Example: Adding two 8-bit numbers in one operation.
Definitions of Bit Numbers:
8-bit number range: 0x00 to 0xFF
16-bit number range: 0x0000 to 0xFFFF
Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion:
Each hex digit corresponds to 4 bits.
Example conversions:
34 (8-bit)
6170 (16-bit)
4176 (16-bit)
Arithmetic Operations:
Basic operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide) are 8-bit operations.
A 16-bit addition requires two cycles in 8051.
Memory Information
Types of Memory:
ROM (Read-Only Memory):
Size: 4 KB
Used for storing programs.
RAM (Random Access Memory):
Size: 128 Bytes
Used for storing data.
Key Differences:
Microcontrollers like the 8051 are used in appliances (e.g., remotes, fridges) where programs are not frequently changed and need to retain information even without power.
In contrast, computers allow for dynamic programming changes.
Program and Data Storage
Program Memory:
Programs must be stored in ROM for persistence after power loss.
Data Memory:
Data is stored in RAM and is volatile (changes every time the power cycles).
Example: Temperature settings can vary and do not require persistence.
Capacity and Sufficiency of Memory
ROM Sufficiency:
4 KB can store approximately 2000 instructions.
Typical program for a device (like a remote) may only require a few hundred lines of code.
RAM Sufficiency:
128 Bytes can store necessary operational data (like temperature settings).
Expansion Capability:
External memory can be connected if more capacity is needed.
Conclusion
The 8051 microcontroller's architecture and memory are well-suited for its applications.
Understanding the significance of processor and memory types is crucial for effective programming and application development.