Overview
This lecture explores the dramatic survival of the Beowulf manuscript, its origins from oral tradition, its unique language, and its significance as a cultural monument of the Anglo-Saxon world.
The Survival of the Beowulf Manuscript
- Beowulf survives in a single manuscript that nearly burned in the 1731 Cotton Library fire.
- The manuscript suffered further damage over decades as its fragile edges lost text.
- The 1530s dissolution of monasteries under Henry VIII scattered and destroyed countless ancient texts.
- Priceless books were often used as scrap, packing, or wrapping material.
- Collectors like Sir Robert Cotton rescued rare works, including Beowulf, cataloged as Cotton Vitellius A15.
Origins and Creation of Beowulf
- Beowulf began as oral poetry, performed by scops (bards) in the 7th century.
- The poem was eventually written down by a Christian monk around the 10th century.
- The text blends pagan Germanic themes with Christian beliefs, creating a complex narrative.
The Hero: Beowulf
- Beowulf is linked to the historical King Hygelac of the Geats, a real figure.
- Over time, the character fused history with myth, gaining superhuman abilities in the poem.
- Beowulf's feats, like immense strength and fighting monsters, reflect this mythic evolution.
Old English Language and Kennings
- Old English poetry uses kennings—compound metaphors describing things indirectly (e.g., "whale's road" for sea).
- Kennings create vivid, elemental imagery and shape the poem's unique style.
Cultural Significance and Legacy
- Beowulf embodies Anglo-Saxon ideals: courage against odds, loyalty, and generosity.
- The manuscript is a rare direct window into Anglo-Saxon thought, values, and fears.
- Its survival highlights how much ancient literature has been irrevocably lost.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Manuscript — A handwritten document, especially before printing was common.
- Scop — A bard or poet in Anglo-Saxon culture who recited oral poetry.
- Kenning — A metaphorical compound phrase used in Old English poetry (e.g., "bone house" for body).
- Anglo-Saxon — Refers to the people and culture of England from the 5th to 11th centuries.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review examples of kennings in Old English poetry.
- Reflect on the impact of manuscript preservation on cultural history.