Overview
This lecture explains adverbs—their definition, function, types, and how they differ from adjectives, including examples and adverbial phrases.
Definition and Characteristics of Adverbs
- An adverb is a word that modifies or specifies the meaning of another word.
- Adverbs are invariable in gender and usually do not change form.
- Adverbs can sometimes refer to number but are typically invariable.
Functions of Adverbs
- Adverbs can modify a noun (e.g., "Only Mario went to the cinema").
- They can modify verbs (e.g., "I will gladly see you").
- They can modify adjectives (e.g., "Your brother is very boring").
- They can modify other adverbs (e.g., "I will be back very late").
- Adverbs can also modify entire sentences (e.g., "Strangely, I wasn't worried").
Types of Adverbs by Use
- Manner (how): well, badly ("You said well").
- Place (where): outside, here ("There are no trees on this street").
- Time (when): tomorrow, often ("In London, it rains often").
- Quantity (how much): little, very, a lot ("I like you a lot").
- Evaluation (judgment): not, certainly, definitely ("Don't talk stupid things").
- Reason or cause: why ("Why don't you stop? Be careful!").
Adverbs vs. Adjectives
- Adjectives are always close to the noun and change form for gender and number.
- Adverbs do not agree in gender or number with any word.
- Example: "I ate a lot of chocolate" (adverb); "She is very tired" (adjective).
Adverbial Phrases
- Some expressions consist of several words and act as adverbs—these are called adverbial phrases.
- Common adverbial phrases: gradually, in a hurry and fury, without a doubt, approximately.
- Example: "I ran away in a hurry and fury."
Key Terms & Definitions
- Adverb — modifies the meaning of another word, usually invariable in form.
- Adjective — describes a noun and changes form for gender and number.
- Adverbial phrase — a group of words acting as an adverb.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review examples of adverbs and adverbial phrases.
- Practice distinguishing between adjectives and adverbs in sentences.