Dogs in Rome and Greece

Introduction

• Famous Classical Breeds: Known breeds included Laconian (Spartan) and Molossian.
• Functions: Used for hunting (canis venaticus) and guarding (canis pastoralis).
• Cultural References: Featured in works by Petronius, Virgil, Horace, and others.

Historical Texts and Authors

Cato and Varro on Agriculture

• Cato:
  • Advocated chaining dogs during day for night watchfulness (De Agri Cultura).
• Varro:
  • Emphasized necessity of dogs on farms.
  • Differentiated between hunting dogs and watch dogs.
  • Preferred traits: Large head, drooping ears, thick neck, etc.
  • Collars: Recommended nail-studded leather collars for protection.

Columella's Systematic Approach

• Importance of Dogs: Essential for farm safety.
• Traits: Large size, loud bark, color consideration for visibility and intimidation.
• Types: Farm-yard dog vs. Sheep dog.

Hunting Dogs

Xenophon and the Laconian Hounds

• Described large, swift hounds used in hunts.
• Focus on chasing by scent, with detailed breed characteristics (Cynegeticus).

Arrian and the Vertragus

• Vertragus: Sight-hound, swift, revolutionized hunting practices.
• Importance of speed and silent hunting.

Grattius and Other Poets

• Emphasized the courage and strength of Molossians.
• Recognized British Celtic breeds.

Cultural Depictions

Homer and Argos

• Odysseus' Dog: Named Argos, known for speed and faithfulness.
• Narrative highlights dog's recognition of its master after 20 years.

Diogenes and Breeds

• Diogenes' comparison to different breeds based on his needs.

Mosaic and Artistic References

• Mosaics from Pompeii depicting guard dogs.
• Artistic representations differentiate breeds: Laconian, Molossian, Cretan, and Melitan.

Conclusion

• Dogs were integral to ancient societies in Greece and Rome, serving varied roles from hunting to protection.
• Literary and artistic works reflect their significance and traits.

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References and Further Reading

• A comprehensive list of bibliographic references related to canines in classical antiquity, covering various authors and their works.