Overview
This lecture analyzes the character of Lady Macbeth, exploring how she both subverts and conforms to feminine stereotypes of the Jacobean era.
Historical Context & Gender Roles
- In Shakespeare’s time, women belonged to their fathers or husbands, had limited rights, and were excluded from education, voting, and acting.
- Wives were expected to be obedient, subservient, and serve as hostesses and helpmates to their husbands.
- The play itself contains lines suggesting women were seen as weaker than men (e.g., Macduff and Ross’ comments).
Lady Macbeth as a Subverter of Stereotypes
- Lady Macbeth uses supernatural imagery, calling on evil spirits to reject her femininity and gain strength.
- She manipulates Macbeth into murdering King Duncan, challenging his manhood and using emotional tactics.
- She takes control during stressful moments, especially in the banquet scene, managing both Macbeth and their guests.
- Some critics argue Shakespeare was “proto-feminist,” depicting Lady Macbeth as eloquent and strong.
Lady Macbeth as Conforming to Gender Roles
- Lady Macbeth may only appear powerful by relying on supernatural forces and by rejecting her femininity.
- Her actions can be viewed as fulfilling her wifely duty as helpmate, supporting her husband’s ambitions.
- She initiates practical steps for the murder (drugging guards, preparing daggers, coaching Macbeth).
- Her influence declines after Duncan’s murder, as Macbeth assumes control and excludes her from decisions.
Decline of Lady Macbeth’s Power
- After Duncan's murder becomes public, Lady Macbeth loses her influence and role in both the home and state.
- Macbeth makes decisions independently, and Lady Macbeth is increasingly sidelined.
- Lady Macbeth’s final stage appearances show her mental decline, ending with her offstage suicide.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Subvert — To undermine or challenge established norms or expectations.
- Jacobean era — The period during the reign of King James I of England (1603–1625).
- Proto-feminist — Exhibiting ideas or actions that anticipate or resemble later feminist views.
- Helpmate — A supportive partner, especially a wife in traditional roles.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Consider and compare both interpretations of Lady Macbeth’s character for future essay or discussion.
- Further reading: Analyze Act 1 Scene 5 and Act 3 Scene 4 in the play for supporting evidence.