Understanding that many Japanese grammar points don't need to be studied separately if the core て form is understood.
Focus of the lecture: ている, ていく, てくる, ては, ても, and others.
ている
Combines the て form with the verb いる.
いる: Ichidan verb meaning "to exist (sentient)".
Example: 犬がいる (There is a dog).
In English, we often use the -ING form (e.g., "I am watching TV").
In Japanese: テレビを見ている (Watching TV).
Called 現在進行形 (Currently Progressing Form).
Example usage in context: My friends could ask 「あれ、チェイフさんまだ寝ている?」 (Cheif-san, still in the state of sleep?), and I could respond with 「いや、起きているよ」 (No, I am awake).
ている in Past Tense
Regular ichidan conjugations can be applied.
Example: テレビを見ていた (Was watching TV).
Connecting Clauses Using て Form
Example: 雨が降っていて、公園にいけない (It is raining and can't go to the park).
いる changes to its て form to connect clauses.
ていく and てくる
Recall verbs 行く (to go) and 来る (to come).
Example: ペンを持ってくる (Take the pen and come).
Example: ペンを持っていく (Take the pen and go somewhere else).
行ってくる: Go and come.
Metaphorical use: 雨が降ってくる (The rain has come), 雨が降っていく (The rain keeps going).
ては and て も
は and も particles: Topic marking particles (は is exclusive, も is inclusive).
Example: 雨が降っては、公園に行けない (As for rain falling, can't go to the park).
Example: 雨が降っても、公園に行く (Even though it is raining, go to the park).
Example with non-verb: サルでもわかる (Even monkeys understand).
Other Grammar Patterns
Concept: Many grammar points are combinations of simpler elements.
Examples: てある, ておく, てみる, てから, てもいい.
Aim: Understand the て form combined with particles or words.
Compounds: Breaking down grammar points helps understanding (Example: ～ていては).
Resource: Document listing all grammar points and their breakdowns.
て Form vs. い-Stem
The い-stem is similar to the て form but can connect helper verbs/adjectives.
4 Points of Comparison:
て form can take normal words; い-stem takes standalone helper verbs/adjectives.
い-stem can create single compound words with extended meanings.
い-stem can turn a verb into a noun.
Both can connect multiple clauses.
Example: 振って回す (shake and spin) vs. 振り回す (swing around, metaphorical meaning).
Contracted Requests and A is B Sentences
Request example: 待って (Wait).
A is B sentences: 猫が好きなんで… (Well, cats are likable so...)
Final Note on Verbs
Understanding 他動詞 (transitive) and 自動詞 (intransitive) verbs is crucial.