[Music] welcome to ace linguistics this channel is about all things linguistic discussing topics and phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics and sociolinguistics so let's see what we've got today [Music] we talked about distribution I introduced the concept of distribution which means distribution of sounds two or more sounds in question so so you're studying two sounds and you want to know whether these two sounds these two phones in a given language or two phonemes or they are allophones of the same phoneme you start looking for evidence and you find minimal pairs that's contrasted distribution but then there's other kinds of distribution that make you may come across in a given language regarding two or more sense so if you remember in contrast of distribution the two sounds in question occur in minimal pairs which means in words that have the same number of sounds and they differ only in one sound and that sound those sounds are in the same position now we are dealing with the second kind of distribution of sounds which is called complimentary distribution [Music] let me give you an example of three words tap step and bat I can go online and play these words tap tap tap the second word is step step then bat bat bat okay if you take these three words and transcribe them in the first word did the way that tat is pronounced it's is aspirated and the second word is not aspirated and in the third word it's it's not aspirated either actually most of the time not only is it not aspirated it is also it doesn't have an audible release this word most of the time most people pronounce it unreleased that so if you look at Ted the way it's pronounced in these three words you see so there's two kinds of tell there is the aspirator term and then there is the on aspirated term they don't occur in the same position this one is occurring word initially followed by a vowel this one is occurring preceded by EPSA and this is word finally so let me put it in technical notation this one occurs preceded by nothing this is where the sound occurs okay this is the environment for this this is preceded by this and then here it's preceded by a and followed by nothing word final boundary so you see these 3d environments they're different right only word initially followed by a vowel it becomes aspirated otherwise it's not aspirated these different variations of tur you see they don't occur in the same environment we can write a rule about this we can express this in a particular kind of notation tab becomes aspirated whenever kurz in the beginning of a word followed by a vowel and then two stays the same elsewhere this is according to the data given okay so as we come across new data we will adapt accordingly but as you see that's the case here okay so I want to give examples of complementary distribution from a different language examples from Tehran Persian Persian spoken in the capital of Iran let's look at the sound in question use the cue letter so here i've transliterated persian words which means i have written them in a different alphabet which in this case is latin so this word which is pronounced as poly means brought bean or four fava bean this one which is pronounced o top means room this one posts which means curved or maybe arc this is yahweh means rebel and then this is allah is mister or man this is Bobby which means remaining is an adjective sand oak which means chest footlocker or trunk Ola which means Locke and lap which means loose like a tooth for example in his loose okay so now if you look at the sound in question you would see that sometimes if you look at the phonetic chart it's the voiced velar fricative haha I think even in Spanish it exists it's the intervocalic guy in Spanish this other sound is the uvular it's a voice you velar plosive the same letter is pronounced differently and we will see why so now I'm going to to list the environments for each of these okay so here if you look at the sound in question is preceded by a vowel and followed by but ah here it's preceded by ah but and it's followed by the final word country so in these words we are dealing with voice uviller plosive but here we are dealing with the voiced fricative we have two sets of environments here so the same sound sometimes becomes this sometimes becomes a hair sometimes becomes that yeah if you look at the environments carefully this is there's more environments here than this probably this is the main phoneme which sometimes becomes this if you look at the environment you will clearly see when can you guess if you look at the patterns you see here in both cases I can actually simplify both of the environments into one I can say when is preceded and followed by a vowel and this environment you don't see it here you see preceded or followed by a vowel but you don't see it both preceded and followed so now you can you can write a distribution statement for this I'm going to write a distribution statement for that so this symbol okay this becomes this whenever it is intervocalic it is elsewhere okay one important thing here in terms of notation is okay you see here I've used slashes here I've used square brackets okay so this slash shows that this is a phoneme and these are the allophones and this is basically how we use symbols for the phoneme it's slash for the allophones user or this is a mental construct it's a cognitive construct in our head it's not pronounced once you pronounce it it becomes an allophone either I would say AHA or I would say ah so even if I say AHA I'm already putting it in an interval kalak environment in order to be able to pronounce it or even if I say ah then I'm putting it in a syllable initial position followed by a vowel ah aha so the point is this is basically I could say this is unpronounceable because once it's pronounced it becomes an allophone so that's how phoneme is just the cognitive construction our head thanks for your time and attention see you again [Music]