so that when we start talking about the immune system proper here the bodies all the constants attacked if we need to defend against the bacteria but bacteria viruses viruses are not living things they're just a lot of DNA that comes out that repeats itself and is able to go into ourselves and make our machinery copy itself and so forth so bacteria are living cells fungi parasites cancer order talks to suppose those are really happy at this point of our life unfortunately so we need to figure out how to not have those things infect us and as I said before the boundary is very important letting things not come in is the best way of not having a problem prevention that's prevention I think body the body is smart the medical system I don't meet with the body so that battery that boundary is the skin and it's our newest membrane it's the there was the spittin all that stuff so that victory it's a boundary so we don't come in like you know we could have we can call stuff gets trapped when you breathe the dinner will call for backup and so that's that's a boundary like that so that's the skin of the mucous membrane and then inside once once we have problems coming in we have two ways of dealing with it we're we're already talked about the specific immunity that's when we learn and we can sensitize let's say we take that means of vaccine and we we teach the immune system so memory so then when we attack that attacked again by the pathogens out we got it on control we can do and when they grasp that they they grab that this is the antibody concentration here how many antibodies are in the system this is a time axis the primary response the means of vaccine or the going to the chickenpox neighbors that we used to do in just get the chicken pox it's probably slow let's forget all that crap you get all the bumps of the all this stuff from the chamber hopefully it's the vaccine you don't get that and then though mainly they get exposed the next time to that antigen the antibody concentration shoots up much faster and look at how much more like to the third tone so that's what the word immunity does that's what a vaccine can do and it is a problem right now I mean it is unfortunately not a topic that you know in some ways I mean it's a tough one yeah we don't want to put all the stuff over trapping of our kids I understand that I don't want that either and I have my issues is all about it but at the same time we're also living in a world where we have so many people and now right now with all these means lap race they almost the longer two-year-olds they have an immune system that can fight it well I think he's over 12 months I'm not exactly sure on or something but they they can't go out if they get some if that's that's really dangerous for them and that's because you know a lot of us think well we don't need to do this because my kid is so special we've got to think about that that might be an interesting and interesting discussion to have all right anyway that's that specific community that's that learn thing before that we also have is nonspecific community so when you just get it caught let me just get it invaded or accommodate like you know the third comes into the skin that is non specific a whole bunch of crap to common that's what those neutrophils going to go there and say like how low we've got to do something and generally that is triggered by the inflammatory response so we got to go to there first that's been you know you call yourself a gets ready get small and it gets painful all that stuff that's that thing that's the pleasant or so both the immune system those both of those two immune systems have cells with it and then it has soluble factors with it that's like the antibodies for example so they call the soluble stuff that's why I put it off they divert the varnish cue more than humors are the liquid all right let's go to the new nonspecific immunity the inflammatory response tissue that gets damaged reacts by vasodilation was that that means the blood goes there we get capillary widening raiser violation they expand that brings more blood flow to the area that gives the body more heat that brings redness to the area that's not a bad thing because we have a cop and bad stuff calms a beam on a full wash it out and that's what we do with that swelling we have over here well the divided then the increased permeability so the flop goes just the liquids go out easier so that gives us more crowding that keeps those tenderness or pain also and then we get the white blood cells come in so we get neutrophils they are the first coming in neutrophils are the most common white blood cells that are the most numerous monocytes also come in which then becomes phagocytic so they eat all the stuff and also lymphocytes which ought to be a D cells to travel to that area via we talked about that this chemotaxis that's that way they go they get attracted by the cop coming in or by the poking through the skin so we have these white blood cells coming in and they of course crowded as well we get more swelling through all these processes and depending on what's going on we can have systemic responses such as fever to fight a bacteria that came in because maybe the bacteria can survive in a hotter environment and that will help get rid of it sort of collectively that's why we have people that's why you want to be very careful if you want to be treated fever was just time enough and that's why when you go to the to the hospital with your baby that has a high fever they actually did you seem like they seemed like they really like to go high and you go like all the I had one that came in it was at one of the four she's like or yeah because the kid was all Joely Joely when the geekiest authority that they go wrong so they look at the fever and how the mental state is of the child because that's the protein you know doesn't want to get denature to the brains very fragile but if the fever is had a spike in hand comes back down and it doesn't affect that that they don't necessarily mind it because it helps get rid of crap systemically fights and pathogens so that's why we have it it's a reaction of the body if you have a pathogen in your system you don't have a fever dad you want to be concerned because then your body doesn't have fighting power now I know it's now comfy but you know and sometimes we cannot do what would be best for our body but generically generally speaking we have to not assume you cannot do what's good for our body you just shouldn't assume to try to figure out how we can make with the best part of all so anyway and we also have other cells that call natural killer cells and they're specialized lymphocytes that attack tumors cells by perforating the cell membrane with specialized proteins called perforins and that's why I put that there because I think this word for it is perfect their perforate just just the surface the boundary of what they want to attack and they poke holes and they literally I have an auto summer there is another shot of a t-cell they literally shoot things into the other cell to poke holes in there so for me those are the bullets the perforins are the bores well that's how I think you know they gotta bake cartoons out of this stuff and that's what that one's how I think they should teach this you know because it's really kind of like that and it's body when you actually look at that video like how they do the cell division the visualization they do is on the first book with somewhere it's amazing how cartoonish the whole thing is it is all like physical to shape dependent and all that kind of stuff oh I would love to know about that I think there's a new tool I have to do the more YouTube stuff anyway and look around for especially try the online but that's the next step yeah that would be great because maybe they're into clips okay that brings me to the next topic here the major histocompatibility complex or MHC those are individually distinct cell surface proteins that other nuances can recognize when microorganisms hide inside the body cells they combine these fragments of our own self protein signaling leave the cell alone it's ours so they are on every cell the MHC is on every cell and what happens is the mune cells we'll learn how that looks and they basically learn that we ain't attacking our self it's like they got the flag from our come to we're not attacking our own come to people so that's what that means that's the MHC there's the immune cells to be in tsys they go Lord what is this so they're gonna leave it alone then if the MHC is combined with an antigen so that's where it becomes interesting when the antigen is showing up on that surface the infected cell betrays the invader fine-sounding and molecular alarm so the MHC is sort of that link between just the general immune response because which is generally sick and specifically what's going on antigen specific so that becomes important in understanding who do we know who is who basically the immune system learns the difference between south and for material as at birth everything he touches at birth is tolerated and recognized as self throughout life that word here means at toggles that means self outdoor an automobile rise by the subsidy they have to walk everything no it probably means it drives itself I guess everything it touched at reversible before no that will be self all arriving afterwards is considered foreign and is attacked this is seen and transplanted organs are rejected for example so that's fighting you know or immune cells then we get a transfusion we have to match make sure we don't have a reaction that's the problem is this sort of non-self self recognition thing failure of this self or non-self distinction results in all the new diseases in which antibodies are formed against a taller taller those proteins self proteins so we can have MS we can have our motor Graves disease we can add our a remote arthritis is a big one psoriasis some eczema etc etc some diabetes also to be one some celiac disease ischemia so that can all be all our business because we attacked ourself if somebody fought about also for example if you have the disc in the back you have to the spine and then you have to disc is a shell on the outside that's like fiberglass look of material on the inside you have a nucleus pulposus of different a gel material if the disc brakes on the outside of that nucleus squirts out the immune system will attack it because it was not present at birth it was inside and crazed something it didn't capture didn't see that and so that creates inflammatory reactions that then contribute to like long-term back pain and that kind of stuff so there's multiple implications that are not you know just these specific diseases that we know macro forces we talked about these APCs these antigen specific cell so let's go again their macrophages serve as the link between the nonspecific and the specific immunity so the monocytes become a preferred state a lot of stuff and managed as to pathogens and he works to prevent it from causing future damage what happens is the macrophages combines identify bits of the bad stuff these antigens with the MHC and then that's that link what we just talked about with the MHC or what we just talked about when we looked at the mono sign because now we're calling those antigen presenting cells and T lymphocytes that would be activated by that then I use two cartoon ORS over at least as good as I found something so we have a pathogen eats the bacteria and then part of that bacteria is the end that antigen part goes to the surface of the bastion and then that activates the lymphocytes the T helper cell specifically we gonna get to that next macrophages also produce cytokines and cytokines or signal proteins this a term you can sort of put in that bank that's like one of those you read a bunch of times if you are in a medical area and do not I never really quite it's a group things its proteins as you thinking of almost like hormones like like insulin it's kind of stuff but just small they have what they do is they are helping activate and coordinate the cells of the new response for example cytokines can induce fever to get rid of the body from invaders so cytokines are important for multiple purposes oh this is what I found for that what I think we want to sort of understand with behalf on we have different signaling for signaling proteins we have different when signaling proteins basically means they tell an other part of the body what to do they tell how to sell what to do so if it's a horrible that's a hormone that's an insulin tells the cells get that glucose into the cell we need it out of the monster that's a horn that goes through the whole system but then they have localized often and instead of incorporating those are known as parents and the cytokine is a fair price so they go and work on nearby areas nearby cells not to the whole bloodstream not the whole body you know if you gotta get caught you don't need the whole body have a response it's good to have a little localized response so that's dispenser and that we also have other ones we can go deep or if we have auto crimes and that stuff that works within oneself so a cell can release hormones that work in another part of the salads and influence what's going on there so when you think of signaling proteins is like you know command givers or something like that protein it's that kind of thinking now let's review so now we get to the specific so we have these NPCs and they start getting the specific immunity going the once where we want to know exactly what are we going to target and it's always a specific or adaptive immunity is always at a specific invader a specific antigen and you will laugh the recognition is shape how does the antigen look its shape it's a field thing and this antigen can only be specifically attacked if it's been previously encountered the first time it has to learn the specificity that's where we have that the mono side he didn't trade on the outside that's when it learns and once that is learned then the specific immunity is activated and at that point we start making antibodies to these antigens but once we have that word then they call it the specific immunity so the first encounters is sort of in that process takes place specific immune cells needs to learn to recognize the self the MHC to properly respond to invader the T cells learn a recognition of this MHC in the thymus gland where they are maturing prior to being sent to secondary lymphoid organs which they reside the thymus is behind the breastbone and it sort of shriveled up in its adult people as puberty although they found that in bicycle people is alive for somebody's minute I don't know that was so garden in England started that for some reason but they T cells are made in the bone marrow and then they go to the thymus and they learn how to read the MHC in the thymus otherwise they attack everything you're gonna be really strict with those puppies they're like you know testosterone guys things well not all of them but they're ones that are like too short the killer ones and that's actually why they call them t-cells for thymus and so then the b-cells they are known as b-cells because they stay in the bone marrow and they get matured in the bone marrow where the other cell parts get matured that's why they call them b-cells so now let's talk about the difference being t-cells here so the T cells common in different formats we have T helper cells and the T helper cells have receptors to specific antigens and are activated when they bind to corresponding MHC any fragments on an APC so they they're Paul T helper because they coordinate the new response once it gets into that specific portion so they are the ones who gonna work with the antigen presenting cells and then they secrete specific cytokines again these little hormone things or you know signaling proteins and things that stimulates their multiple multiple occassions so once the T helpers have learned that we are you know we got this specific thing we gonna work on that then they you that they want to go and make copies often when you say copies you say clone a clone is a copy like a Shi for close genetic copy thing and the proliferation means they just make a whole bunch of them then activated T helper cells also by two B cells that show the same MHC antigen fragment ensuring that they are specific to the same invader so we want to have checks and balance to know we're gonna check it a few times to make sure we're doing the right things and so that's discussed right here this is the APC the T helper cells it's activated by it and that activates order B cells and order T cells and T helpers interleukin those are again signaling protein things then stimulate the progression of antigen producing plasma cells so the T helper then now we get into a couple of different types of B cells the B cells come in in plasma cells plasma B cells and those are the ones that make a lot of antibodies and when they remove response with who goes down they were no longer having a problem in the body then the memory memory B cells not the plasma B's the memory B cells hold the memory of that forever their antigen thing is that pathologies so we called the B cells either plasma cells or memory cells the plasmas are antibody factories the memories memory and now we get some good stuff because now we have to t kill yourself and they are also known as psycho toxic while you are very toxic 8 so that means they're sharpshooters they killed side of itself so they kill cells they destroy infected origin also degenerated cells by direct contact they are activated like the T helper cells and they are using that / foreign gun to kill their enemy like that natural killer cells that we just talked about a little bit in the block and so those need to be really really held in check to make sure they don't kill the wrong stuff but they're really potent and they're really helpful too when they do the right stuff and but in order to keep everybody in check we have to suppress ourselves West Alaska beauty cells and they are the ones that help diminish any new reaction by secreting cytokines that surprise both the BLET cells them they run down the immune response after an engine has been inactivated preventing all necessary new system activity activity such as out of a new reaction which we don't want so there you go those might perform feeling for sells is a penny bars attached to the surface where the corresponding energy balance today the cell ingest anybody enter complexities the cell then presents the antigen to their surface together with the MHC for the T helper cells to recognize and stimulate the correlation for proliferation not wanting to keep it too long this we just talked about it's just from the b-sides perspective so the B cells they also have an antigen recognition situation and then at that point the T helper double checks to make sure it's the same the same bad guy on both ends and then it works and this one I just talked about so that we have the antigen producing these cells that the plasma cells and then we have the memory cells and we both that be empty cells have memory cells that keep the memory of that antigen alive throughout the lifespan of the person or off the animal for that matter the only one get to use this wonderful system wonderful news antibodies function to neutralize specific antigens so that's why again when we asked aunt claiming they were together antibody antigen or together the antigen is the pathogen the bad stuff the antibodies were fixes to bad stuff who gets rid of the bad stuff gets rid of the bad stuff by tagging them as well as causing them to cross link into large conferences that's called act a multi nation that then can precipitate same Latin soldier and they also activate the complement system which perforates the bacterial cell walls kind of like the performing gun just a little big global powerful it's like the super goal it's the one that church you back when you shoot it out it makes a whole big hole in it and it's just there for again we talked and the last chapter about it also when you break the boundary this is a cell membrane bacteria have the same cell membrane we know that wall why think at least the wall that cell membrane the boundary is broken and therefore everything from the inside flows out orange actually exits yellow fluid from fluid also and then the cell will perish it cannot maintain its internal integrity when we have that happen so antibodies can also do that so that's kind of cool when we did back to the blood back to the blood teats are all those different antibodies so we have five groups and they look overall look a little bit different but they have all this they all kind of have this sort of weird look if we actually plot them out like chemically so they have this like Y shaped look to themselves and a wall and here they have that active site that then that that binds with the antigen so this is the antigen and then this becomes T you know this sort of Y thing becomes the antibody that's how they kind of look for they make them big and that visualize but so then we have these different lately if the G flavor flavor that's in body fluids we have one that's it more mucous membranes and and then we have one that's found in blood and in the lid fluids and then we have one that specifically for allergic reactions and then we also have one that's the D what's 2d it's the least understood but even though need to know these for my class but that's where your reference back the antibodies if you go to a different class to learn more this is probably about the level of detail like kind of you know ultimately learn from chiropractic school so it brings him pretty power you might need to learn a little bit more detail for the class but in terms of applied knowledge that's pretty good already let's go so immunization means we just become immune to the problem we have we can active in you desire immunize us that means we can get sick so we can basically go natural get the flu and or get the mumps and call it the tables we have the disease or we can do that so we can that naturally or we can know we can do that or yeah naturally or we can do that artificially and we can have to body actively learn the antigen artificially and that's a vaccine wherever here that's a vaccine so when we talk about active immunization in this process that means B Prime our immune system to know that antigen later on in life we can also have passive immunity and passive immunity is when we just get the antibody given to us in some form and so our body does not learn how to make the antibodies we just get the antibodies given to us and we can do that act naturally and that's when through the motors milk for example that's one reason why it's important to to breastfeed demotivate because then the kid in the early part so I get the antibodies you have which are the antibodies that are needed in this environment nice so that's natural passive immunity and then we can have a quiet passive immunity and that's when we get a anti-venom coming past it artificial and that's for example an anti-venom you get bit by snake you go get the anti-venom you get those antibodies right in there you do not expect to get bitten by the snake all the time hopefully so you add once you go to die anyway if it takes too long to make them so you know this is maybe lasting for a long time and then you need them again if you should have this again which group just the any policy that goes through that on your system well the baby just doesn't get those the baby debate which is has to learn it themselves I mean it's you know it's you know it's it's an interesting one I mean in some ways it's like you if you have your kid being a lot of other kids and then they always get sick but they also get probably strong immune system over time from that but these that we need the way it is and so some of that exposure think they have started there was a guy in the late 60s then why not everything was always that great but you want to build the immune system the kids the city kids got more sickly than the kids that grew up learn how to fight random well if it's not a killing heart I would think it can build immunity to it but I I don't know because like for example you think about poison ivy why like I don't get it but if I go and hang out in the poison ivy do I get it the third time this my body gonna get hyper sensitive then it has that hypersensitivity reaction to that is that you know how do we learn those kind of things I don't know and there's a venom I'm not sure I mean if you might go any direction I would ask the experts on that before your parents up well if you I'm sure you go to Australia there's a whole bunch of people who experiment with you know these some of these snake shows - snake catching shows they like you know I've been bitten by this sharp by this sharp it's kind of like and so not all the snakes are that bad alright that brings me almost to the end of lymphoid organs they are strategically located right and places where we have danger where pathogens and they're easily so we have a we have primary lymphoid organs and secondary primary lymphoid organs when you sail if you think limbs you think immune system a lot of times I mean you think the lymph nodes and all that but that's immune system although we talk about the lymphatic system in the cardiovascular system because he picks up the excessive you know liquid that seeped out by the capillaries it's still through that physicality it gets exposed to a lot of pathogens and so it can be a really good link with the immune system so we call live stuff you consists of associate that with immune system stuff - so the primary lymphoid organs are the ones where they generate develop mature immune cells so they include we talked about about them already the red bone marrow and toothiness and the thymus you specifically go for T cell T cell maturation and then secondary lymph nodes is Berman short immune cells go they migrate there and they do their work which means survey the body and destroy the invader that is lymph nodes that filters display any filters to live then we got the spleen and that filters the block and then he got lymphoid tissue of mucous membranes for example the tonsils in the throat or the appendix between the small and large intestine or something you probably haven't heard of took me a while to you from that peyer's patches those are little patches of the new cell aggregations inside the small intestine and we're gonna have a picture of that coming up now I think but also definitely in the when we go to the gut because you know a lot of cat comes to the god so it makes sense that a lot of the nooses was in the gum actually I think they say 80% of the immune systems in developed the cop also has a lot of connections to the brain more connections to the brain like we feel and how we feel and and you know that that kind of brain the more reaction versus the conscious brain where we think but the gut has more react more connections to that feeling part of the brain then the forehead has the thinking brain has to that part of the brain so what goes on ended up as well to do how we can think so a healthy got a healthy brain I know what goes through the stomach doesn't it alright next here the thymus lies behind the curve it's well develop the newborns and gradually is replaced by a fatty tissue starting after puberty I briefly mentioned that already it has a cortex on the outside housing lymphocytes and cortex outside lymphocytes those are the future and then meat and that has a medulla internally and those are composed of many blood vessels and so as we get to organs more now and we have a lot of organs that have an outside portion well first they have usually a capsule or something something that holds everything together but then it uses often have an outside part and they call that a cortex so we've got multiple organs that look like that and then it has an inner portion and the inner portion we call that a medulla and so this is a gland and it's intersperse indispensable for T cells to become in you know competent that means that's where they mature or that's where they go to school that's the school immunocompetent and they do that to the embryonic development it is processed they learn to distinguish abdominus which is self from foreign structures they also do French into the different kinds of T lymphocyte T cells before they migrate to the secondary lymphoid organs that means they become helper cells they become aside of toxic cells or they become suppress ourselves so that's the thymus right there roots and then we talked about when throats we talked about what we talk to us that we have them before but they're all over to the body seems we have them in the in the neck for example their primary they have a meshwork of reticular fiber connective tissues or a reticular connective tissue is that's a lot of reticular fiber inside of them so that becomes sort of a meshwork that holds those lymphocytes in them and collections of lymphocytes that collect together like in the community so to speak they we call they call those follicles the lymph nodes are biological filters and they are inserted into the lymph vessels so that's also an interesting way of describing it helps they're strategically monitored and they monitor and filter talent coming from the periphery so as the Linley's be picked up from the legs and from the arms the vessels go through these filters we can see the Internet lymph nodes are being shaped and enclosed by a solid connective tissue capsule so again everything around has a capsule it yeah yeah there are free college games scepter them from the capsule Center these things that go inward like that they go in from the lymph nodes and their own inward dividable inflows several ain't fair so they make little pocket so you have little pockets and then any fair invest of these are the incoming vessels they call the incoming or a fairer first at a ferret vessels they come into one of those little pockets here that have a lot of lymph nodes I mean lymphocytes sittin in there then so the multiples come in here and then only one or two while actually only one exits there's an outgoing or an efferent vessel only one of them leaves and so what you have now happening is you have a lot of fluid comes in here and not much can leave and so it slows everything down and the length can get monitored and everybody can sort of look through make sure nobody can squeeze by without being caught so this slows the flow giving macrophages time to jest invaders and present their antigen to lymphocytes and then they go back to that specific immunity inflow inflamed lymph nodes swell they're tender and they're easy to palpate I always had a hard time in high school learning how to palpate lymph nodes but then you get a signal out well because if they don't fit on film when you go to the doctor that they're not in fact inflamed so that's fine and there is mine again being in fact is because they have all these white blood cells in it because the immune system is fighting as hard as you can against the maker so the problem is this may be film to do it if you kind of in some ways filter parts of the blood that way the negative is this gives the cancer a great way to spread through the body and probably don't the lid floats from that angle the Express did it affect any lymph nodes that's you know where that discussion comes in and then somebody you know they take the lymph nodes out that's when for example someone is armed with a in a lymph node in the axilla somebody's arm gets blown up because the party's got is efficient because we disrupt the drainage from the you know cardiovascular system that goes to the liver so then we need compression stockings to help that for you know that's important my my brother-in-law had surgery on lymph nodes down in the inguinal area and his legs start blowing up my sister nobody told her that this is okay this is just the way it isn't you do something she's thought yeah cancer it and so it's like it's interesting I mean it's good to them and all certain if these kind of things that seem basic to us but you know one day go wrong then we start recognizing them as pathologies if we know to know how things go right it's first this is what we're trying to establish here a little bit so then this plane is a is an honor one of those filters and it filters to block it extracts aging red blood cells and prizes provides neurological protection it's a coffee being shaped organ as the size of the fist and eyes in the upper left abdomen behind the diaphragm so back in him I mean honor to die from the spleen is filled with red and white pulp the red tote is complex is a complex system of blood vessels while the white pulp is mostly composed of lymphocytes white blood cells wipe off breath read this plot white is white what's the smallest daughter is coming into the spleen run through the white pulp filtering the blood and so the spleen basically gets rid of the right red pop cells I stick at all we learned before on Wednesday red blood cells only live three months so they gotta get recycled all the time but then it also filters the blog make sure we don't have crap going through the water and so it has white pulp and that's where we have white blood cells okay and that leaves us with leaves us with lymphoid tissues in the mucous membranes tonsils ain't really having a total down yeah I got mine now maybe they don't do it as much anymore they took mine out to be tough but tonsils are in a master reticular tissue containing also lymphatic follicles little aggregates of lymph white blood cells follicles move families of white blood cells they are located under the epithelium of the oral cavity which allows them to come in contact with invaders entering through the mouth and from the nose so the gut is a place where you get a lot of stuff well the block on the inside we had to walk and then we have to live and now we come through the mouth and through the nose our respiratory come through here also food stuff so tonsils perfect place to locate but also exposed Emily so they get infected him and especially with kids and then we also as we go further to the cop we have this called associative lymphatic tissues those are known as pair patches and they like these green things here or or here you can see them so this is the inside of the god these things sticking up are what absorbs the nutrients on the inside of the comment that interspersed with them we have these domes these greetings in order Neath that we have all these all these of all these are lymphocytes that detect things that come in contact here and then they can produce antibodies and put it back into the cup so the dots then tax that bad bacteria and just proves you back up so it doesn't affect the one so that's kind of a good way of getting rid of it so that's the peyer's patches we'll talk about that more when we get to the digestive system look at that that's it yeah so now