Allon engineer so in this video we're going to talk about antibiotics that are going to specifically targeting DNA and RNA um if you guys haven't already go into our uh pharmacology playlist and watch the antibiotics video in order so specifically part one part two part three and part four is just going to be this last one here okay so now if we start here let's take a look at some of the antibiotics that are targeting the actual DNA okay so specifically let's start with this guy you see this little guy right there this is a cool little enzyme he's one of my favorite enzymes this enzyme right here is actually called Topo isomerase you know what Topo isomerases do okay whenever your DNA is replicating Downstream from that sometimes you can get what's called super coils okay where the DNA is getting like really really coiled up what Topo Isom rases do is is they have imagine I have two hands okay like I'm the toal isas one part of my hand here on the is the actual enzyme it cuts so it cuts the phosphodiester bond right the bone the backbone of the actual DNA it cuts that Bond and what that does it allows for some of those C super coils to be able to alleviate and get rid of some of that tension within the actual DNA now imagine my other hand the other hand I'm going to take the DNA fragments that I broke the actual Fosso dester Bond and relink it together so again all together on Topo isomerase one hand I cut the phosphodiester bond allow for it to unwind a little bit and alleviate some of that that stress and tension from the coils then I'm going to take the parts that I I I nicked and fuse them back together that's what topoisomerases are doing now the first drug that we're going to talk about here the group of drugs is actually going to be under specifically quinolones but more commonly they uses fluo quinolones okay so what are are these uh different types of fluoroquinolones uh these different types are like cicin so cypro so cicin um and they also use Leo flasin right so these are some of the uh specific types of quinolones now what are they doing they are remember here's my the two arms again right one arm is the cutting domain what the actual cypro or the Leo does the Lev flus and the quinolones is they actually stimulate or increase the activity of the cutting part of the enzyme then the Lev flosin and the sexyin they come to the actual like The liand Binding domain the part that links them together and inhibits this part so now I can't link it up together so what's the overall result it just keeps freaking cutting things and if it just keeps cutting it it's going to fragment the DNA so it results in DNA fragmentation so this sucker is going chop sooy and he starts just cutting through the DNA all right and leads to D DNA fragmentation so what's the overall result you're going to let's say one part is the cutting domain you're going to stimulate that part and let's say the other part over here is the actual liand binding domain you're going to inhibit that part the overall result is DNA fragmentation if you fragment the DNA of this bacteria can it survive no so it's a bacteria Cal effect now I haven't really discussed it a lot but so let let me actually do this quick so so there is two different types of like ways that antibiotics are used one is bacteria cyal so bacterio cyal and the other one is bacteria static bacteria cyal to not make it complicated kills bacteria bacteriostatic is specifically preventing the bacteria from like reproducing so they're not trying to kill the bacteria they're just preventing it from reproducing so what were some of those bacterio static antibiotics we already talked about some of them one of them was the tetracyclin and the doxycyclin the other one of them was the macrolides and the other ones we talked about in the folic acid pathway like the sulfamethoxazol and the trimethoprim those are bacteria static okay so now that I got that you know off let's go back into this so again it causes DNA fragmentations who the foral Clin floro quinon the cylis and lisin now these are pretty good at being able to treat specifically mainly gram negative bacteria so they're mainly good at being able to treat gram negative but they do have gram positive coverage but it's controversial or whether or not it is but I'm just going to put in this case positive with a little question mark okay all right what is cypro or Leo used for okay they're mainly used for genital urinary tract infections like what so they're used for like pyo so pylon nephritis um so pylon fritis meaning that there could be some type of infection of maybe some type of kidney tubular structures or maybe even the bladder so pylon fritis as well as prostatitis so you know prostatitis is bacterial prostatitis is an infection of the prostate gland within males right another one that they can actually uh use the fluoroquinolones for is also going to be osteomylitis Osteo my litis this is actually caused by a specific types of bacteria that lead to infections within the bone tissue okay so again you can get fluoroquinolones which can have gram negative uh kind of grand positive coverage and again like cyof flosin Lop flosin they can treat genital urinary tract infections like pylon nephritis prostatitis other different types of UTI and Bone infections like osteomylitis okay and again they're basically playing a role in inhibiting the Lian binding domain of the Topo isomerase and stimulating The Cutting domain of the topoisomerase now if I wanted to be specific if I talked about gram negative bacteria it would be topoisomerase type 2 and if I talked about Grand positive bacteria be topoisomerase Type 4 okay all right now let's look at another one this next one over here is going to be worked on by this enzyme this drug that we're going to give here is actually going to be called Nitro furent toin I hope I'm saying that right Nitro furent toin okay nitrofurantoin is pretty interesting and he can actually work on gram negative and gram positive so he does have gram negative and gram positive bacteria uh coverage okay he's mainly uh treating urinary tract infection so he mainly is good at being able to treat UTI that's usually one of the main reasons for giving Nitro forano so it could be UTI is caused by eoli um which is a gram negative bacteria most people know this one or uh Intero cocky so Intero cocky which is gr positive bacteria actually okay so that gives you a good example of the different types that it can cover now what is this nitrofurantoin doing it's a very very interesting drug so let's say that we actually show him here what happens is I'm going to show drone with an N so Nitro forano there he's going to come in through the bacterial cell and bind onto this specific enzyme what is this enzyme here called this enzyme here is called Nitro uh furan reductase okay now what this enzyme does is this nitrofuran reductase enzyme is it converts the nitrofurantoin into a very very active metabolite kind of like a reactive oxygen species kind of it's weird it's like a very reactive intermediate so let's say out of this I make a very reactive intermediate so a very reactive intermediate and what happens is this reactive intermediate is very very dangerous and it starts frecking things up like how watch this you see the DNA he comes over here and causes damage to the DNA you see this RNA that you're making here he comes over here and he damages the RNA you see these proteins down here that you actually have he's going to come down here and he's going to freck up those too so what has he done he's inhibited DNA synthesis he's inhibited RNA synthesis and he's inhibited protein synthesis and he can even come up here and damage the cell cell wall as well so he can really freck things up okay so that's our nitrofurantoin okay so real quick recap here we have the nitrofurantoin it's going to treat gram negative gram positive bacteria specifically uh eoli which is gram negative gramam positive like in teroy and those are usually causing urinary tract infections right and how is it doing it it's binding onto this nitrofuran reductase enzyme which is converting Nitro furoin into a very reactive intermediate kind of like reactive oxygen species similar and then that causes DNA synthesis Dam it causes damage to the DNA damages the RNA and damages proteins as well as even the cell wall and eventually this can cause the cell to die so it's a bacterio cidal effect okay let's come over here and let's talk about this next one here that's going to work on this enzyme this drug is actually called Metro nto Zol and I have one over here but we don't have any more antibiotics to talk about after that guy there so metronidazol what is he doing all right so he has gram negative and positive coverage you know what LT actually is very interesting about this uh metronidazol it also can actually uh be used to treat um protozoan infections so it actually has anti- protoo action and I'll talk about actually no let's just mention it so what can this guy do he can actually so Proto wise so if I were to say which ones is he actually treating here if I talked about the antiprotozoan let's actually bring them under here so what is he actually using to he can actually treat Giardia Giardia is very very intense okay so it can cause excessive diarrhea or as I would say peeing out your butthole very very intense trophozite and this is called caused by Giardia lambla okay more commonly Giardia lambla the other one actually is going to be be kind of like causing aeic dissent this one is actually called int [Music] amoeba hyola so this one's hardcore also it causes you know the excessive diarrhea also very explosive and excessive diarrhea now what about the bacteria so I mentioned gram negative and gram positive what is it actually using to treat so you can use this to treat um H pylori so you can actually use it to treat h pylori and the the tuna stank right the bacterial vaginosis okay so very very foul smelling bacteria all right within the vagina okay so it's actually used to treat bacterial vaginosis all right so how is it actually functioning so let's see metronidazol down here so metronidazol you see this enzyme it's a really cool enzyme to this enzyme is called a Nitro reductase enzyme not Nitro furan Nitro reductase enzyme reductase enzyme what is Nitro reductase doing so let's say we take this metronidazol okay so MZ here's our metronidazol he gets acted on by this Nitro reductase enzyme and then what happens is he gets converted into a very very active metabolite so let's draw this now look here's metronidazol very very active metabolite here guess what this Metron isol does he comes over here to the DNA and what he does is let's say here's the DNA it disrupts the normal helical structure of this DNA so now it disrupts the normal helical structure of the DNA and by disrupting the normal helical structure he exposes it to undergo fragmentation by certain types of uh maybe nucleases so what will that result in that will result in DNA fragmentation okay so again going chop sooi and then eventually if this back if this DNA is bacterial DNA is actually fragmented can the DNA completely function can the bacterial cell survive no so then this bacterial cell will die so what's this last antibiotic that I want to mention this one's a really cool one this last antibiotic that I want to mention here is actually called dapto so it's kind of newer it's a newer antibiotic relatively newer it's called dapto M and it's mainly used to treat uh gram positive so it's mainly used to treat gram positive bacteria uh so mainly the actual staf laus arus so it's mainly used to treat staus arus so very deadly gr positives so stafl caucus arus now his mechanism of AC is extremely interesting look what he does he literally forms a pore inside of the actual uh bacterial cell membrane and cell wall so now there's a big gaping frecking pore here and now look what happens if he forms a pore here then what can happen is certain ions can start leaking in and out so now there's this flux of ions moving in and there's this flux of ions moving uh out and in right so if there's a flux of ions moving in and out what happens is it causes a very quick and subsequent depolarization of the inside membrane so in other words the inside membrane becomes positively charged as a result it does this weird thing so watch this it causes a depolarization so positive charges become existent on the inner side of the cell membrane what's the result look at this it inhibits DNA activity okay so then it also inhibits RNA synthesis so what is it doing because it's creating this depolarization it's inhibiting DNA activity DNA synthesis it's inhibiting this ribosome protein synthesis and it's inhibiting the actual RNA synthesis as well okay one more antibiotic that we have to mention okay so this last antibiotic and that's why I did have another one over there is actually called rampin so let's actually put this one right here so this last anti biotic is actually called rampin okay and rampin is very very interesting this one is actually U mainly used to treat uh primarily three conditions so what are those three conditions one of them is tuberculosis so you can actually use it in the treatment of tuberculosis and the other one is actually leprosy so you can use it to treat tuberculosis you you can use it to treat leprosy as well as hemophilus influenza type B so hemophilus influenza type B and actually how is rampin doing this let's look down here you see this enzyme right here this enzyme is extremely important this is enzyme is a DNA dependent RNA polymerase okay so what does it do look what refampin does rampin inhibits this enzyme if you inhibit the RNA polymerase so the DNA dependent RNA polymerase can it actually transcribe the DNA to make mRNA no and if you can't make the MRNA then what's going to happen this bacterial cell won't be able to survive right so again one more time rampin targets the DNA dependent RNA polymerase and inhibits transcription from occurring and if transcription is inhibited you won't be able to make proteins and what can you use rampus in for you can use it to treat tuberculosis leprosy as well as even hemophilus influenza type B all right Ninja nerds in this video we covered a lot of information we covered a lot of antibiotics I really hope this made sense I really hope that you guys enjoyed it until next time