend not doing that unless you just can’t think of more than 2) * Describe and argue evidence * Describing: naming and defining * Arguing: set up topic sentence → describing evidence → weave the counterargument from thesis as an “argument” to strengthen your evidence and work towards earning complexity * Analysis and reasoning * Historical reasoning * Explain where the document sits in its larger historical context * Complexity * Weave counterargument throughout essay (as aforementioned above in evidence) How to Write: DBQ Preface: DBQ information is sourced from Heimler's History. Understanding the basics: * Time is combined with LEQ - 1 hour and 40 minutes or 100 minutes for both * Recommended to take 15 minutes reading through all the documents and spend 45 minutes for writing Possible Approach: * When reading documents note: * What is the source of the document? * Who is speaking and to whom? * Where in the timelines does this document sit? * Summarize the main idea of each document, also categorize them in correspondence to the prompt * Thesis (0-1 pt) * Write one or two sentence which are historically defensible and establish a line of reasoning (AKA don’t restate the prompt) * Use specific historical evidence, remember that you aren’t creating an overarching umbrella like you do in AP Lang (hi Mr. V) * Example (the same as LEQ): * Despite [counterargument], because [evidence 1] and [evidence 2], [argument] * ^^sets up complexity and fulfills the rubric requirements * Contextualization * 1 paragraph 3-4 sentences that sets the stage for your argument. Technically while you can write context anywhere in your DBQ it’s better to write it before your established argument since a majority of students have found that easier * Use specific historical evidence * Demonstrate how this evidence is related and sets up your argument * Evidence * Use all 7 documents (to be safe in case you interpret a document incorrectly) * Don’t quote the documents, the graders already know the documents like it’s the back of their hand. It’ll save you time NOT quoting the documents * Evidence beyond the documents * Using outside evidence not found in the documents (gets you one point) * Topic sentence * More of an overarching idea for the paragraph that your evidence will support * Analysis and reasoning * Historical reasoning * Explain where the document sits in its larger historical context * Audience * Analyze for whom this document was produced * Purpose * Discuss what this document was intended to do * Point of View * WHY are they saying WHAT they said in the WAY that they are said it * Complexity * Compare similarities and differences with outside evidence or the evidence found within the documents MUST KNOW CONCEPTS Read: * If you feel like you don’t have time to do anything and just need a quick review, here are what I believe the most crucial and important events that happened throughout APUSH Content: * seneca falls convention 1848 * largest feminist activist gathering up to that point that called for equal rights for all women and was the starting point for the suffragist movement. * Nat turner * leader of the Nat Turner rebellion (1831) which was a slave revolt. It made southerners live in fear of potential future rebellions and developed the culture of southern society in future years. * Emancipation proc * declaration by Lincoln that all slaves in the Confederate states were free (not border states b/c Lincoln didn’t want to anger them). Encouraged thousands of slaves to escape and cross over into Union lines. * harpers ferry * Raid on harpers ferry by John Brown in the hopes of inciting a slave rebellion. Even though Brown was captured and executed, southerners were now convinced that all northerners were as extremist as Brown to destroy southern society * manifest dest * supremacist belief in American citizens that they were destined by God to spread its ideals of liberty, freedom, and democracy across the North American continent. Used to justify expansion of territory during the mid 1800s. * marbury v madison * Supreme court case that established the Supreme Court’s power of “judicial review”. Judicial review is what gives the Supreme Court the final authority in interpreting the constitution to check the other branches of power. * columbian exchange * Transfer and exchange of crops, animals, diseases, humans, culture, ideas, etc. between the old world and new world * bacon’s rebellion * Uprising by poorer farmers and indentured servants in Virginia after the governor refused to protect them from American Indian attacks. Uprising was one of the reasons that plantation owners decided to switch to African slaves as labor sources * navigation acts (1651) * Laws passed by British parliament to regulate trade and shipping with their colonies. Declared that colonies could trade only with Britain, and could not engage in any other outside trade. However, colonists largely ignored this law through smuggling during the period of salutary neglect when these laws were rarely enforced * seven years war (1756-1763) * AKA French and Indian War in North America. Asserted British supremacy in North America over the French. One of the main political causes for the American Revolution. * revolutionary war * American War of Independence. Victory by the colonists in the war gave them the recognition of sovereignty and independence from Britain, and ended British influence in North America (except in Canada). * revolution of 1800 * Not a literal revolution - reference to the election of Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson over Federalist John Adams. But there was a peaceful transfer of power between the two parties, proving how the new American political system could work * henry clay's american system * Economic system by Henry Clay that had 3 parts: strong banking, protective tariffs, and new networks of roads and canals. This was all aimed to unite the American economy together and grow stronger together * indian removal act 1830 * The forcible removal of all American Indian tribes living East of the Mississippi to the new Indian Territories in Oklahoma and Arkansas. Ordered under President Andrew Jackson. * bleeding kansas - (1856-1861) * Period of violent civil war in the Kansas Territory between pro and anti-slavery groups. Often seen as a prelude to the actual Civil War when the debate on slavery would really be put on the line. * election 1860 * Election of Abraham Lincoln and the anti-slavery platform of the Republican party. Slave states were vehemently opposed to this, and South Carolina became the first state to secede as a result of Lincoln gaining the presidency. * secession of deep south * 11 states that seceded from the Union and created the Confederate States of America. Marked the beginnings of the Civil War after decades of dispute and tension between over the issue of slavery. * civil war (1861-1865) * War between the Union and Confederate States of America over the issue of secession and slavery. Ultimately ended in the dissolution of the CSA and the abolishment of slavery in the US. It also preserved and reinstated the Union under a single flag and provided the continued survival of the United States. * election 1896 * Victory of incumbent Republican President William McKinley over Democrat William Jennings Bryant. It brought the end of the third party system, and began the fourth party system - a period where Republicans dominated national issues like industrial regulation and labor concerns * turning point in us british relations, AKA venezuela boundary dispute * AKA Great Rapprochement, it was a point of reconciliation between Britain and the US towards the end of the 19th century. These ties would be further strengthened during WWI, and a strong alliance between the two countries became welded together. * progressive era (1896-1916) * An era of widespread social activism and political reform. Reforms began to see the complex inequalities affecting all Americans as a consequence of corruption and neglect during the Gilded Age. And so reformers came to expose and criticize the social injustices and inequalities they saw. * great migration * A huge demographic migration of African Americans from their historical roots in the rural south to urban cities in the North and West in an effort to escape the racial violence and find better economic opportunity. * Ww1 (1914 - 1918) * A mainly European conflict that gradually spread to the rest of the world, The late American entrance into the war on the side of the Allies helped them defeat the Axis Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. It also established the United States into a position of world leadership. * 19th amendment * Landmark victory in women’s suffrage, it granted all women the right to vote in the United States nearly 70 years after the Seneca Falls Convention * great depression (1929-1933) * The worst economic depression in the history of the world, it started after the stock market crashed in October of 1929. Thousands of banks across the nations collapsed, millions of people lost their jobs, and Americans fell into a period of poverty. * new deal * Economic and political policies by President Franklin Roosevelt that sought to fix the effects of the Great Depression. Included were providing relief for the unemployed by creating programs that would both stimulate the economy and create jobs, and introducing Progressive-era styled welfare programs like social security. * Ww2 * The second global war of the century, America joined the side of the Allies in an effort to combat and stop fascist Germany and Italy from world domination. Firmly established the United States place as a world superpower after its rapid military conversion, and the introduction of nuclear weapons. A direct cause of the Cold War. * pearl harbor * Surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan was the immediate cause that brought America into the war