So let's look into your void and voidable marriages. Take note that these marriages were not able to fully comply with the requisites of your valid marriage. So ang possibility dyan, nagkaroon tayo ng tinatawag na defect or maybe absence in the essential or maybe formal requisites of a valid marriage.
So because of that, hindi sila considered na valid. your void and voidable marriages, tignan muna natin yung validity of marriages celebrated abroad. So take note, may rules tayo with regard to that.
As a general rule, you need to remember that marriages between Filipino citizens celebrated abroad are considered valid here in the Philippines if valid in the place where they are celebrated. I repeat, as a general rule, Marriages between Filipino citizens celebrated abroad are considered valid here in the Philippines if valid in the place where they are celebrated. Ibig sabihin, if the marriage between Filipinos happened in another country, and in that other country that marriage was valid, what would happen? That marriage celebrated abroad would also be considered valid here in the Philippines.
as a general rule. Ibig sabihin, valid abroad would also mean valid here with regard to the marriage celebrated abroad. So, valid there means valid here.
That's the general rule. Kaya lang, said rule adheres to exceptions. The exceptions provide that even if a marriage between Filipinos was validly celebrated abroad, Said marriage would remain void or invalid here in the Philippines. I repeat, the exceptions provide that even if the marriage between Filipinos was validly celebrated abroad, said marriage remains invalid or void here in the Philippines. Meaning, the marriage validly celebrated abroad would not be recognized under Philippine laws.
So ang tanong, what are the instances that would tell you that this marriage is? are still considered void or invalid even if they were validly celebrated abroad. Walo lang yan.
You need to remember them ha. Why? Kasi it would tell you that valid there, void here. So valid there, void here. Ito yung walong instances na yan.
You have there, one of the contracting parties is a Filipino below 18 years old. Next. You have their bigamous or polygamous marriages.
Marriages contracted through mistake of one of the contracting parties as to the identity of the other. You now have failure to comply with the requirements of Article 52 of the Family Code. You have psychological incapacity, incestuous marriages, marriages void by reason of public policy, and same-sex marriage. Itong walong to would tell you, Na even if they are validly celebrated abroad, these marriages would remain void under Philippine laws.
Meaning, said marriages would not be recognized or considered under Philippine laws. So, yun yung exceptions nyo. General rule ha, validly celebrated abroad would mean valid here in the Philippines.
Basta between Filipinos yan. So, validly celebrated abroad would mean valid here in the Philippines. As an exception, ano ang sabi?
Marriage between Filipinos validly celebrated abroad remains void or remains invalid here in the Philippines. In what instances? Yung walong minention natin kanina. No worries kasi, yung walong yan, matatakal natin sila pag ando na tayo sa grounds ng void marriages nyo.
Bakit siya considered na void? Ito yung mga reasons, ito yung mga grounds. Okay?
Now, so when is divorce considered valid? You need to remember that the Philippines does not have any divorce laws. We have annulment, we have declaration of nullity of marriage, we also have legal separation, pero we do not have any divorce. Therefore, anong divorce yung pinag-uusapan dito?
We are now talking about the divorce obtained abroad. So saan galing yung divorce decree? It was obtained abroad.
Ngayon, kailan daw siya pwedeng makonsider na valid here in the Philippines? By the way, naku-question ngayon ang issue ng validity ng divorce decree obtained abroad kasi nga, the person now who is trying to prove the validity of said divorce decree is someone who wants to remarry. So bakit niya ngayon pinupush? na makonsider itong divorce decree na naobtin niya abroad kasi nga maybe that person wants to remarry.
And take note, that person can only remarry kung na-dissolve na yung prior marriage niya. Kasi pag hindi na-dissolve yung prior marriage niya through the divorce, ang presumption ng law, hindi siya pwedeng magpakasal. Or pag nagpakasal man siya, the next marriage now is considered as a bigamous marriage.
So ganito, kailan ba considered na valid yung divorce obtained abroad? Always remember that we can only consider it if nasatisfy ngayon yung requirements natin. Ano yung first requirement? The divorce covers a mixed marriage. I repeat, the divorce covers a mixed marriage.
When you say it covers a mixed marriage, ibig sabihin, the parties who divorced would be a Filipino married to a foreigner. I repeat, you have a Filipino married to a foreigner. So, kasal sila, and then later on, nag-secure sila ng divorce nila abroad.
Now, ganito, before. Sa mga mixed marriages natin, for their divorce to be considered here in the Philippines, ang nire-require ng law, dati, ha? Ang nire-require is, Dapat daw ang magsesecure ng divorce decree is the foreigner spouse, yung alien spouse.
Hindi daw pwede na yung Filipino spouse ang magsesecure ng divorce decree. Yun yung rule dati. Kaya lang, under the latest case decided by the Supreme Court, anong sabi doon? Pwede na daw ma-recognize tong divorce na to even if it was obtained by the Filipino spouse. I repeat.
Ngayon, allowed na na ma-recognize tong divorce na to even if it was obtained by the Filipino spouse. So, wala na yung rule. na dapat yung foreigner ang mag-o-obtain or magsa-secure nun. Ngayon, pwedeng ang nag-obtain or nag-secure ng divorce would be the Filipino spouse.
Okay? So, yan yung rule natin ngayon, ha? So, saan lang daw nag-a-apply ang validity ng divorce or kailan lang siya possibly marirecognize as valid if it covers now your mixed marriages.
By the way, yung mixed marriages ninyo would also cover cases whereby a Filipino is married to another Filipino. Pero later on, one of the parties now became a naturalized citizen of another country. So Filipino married to another Filipino and then one of them became a naturalized citizen of another country.
In such case, the Filipino now is married to a foreigner. So, because of that, considered na siya na mixed marriage. So, Filipino married to another Filipino, one of them became a naturalized citizen of another country, ibig sabihin, may mixed marriage na kayo dyan. Pero you need to make sure na the moment or you need to make sure that at the time the divorce decree was obtained, one of them was already a foreigner.
So, you need to make sure ha. Na at the time the divorce decree is obtained, one of them is already a foreigner para makonsider siya na mixed marriage. Para at least possible na ma-recognize yung divorce decree. Kasi if na-obtain yung divorce decree before any of them became a naturalized citizen of another country, said divorce is considered as void. Hindi siya possible na ma-recognize sa.
Philippines. So, take note ha. When is divorce considered valid here in the Philippines? Ang una nyong titignan, the issue on the validity of the divorce decree is being raised kasi nga the person raising it wants to remarry.
Next, you need to make sure that the divorce decree issued covers a mixed marriage, meaning you now have the marriage between a Filipino and a foreigner. I also told you na ang mixed marriages ninyo would include a Filipino married to another Filipino pero one of them later on became a naturalized citizen of another country kaya considered din siya na mixed marriage. You also need to remember na dapat at the time of the obtaining of the divorce decree. So the time the divorce decree is obtained.
You need to make sure that mixed marriage na yung existing. You need to make sure that one of the divorcing parties here is already a foreigner at the time the divorce decree is obtained. Kasi pag hindi pa mixed marriage yan at na-obtain na yung divorce decree, that would continue to remain invalid here in the Philippines.
Walang possibility na ma-recognize siya dito. Kasi hindi siya mixed marriage eh. Mamba't hindi siya mixed marriage kasi nung time na na-obtain yung divorce decree, hindi pa sila considered na mixed marriage.
So dapat, okay, pag na-obtain na yung divorce decree, ano na dapat yan? Mixed marriage na yan. Dapat one of them is already Filipino. Okay, next.
Before, sabi natin ha, before. Allowed lang na mag-secure ng divorce yung foreigner spouse. Para makonsider yung divorce decree sa Philippines.
Pero under a new case decided by the Supreme Court, ano ang sabi nila? We can still recognize said divorce decree even if it was obtained by the Filipino spouse. I repeat, before, the only person who can obtain the divorce decree was the foreigner spouse. Pero now, dahil sabi ng Supreme Court that would be unfair on Filipinos, Ngayon, ano ang sabi?
Basta mixed marriage yan, regardless kung sino ang kumuha ng divorce decree, there is a possibility na ma-recognize siya dito. So, pwedeng yung foreigner spouse or pwedeng yung Filipino spouse. If it was obtained by the Filipino spouse, that would still be okay. May possibility pa rin na ma-recognize siya here in the Philippines.
Yun nga lang, because a divorce decree. is something that you can obtain abroad, your Filipino courts cannot take judicial notice of it. Ibig sabihin, the Filipino courts cannot just recognize it.
So because of that, anong kailangan gawin? Said divorce decree must be pleaded and proven before Philippine courts. I repeat, if you want the divorce decree to be considered valid here, if you want it to be recognized here, said divorce decree must be pleaded.
And proven before Philippine courts. Okay? So, yun lang yung rule natin pagdating sa validity ng divorce. Yung recognition ng divorce dito sa Philippine.
Okay? So, generally speaking, hindi siya pwede, di ba? Unless it covers your mixed marriages.
Unless it is for purposes of remarriage. Okay? So, ganun lang siya.
So, let's talk about your void marriages. Take note. That your void marriages are inexistent from the very beginning.
Ibig sabihin, they are void of initial. Ibig sabihin, they are invalid from the very start. Kaya nga, if it is void from the beginning or it is invalid from the beginning, what would happen?
It is deemed inexistent. Ibig sabihin, you are not really married. Kasi nga, it is a void marriage. As if no marriage actually took place. Yun ang presumption natin if it is a void marriage.
Kaya nga, because it is inexistent from the beginning as a general rule, take note, as a general rule, a judicial declaration of nullity of marriage is not required to consider the marriage as void. I repeat, as a general rule, ano ang sabi? A judicial declaration of nullity of marriage.
is not required to declare a marriage as void. Ibig sabihin, dahil void marriage siya, dahil inexistent siya from the beginning, hindi mo na kailangan ng judicial declaration ng court na void yung marriage mo. You don't need its declaration to tell you na the marriage was inexistent from the beginning. Kasi nga, it is a void marriage.
Yun yung general rule natin. Ang problem, because it is a general rule, it now adheres to an exemption. Mam, ano yung exemption?
Under the exemption, a judicial declaration of nullity of marriage is required for purposes of remarriage. I repeat, as an exemption, a judicial declaration of nullity of marriage is required for purposes of remarriage. Ibig sabihin, nagiging requirement ngayon yung judicial declaration ng void marriage mo kung balak mong magpakasal ulit. Ma'am, bakit ganun?
Kasi nga, if you do not secure a judicial declaration of nullity of said marriage, the subsequent marriage or yung sumunod na marriage, yung next na pagpapakasal mo, would also be considered void because it is considered as a bigamous marriage. I repeat, anong mangyayari? Mako-consider yung subsequent, yung susunod, okay, yung next na kasal mo. Mako-consider siya ngayon as void. Bakit siya magiging void?
Kasi nga, it is considered bigamous. Ma'am, bakit siya mako-consider na void for being bigamous? Kasi, ang requirement natin, even if void ang marriage mo, Kailangan mo pa rin mag-secure ng judicial declaration of nullity of marriage if you want to remarry. So anong muna ang gagawin mo? You have a void marriage.
You want to remarry. Ipa-judicially declare mo muna siya as void. Pag na-declare na siya ngayon na void, what would happen? Maaalaw ka na ngayon na mag-remarry.
Allowed ng subsequent marriage, yun nga lang you need to comply with other requirements. Basta ang sinasabi lang natin dito, Exception, judicial declaration of nullity is required for purposes of remarriage. Okay? So, yun lang siya.
It is inexistent from the beginning. Ano pa? Avoid marriage can be attacked collaterally.
I repeat, it can be attacked collaterally. What do you mean by collaterally? It means that you are going to attack the issue indirectly. So take note, pag void marriage daw yan, it can be attacked directly or even collaterally.
Okay, what do you mean by attacked collaterally or indirectly? Just to cite you an example, ganito. Here comes Mr. X, who is married to Mrs. Y. Ngayon, si Mr. X ayaw niyang magbigay ng support sa wife niya. Ang problem, yung wife niya cannot really support herself at the moment because she just gave birth.
Okay? So, kakapanganak lang niya, itong ungas na asawa niya ayaw niyang magbigay ng support. So, ngayon, si Mrs. X, she now filed a case or an action for support before the family court.
So, nag-file siya ng action for support. Ngayon, anong direct action? The direct action is the case filed in court. So ang direct action dito is the action for support. Yun yung direct action.
Ngayon, during the said hearing for said case, etong si Mr. A, he was claiming that he does not want to give support because according to him, their marriage was void. So anong claim ngayon ni Mr. A? Void daw yung marriage nila. Kaya ano ang sabi ngayon ni Mr. A? Ayaw daw niyang magbigay ng support.
Okay? Now, ano ang main issue dito? Ang main issue dito is whether Mr. A should support or should give support to his wife, Mrs. X. Yun yung direct action eh. Dahil yun ang main issue, ando dun yung direct action.
Kaya nga, yung case na nakafile is an action for support. Now, kung mapapansin ninyo, would the court need to determine if the marriage is void? Yes.
Kailangan niyang i-determine yan para malaman kailangan ba talagang magbigay ni Mr. A. ng support kay Mrs. X. Now, dahil hindi naman yun ang direct issue or main issue. Anong tawag natin doon sa attacking ng validity of marriage ni Mr. A at ni Mrs. X? That is what you call a collateral attack.
Ba't siya collateral attack? Kasi the attack is indirect. Bakit siya indirect?
Kasi hindi naman yan yung main issue ng case. Kung baga ba, naisabit lang yan. For purposes of determining whether support is required to be given or not. Okay? So anong sabi?
Ang beauty daw ng void marriages, pwede mo siyang atakihin directly or collaterally. Pag sinabi natin collateral attack, yun yung example natin. So in an action for support, pwede mo ngayong atakihin yung validity ng marriage. Pag sinabi nyo naman na direct attack, ibig sabihin anong ifafile mo mismo? You now have to file a case for declaration of nullity of?
Marriage. Okay? Yun yung sinasabi natin na direct attack. Kaya nga, if you want to get married, what do you do? Ang gagamitin mo is a direct attack on the validity of the marriage.
How? By filing a declaration of nullity of marriage. Pero pag collateral attack lang yan, you would now put into issue the validity of the marriage in a case.
Okay? Filed for another purpose. So, yun lang siya. So, pag yung kaso is for another purpose.
It is an action for another purpose. Tapos, ipinasok mo ngayon yung questioning ng validity ng marriage. Ano na siya?
Collateral attack na siya. But if the action is filed, directly questioning the validity of the marriage, ano siya? It now becomes a direct attack. So, ganun lang siya.
Let's now talk about the next one. Ano pa ang sabi? Ang void marriages daw ninyo can be questioned even after the death of either party. Pag void yung marriage na yan, always remember ha, it may be questioned anytime.
Even after the death of either party. Eh ma'am, sinong pwedeng magkwasyon kung patay naman na sila? Definitely you now have the proper parties na pag-uusapan natin later on. Actions or defenses for declaration of nullity of marriage is imprescriptible.
Meaning, it does not prescribe. Meaning, it does not expire. So based on that, it would tell you that you could Look. file the case anytime because the filing of said action would not expire.
Yun yung sinasabi ng ganyang characteristic. Unlike in criminal cases, na just like in homicide cases, diba? If the crime committed is homicide, you need to make sure that a case is filed against the suspect within 20 years. Kasi, if you fail to file the case within 20 years, After 20 years, hindi ka na pwedeng mag-file.
Mambakit kasi, nag-expire na or nag-prescribe na yung filing ng criminal action. So, ganon ang criminal cases. Dito sa atin sa void marriages, wala daw siyang prescriptive period. Ibig sabihin, hindi siya mag-expire, kaya you can always file the case anytime.
Kaya nga diba sabi kanina, Ang void marriages ninyo, pwede silang i-question even after the death of the spouses or the parties. Okay? So, yun lang siya. Next. Any properly interested party may attack a void marriage.
So, ibig sabihin, it does not require the spouses or the contracting parties. na sila dapat ang mag-question. Hindi lang daw sila ang possible nag-question yan. Kasi nga, sabi natin a while back, even if the parties are already dead, pwede pa rin ma-question yung validity ng isang void marriage. So, sino pa ang possible na mag-question yan?
You now have a proper interested party. Mom, sino ang example niyan? You now have the compulsory ears or maybe the intestate intestate heirs of the spouses. Okay? So, sinong mga possible dyan?
You have there the compulsory or maybe the intestate heirs of the spouses. Sila ba yung contracting parties? No. Pero, can they question the validity of the marriage? The answer is yes.
Okay? Ma'am, kailan usually nangyayari yan? Nangyayari yan, syempre, pagpatay na yung spouses. Tapos nun, pinatry na nilang isettle yung tinatawag natin na estate ng deceased na tao. Kasi syempre, mana-mana na naman yan eh.
So, kailangan nila ngayong isecure yung successional rights nila or yung rights nila para mag-inherit. Kaya nila ika-question ngayon yung validity ng marriage. Last characteristic, void marriages have no legal effects as a general rule. I repeat.
Ano ang sabi? Void marriages have no legal effects as a general rule. Yun nga lang dahil general rule yan, there is always an exception. Anong exception ninyo? Those expressly provided by law.
So I repeat, general rule. Void marriages have no legal effects kasi nga they are inexistent from the beginning. So as a general rule, They do not have any legal effects.
Exception. Those expressly provided by law. Ma'am, ano ba yung expressly provided by law? Sa property relations ninyo at saka sa tinatawag natin na effect doon sa birth ng isang bata na under ng isang void marriage.
So, in such cases, nagkakaroon ng effect or impact ang isang void marriage. As a general rule, it has no legal effects. Pero as an exception, it may now produce legal effects as to property relations or maybe as to the effects on the children born under said void marriage.
So anong sabi dyan? Ano yung possible na maapektuhan ng void marriage? Property relations, tapos nun, children born to such void marriage. So ganito. As to property relations, muna tayo ha.
So as to property relations, kahit na void marriage yan, meron at meron siyang effect with regard to property relations. Ma'am, saan namin makikita ngayon yung effect niya sa property relations? Titignan ninyo yung Article 147 at saka Article 148. I-repeat saan nyo siya titignan? Article 147 at saka Article 148. So just to give you an idea about your Article 147 at Article 148 ng Family Code.
Under Article 147 and 148, both would talk about the property relations ng mga tao under avoid marriage. So the parties to avoid marriage now would still have property relations. Pero ang tanong, how would it be treated or how would it be attended to?
Ang Article 147 applies if the marriage was void for other reasons but the parties are still capacitated to marry. Ibig sabihin, oo void yung kasal nila for other reasons. Pero sigurado ako na both of them were legally capacitated to marry.
Ibig sabihin, okay yung sex, okay yung age, okay din yung tinatawag natin na absence of legal impediment to marry. So, walang legal impediment yung kasal nila. Nagkataon lang na void siya for other reasons.
Mam, kagaya ng ano? Take for instance, nagkaroon pala ng mistake in the identity of the person that you married, di ba? In such case, void yung kasal mo but legally capacitated ka to marry.
So, doon yung nag-a-apply. Article 147. What would happen here? The man and the woman would now be considered as co-owners.
As co-owners, anumang wages, anumang salaries, anumang property, ang anda dyan sa relationship na binuo nila sa cohabitation na meron sila, they are going to share it equally with each other. Okay? So, I repeat ha, wages, salaries nila, properties nila.
would be considered as what? Equally shared between them. So equally shared yan, why?
Kasi nga they are co-owners. On the other hand, sa Article 148 naman, the marriage again is void. As in addition to that, the parties had no legal capacity to marry. So anong nawawala sa Article 148?
Wala silang legal capacity. So meaning, they were incapacitated to marry. void siya, tapos the parties had no legal capacity to marry.
In such cases, anong mangyayari? Ang i-apply nyo is Article 148. Under Article 148, kailangan nilang i-prove kung ano ngayon yung mga contributions nila doon sa mga properties nila. So I repeat what would happen here, they need to prove their contribution. Kasi, By proving their contribution, they would be able to know kung ano ba yung shares nila. So they would be given the proportion of their share in the properties of the relationship.
Okay? So you need to prove kung ano yung contribution mo. Unlike sa Article 147 that you don't need to prove your contribution. Mam, paano kung wala kang proof? ng contribution mo.
Hindi mo mapatunayan yung contribution mo. If that's the case, ang presumption natin, they have equally contributed. Okay?
In case you cannot prove your contribution and ang presumption natin, your contributions are, okay? So, yun lang siya. So, what would you notice in relation to property relations ng mga tao na involved sa isang void marriage? meron pa rin legal effect. Yung legal effect makikita nyo sa articles 147 and 148 of the so-called family code.
Okay? So, next. Tignan din natin yung effect ng void marriages doon sa mga children born under it. So, take note, you now have the effect on the children, okay, of those marriages. Yung mga void marriages nyo, anong effect niya ngayon sa mga anak?
Ang iisipin nyo as a general rule, if a child is born under a void marriage, that child is considered as an illegitimate child. Ibig sabihin, the child was born out of wedlock. Okay, ma'am, bakit?
Kasi nga, diba, the marriage was void. Ibig sabihin, it is deemed as inexistent from the beginning. As such, anumang offspring ang ma-proproduce niyan, anumang child ang ma-proproduce niyan, considered sila na illegitimate.
Except yung mga children na pinanganak under void marriages covered by Article 36 at Article 53 ng tinatawag natin na family code. I repeat, general rule ha, if the child is born under a void marriage, ano ang status niya? Illegitimate.
Ano lang illegitimate a child born out of? Wedlock. So dahil void yung marriage nyo, parang hindi siya nag-exist, ano yung status ng mga anak nyo?
Considered sila as illegitimate. Exception, sabi, oo, it is a void marriage. Pero the child is still considered as legitimate in two instances. Ano yung two instances na yun?
Void marriages under Article 36. Mam, ano yung void marriages under Article 36? Yan yung void because of psychological incapacity. I repeat, bakit siya void because of psychological incapacity.
So, if void yung kasal mo because your spouse is psychologically incapacitated, what would happen now? Yung batang niyan is still legitimate kahit na born under a void marriage. Mam, ano naman yung Article 53? Sa Article 53 nyo, Void na naman yung marriage pero legitimate yung bata.
Mam, bakit? Kasi take note, for your Article 53, what happened here, either of the former spouses married again. Okay? Nagpakasal sila ulit. Valid naman na sana yun, kaya lang hindi nila ni-register yung judgment of annulment ng kasal nila sa tinatawag natin na civil registry.
So, I repeat ha, under Article 53, what happened? Bakit daw void yung kasal nila? Kasi imagine, nag-render ng judgment of annulment. So, annulled na yung kasal. Kaya lang, ang requirement kasi, kailangan daw yung judgment of annulment, i-file mo siya or i-submit mo siya, sa office ng civil registry bago ka maalaw na magpakasal ulit.
So, kung na-annal yung kaso mo, what would you do with the judgment of annulment? You need to submit it or you need to file it with the office of the civil registry bago ka magpakasal ulit. Kasi, pag na-annal yung kasal mo at hindi mo na-file yung judgment of annulment and then nagpakasal ka ulit sa ibang tao, Yung pagpapakasal mo dun sa ibang tao is still considered as void. Why?
Hindi ka nag-comply sa requirement ng submission or filing of the judgment of annulment. So anong mangyayari dito? Void yung kasal mo. Bakit?
Hindi ka nag-file ng judgment of annulment sa civil registry. So kahit void yan, anong sabi? Still considered legitimate yung anak ninyo.
Married ka na dati, na-annal yung kasal ninyo, kaya lang yung judgment of annulment, hindi mo finile sa civil registry. Nagpakasal ka ulit. Ano ang status ng marriage nyo?
Void. Kaya lang, ano ang status ng mga anak ninyo? Legitimate. Okay?
So, for the last time, what would be the effect of a void marriage on the children? Take note, the child born under a void marriage is illegitimate. Except if...
it was void under Article 36 or maybe under Article 53. Under Article 36, void because of what? Psychological incapacity. Under Article 53, bakit siya void?
Failure to submit or file the judgment of annulment to the Office of the Civil Registry. Okay? So, yun lang siya.
These are your void marriages. Ano yung void marriages natin? Not enumerated under the family code. Natackle na natin itong mga ito kanina. Marriages between persons of the same sex.
Same sex marriage, right? Kasi anong sabi? It should be between a man and a woman. You have marriages where the parties did not personally appear before the solemnizing officer or did not give their consent in the presence of the solemnizing officer. So, violative na naman siya doon sa requirement natin ng personal appearance.
Okay? Tsaka, personal declaration in the presence of the solemnizing officer. And yung next, marriages where the parties merely signed a marriage contract.
contract without the presence of the solemnizing officer. Take note, mere signing of a marriage contract would tell you na walang nangyaring marriage ceremony. At the same time, it would also tell you na walang nangyari na personal declaration in the presence of the solemnizing officer. Kaya itong mga tatlong to considered sila na void marriages.
Okay? Next. So, let's talk about the void marriages under the Family Code. Let's start with void marriages under Article 35 of the Family Code.
Under this article, meron kayong six grounds in order to say that the marriage is void. Number one, any of the contracting parties is below 18 years old. I told you already that the minimum age to marry is 18. If you are below 18, your marriage is always considered void.
And take note, this is absolute, meaning there is no exception. Kaya nga take note, if the person is under 18, the marriage is void even if it is with the consent of the parents or the guardian. I repeat, the marriage of a person under 18 is always considered as void Even if the consent of the parents or guardian was given.
Kasi nga, di ba? Kailan ba kailangan ang consent? If the person is 18 to 21 years old. Kasali ba dyan yung mga under 18? The answer is no.
Mamway no. Kasi nga, they are not even allowed to contract marriage. So, regardless kung may consent or wala yung parents, basta under or below 18 ka, your marriage is always considered as void.
And take note, dito sa disquali or dito sa ground na to, your marriage is always considered void even if it was celebrated abroad, even if it was valid abroad. Pagbalik mo sa Philippines, anong sabi? No, your marriage is still considered as void.
That is under Article 35, First Ground for Void Marriages. Go now to the next one. Second ground, the solemnizer was not legally authorized.
I repeat, anong sabi dyan? The solemnizer was not legally authorized. Ang iisipin nyo, if the solemnizing officer is not legally authorized to perform marriages, the marriage is considered as void. But, take note, but, if the marriage is celebrated abroad, And valid there as such, it is also considered as valid here in the Philippines.
Parang ganito. Diba ang rule natin sa Philippines, the solemnizing officer must have authority. If that person had no authority, meron tayong missing na requisite ng formal requisites ninyo.
So anong mangyayari? If the solemnizing officer is not legally authorized to solemnize marriages, the marriage is considered as void. Pero, if said marriage was conducted or celebrated abroad and is valid abroad, ano ang sabi?
It is also valid here in the Philippines. Hindi kagaya kanina sa number 1. Sa number 1, valid there, void here. Dito sa solemnizer not legally authorized, ano ang sabi?
Valid there, valid here. So ganun siya ha. So what's the rule?
Balikan lang natin. If the solemnizing officer is not authorized to perform marriages, ano ang status ng marriage? It is void as a general rule.
Meron tayong exception. Anong exception natin? If either or both of the parties believed in good faith, That the solemnizing officer had legal authority to solemnize their marriage. Anong status ng marriage? The marriage is considered as valid.
I repeat, general rule. Solemnizer is not legally authorized to solemnize marriage. General rule, what is the status? It is void. Exception.
It now becomes valid kailan if either or both of the parties believed in good faith that said solemnizing officer had the legal authority to do so. So valid yung marriage ha. Kung isa or parehong parties na yan, Naniwala sila na totoong may authority si solemnizing officer. Okay?
So that would be your second void marriage under Article 35. Next, you have your lack of valid marriage license. As a rule, if you do not have a valid marriage license and then you get married, what is the status of the marriage? The marriage is considered as void. Except if it...
falls under the exempted marriages. I repeat, anong rule natin? If the marriage is celebrated without a valid marriage license, anong status? It is void.
Except if it falls under the exempted marriages. Okay? Yung exempted marriages natin, just like your marriage in Articulum Ortiz, natakal na siya doon sa first na video na nasend sa inyo.
Okay? Let's now go to the rule. Ano ang sabi natin?
Lack of valid marriage license. If celebrated abroad and is valid abroad, it should also be valid here in the Philippines. So, pag ang pinag-uusapan natin are lack of valid marriage licenses.
Okay? Void siya dahil walang valid marriage license. What's the rule?
Valid there, valid here. Kung valid abroad, valid din dito sa Philippines. Okay?
Pero of course, kung sa Philippines ka mag sa-celebrate ng marriage na yan, hindi siya pwedeng maging valid. It is always considered as void. Okay?
Go now to the next one. You now have bigamus or polygamous marriages. Ang iisipin lang ninyo, the marriage is bigamus kung at least dalawa.
Polygamous is more than two. Basang iisipin nyo, there is bigamy if. There is an existing marriage and the person would contract a subsequent marriage. So there is an existing marriage and then the person would contract a subsequent marriage.
Imagine kasal ka pa, tas magpapakasal ka na naman sa iba. Okay? So as a rule, pag bigamus or polygamous marriage yan, the status of the marriage is always void. Ang maganda dito, valid abroad, void here in the Philippines. So even if you celebrated your polygamous marriage abroad, and it was valid abroad, said polygamous marriage is still considered void here in the Philippines.
Hindi pa rin siya i-re-recognize ng Philippine laws natin. Pero syempre, merong exception. So as a rule, pag bigamous or polygamous yung marriage mo, ano ang status niya? It is void. What would be your exception?
You please try and look at Article 41 of the Family Code. So anong titignan nyo? You now have Article 41 of the Family Code.
Ang iisipin lang ninyo under Article 41, yung subsequent bigamous marriage ninyo would be considered as valid if nakumply ngayon yung requirements under Article 41. I-repeat. Anong sabi, general rule? Bigamous or polygamous marriages are void.
Even if they are valid abroad, they are always considered as void here in the Philippines. Kaya lang may exception. Anong exception nyo? You look at Article 41. Under Article 41, you now have a subsequent bigamous marriage. nagpakasal ka ulit.
Yung next na pagpapakasal mo, biga mo siya kasi meron ka pang existing na asawa. Meron ka pang existing na marriage. Sabi, kahit na biga mo itong marriage na ito, still it is considered na valid kung na-comply mo yung requirements ng Article 41 ninyo.
Ah, by the way, your Article 41 applies if Meron kang absentee spouse. Pag sinabi nating absentee spouse, ganito yung nangyari. You are married.
Kaya lang, the absentee, okay, your spouse, had been missing for four consecutive years. Four years na siyang hindi nahahanapan. Four years na siyang hindi nagpaparamdam. O di naman kaya, pwedeng kahit two years lang. if there is a high chance that there is already So there is a high chance that there is a danger of death.
Kung merong ganun na danger of death, most probably you would only wait for 2 years. Now what happened? Itong si present spouse, she has a well-founded belief na most probably itong si absent spouse is already dead.
So I repeat. Anong sabi? Itong si present spouse has a well-founded belief that the absent spouse is already dead.
Ang alam niya, ayon sa mga nakalap niyang information, patay na yung nawawala niyang asawa. E ngayon, during the time nawala yung asawa niya, she fell in love with another person. And she wants to get married with that person. Anong gagawin niya?
Take note, the marriage is still existing. So, buo pa yung kasal niya doon sa absent spouse. spouse niya. Tapos ngayon, anong balak niya?
Magpapakasal siya ulit sa iba. Take note, yung second na marriage niya, yung subsequent marriage niya is considered as a bigamous marriage. Bakit bigamous? Kasi she is now contracting a subsequent marriage e subsisting pa yung present na marriage niya.
Hindi pa sigurado kung patay na ba talaga yung asawa niya. Kaya nga, ang sabi ngayon ng Article 41 natin, oo, that is a bigamous marriage. Pero, we would allow or we would consider this bigamous marriage as valid if you are going to first obtain a judicial declaration of presumptive death.
Ibig sabihin, oo, nasal ka pa sa iba. Kaya lang nawawala siya. Gusto mo ulit magpakasal.
So anong sabi? Kukuha ka ngayon ng Judicial Declaration of Presumptive Death sa court para makapagpakasal ka. Ma'am, biga mo ba yung marriage?
Oo, biga mo pa rin siya. Kasi existing pa rin yung prior marriage mo. Dahil presumptive death nga, di ba? Ibig sabihin, we are not yet sure if the absent spouse is already dead.
Pero, by virtue of the obtained Judicial Declaration of Presumptive Death, Iaalaw ka nilang mag-contract ng subsequent marriage. And even if that marriage is a bigamous marriage, anong mangyayari ngayon, it is still considered as valid. Okay?
I repeat. So itong spouse na to, yung asawa niya, 4 consecutive years nang nawawala or 2 years nang nawawala in cases na merong high danger of death. Tapos nun, itong present spouse, As a well-founded belief that most probably, Si absent spouse is already dead.
Ngayon, itong si present spouse, she wants to remarry. Anong gagawin niya? She needs to obtain a judicial declaration of presumptive death from the court. So, pag tinanong kayo, yung subsequent marriage niya, in case magpakasal siya ulit, is that marriage a bigamous marriage? The answer is yes.
Why? Kasi presumptively dead lang naman yung asawa mo eh. Ibig sabihin, hindi pa siguradong patay siya. So, ano ang status ngayon? Meron ka pa rin existing na prior marriage.
Tapos, nag-contract ka ngayon ng subsequent marriage. Still a bigamous marriage. But, said bigamous marriage is a valid marriage. Okay?
Why? Because you were able to comply with the requirements of Article 41. Example. Kunyari, Maria is married to Juan.
Itong si Juan, sumakay siya ng plane. Now what happened, itong plane na to vanished in thin air. So bigla na lang nawala yung plane.
And no one knew what happened to it. So anong nangyari dito? Nawala yung plane, wala nang balita mula kay Juan.
Juan had been missing for about 3 years na. 3 taot na siyang nawawala. And there is, take note, a high danger na baka patay na siya kasi nga no one knew what happened to the plane.
Imagine it vanished in thin air. So ngayon may high danger of death, right? Ilang taon lang ang kailangan mong hintayin? Two years lang kasi there is a high danger of death.
Ngayon, based on that, sa mga news na naririnig, sa mga sinasabi ng gobyerno, Ang belief ngayon ng spouse is, one is already. So itong si Culasa, believing na patay na talaga yung asawa niya na matagal nang di nagpapakita after the vanishing of the aircraft na sinakyan niya, na in love siya ngayon sa iba. Ngayon, she wants to marry her newfound love, na itago na lang natin sa pangalang Pedro.
Ngayon, dahil gusto niyang pakasalan si Pedro, upunta siya ngayon sa court at mag-ob. ding ng judicial declaration of presumptive death. Take note, del presumptive death lang yan, hindi pa sigurado na patay yung unang asawa na si Juan, right?
Now, nag-issue yung court ng judicial declaration of presumptive death. Pwede na bang magpakasal ulit itong si Colasa kay Pedro? The answer is yes. Is the marriage bigamus?
The answer is yes. Kasi, existing pa rin yung naunang kasal mo kay one. Pero question, is the subsequent polygamous, is the subsequent bigamous marriage a valid marriage? The answer is, yes. Valid pa rin siya.
Okay? Yun yung bigamous or polygamous marriage na considered na valid. All the rest, they are considered as void.
Okay? Next. Talk about your mistake in identity. Sa Mistaken Identity, ano ang sabi? If the contracting party committed a mistake as to the identity of the other, the marriage is considered as void.
So saan nagkaroon ng mistake? As to the identity of the other. So mali yung pagkakaalam mo dun sa identity ng taong pinakasalan mo. So ano yung status ng marriage? It is considered as void.
Ang maganda dito, even if it is valid abroad, it is still considered as void here in the Philippines. Kaya nga kahit na sa abroad na celebrate yung kasal, hindi pa rin siya marerecognize sa Philippines kasi it is a kind of mistaken identity. Take note, sa mistaken identity, it should be with reference dun sa actual physical identity nung other contracting party.
I repeat. It should be with reference to the actual physical identity of the contracting party. Ibig sabihin, akala mo ang pinakasalan mo si ganito. Pero actually, ibang tao pala yung napakasalan mo. Ano siya?
Mistake in identity. It is avoid marriage. It produces avoid marriage. Okay?
Next. Let's talk about your... Next ground, you have their non-compliance with Article 52 of the Family Code. Bakit void under this provision?
You need to remember kasi na under Article 52, ano ang requirement. If the court issues a judgment of annulment or maybe issues a judgment declaring the marriage as void, Anong sabi? The parties now are required to submit or maybe to record or maybe to file sa civil registry at saka sa registries of property yung judgment ng annulment or maybe yung judgment ng absolute nullity of.
I repeat, under Article 52, pwede nyo na lang siyang basahin later on. Under Article 52, ano ang sabi? If the court issues a judgment of annulment or maybe issues a judgment declaring the marriage as void. So, nagkaroon ng judgment of annulment or maybe a judgment of nullity of marriage. Anong requirement under Article 52?
Kailangan yung judgment na yan would be registered sa civil registry tapos sa registry of properties. Maliban dyan, kailangan mo rin i-register yung partition distribution ng properties ng spouses. Tapos kailangan mo rin i-register yung delivery ng mga presumptive legitims ng mga anak nung na-dissolve the marriage.
Ibig sabihin guys, under Article 52, Meron ka ng dating marriage. Kasal ka na dati. Pero yung kasal na yun, na-dissolve siya dahil yung court, greenant niya ngayon yung annulment o kaya greenant niya ngayon yung judicial declaration of nullity of marriage.
So because of that, na-dissolve na yung kasal mo. Kaya lang what now happened? Ang requirement kasi niyan, yung na-dissolve na marriage, kailangan niyong i-register yung judgment niya sa civil registry. at saka sa registry of properties. Maliban dyan, kailangan nyo rin i-register dun sa offices na yun yung partition and distribution ng parties ng dati mong asawa.
At the same time, kailangan nyo rin i-record doon or i-register doon yung delivery ng presumptive legitims or yung mga presumptive na mamanahin ng mga anak nyo from that dissolved marriage. Okay? You are required to File 8. You are required to register and record it.
Ngayon, kung hindi mo na-comply ang requirement ng Article 52 na mag-register or mag-record ng mga inanumerate ko kanina, tapos nagpakasal ka ulit, ano ang status nung subsequent marriage mo? It now becomes void. I-repeat ha.
Ano ang status ng subsequent marriage mo? The status is void. Pero take note.
Kahit na ang status ng mga, or kahit ang status ng marriage is void, anong type ng anak ang ma-proproduce nila that would be legitimate children? I repeat, anong ma-proproduce ng marriage nila that would be legitimate children? Ito yung sinasabi ko sa inyo kanina na, exception. Diba I told you, if the marriage is void, ano ang ma-proproduce na children?
illegitimate. Except if it falls under what? Article 52. Kasi sabi sa article 52 ninyo, oo void yung kasal, pero yung mga magiging children ng kasal na yan are still considered as legitimate. Okay?
Next. Let's talk about article 36. Under this article, the marriage is void because of psychological incapacity. Most often than not, ito yung ginagamit ng mga tao na gustong ipadeclare yung mga kasal nila as void if they cannot find or they cannot use the other grounds provided by the family code.
Mam, bakit ganon? Bakit lagi nyan ang ginagamit nila? Kasi your psychological incapacity would now cover a very wide range of psychological defects that now renders a person incapable of performing or understanding his marital obligations.
Dahil sobrang lawak niyan, kahit ano pwede niyang makover. Kaya nga kung hindi na makapag-file yung mag-asawa under the other grounds, anong ginagamit nila sa last resort? Psychological incapacity.
Kasi catch all niya. Lahat ng possible na maging grounds for the declaration of nullity of a marriage. So ganito.
Ang iisipin ninyo, if the person or if the spouse was declared to be psychologically incapacitated. They are now trying to say na he has an innate incapacity or maybe inability to comply with the essential obligations of the marriage because of his utter insensitivity or maybe inability to understand his obligations. I repeat, if a person is psychologically incapacitated, it would mean that he has innate incapacity capacity.
or maybe inability to comply with the essential obligations of marriage because of his utter insensitivity or maybe inability to understand his obligations. Ibig sabihin, because of his psychological defect, anong nangyayari ngayon, hindi niya kayang i-perform yung obligations niya as a husband or maybe as a wife. So dito meron siyang utter insensitivity. or maybe inability to understand yung mga obligasyon niya.
Kaya siya psychologically incapacitated. Ang pinakasikat na case na ginagamit dito, so Article 3016 nyo would be the case of Chi Min Choi versus the Court of Appeals. Dito sa case ni Chi Min Choi, you now have a Chinese male.
So merong lalaki, he was Chinese. Itong si Chiwin Choi na to, Nagpakasal siya sa isang Filipina half Chinese. So, I repeat ah, si Chi Min Choi, Chinese siya, nagpakasal siya ngayon sa isang Filipina. Was half Filipino and half Chinese.
So, Filipino. Ngayon, what happened when they got married, during the honeymoon, walang nangyari sa kanila. Tapos noon, sumunod na araw, as in total, walang nangyari until... Umabot na ng 10 months, wala pa rin nangyayari sa kanila.
So imagine, for the 10 months that they've been married, they never consummated the marriage. Never silang nag-sex, never silang nag-talik. Hindi niya pinreform yung marital obligations niya dun sa asawa niya.
So ngayon, nag-file ngayon itong wife niya ng case for the declaration of nullity of their marriage. Anong ginamit nilang ground? You now have psychological incapacity.
Anong claim nila? Ito daw si Chi Min Choi did not have the capacity to comply with his marital obligations. Meron daw siyang utter insensitivity and inability to understand yung obligation niya as a husband.
He cannot understand the fact that as husband, He needs to provide the sexual needs of his wife. Okay? So, anong sabi?
The marriage is considered as void because of psychological incapacity. Okay? So, yun lang siya. That is your psychological incapacity. Ang iisipin niyo dyan, kailangan merong downright incapacity or maybe inability.
Hindi lang siya mere refusal. Hindi lang siya mere neglect or difficulty. Kailangan ipakita nyo doon na there was a downright incapacity or inability.
Ibig sabihin, kahit anong gawin, hindi talaga kaya, hindi talaga niya magagawang i-perform yung obligations niya as a husband or maybe as a wife. So yun lang siya, psychological incapacity. Dapat ha guys, meron tayong incurability.
Of said incapacity. It should be incurable. Tapos dapat, it should be grave and serious.
Okay? So, it's incurable, it is grave, it is serious. That is your psychological incapacity. Do not forget ha, dyan sa iyong psychological incapacity, kahit void yan, the children are still considered as legitimate.
Okay? Yun lang, baka lang kasi nakalimutan ninyo. So, let's now proceed to Article 37. You now have incestuous relationships. Bakit siya void?
Because it is incestuous. Ibig sabihin, the marriage was between blood relatives. Kaya siya na-consider na incestuous. Ma'am, ano yung mga incestuous relationships kaya considered na void? Number one, between ascendance and Descendants of whatever degree.
Pag-ascendance going up, pag-descendance going down. I do not care kung legitimate or illegitimate yung relationship nila. Basta what I know, if the marriage is between ascendance or maybe descendance, anong meron dyan? You now have an incestuous marriage, kaya siya void.
Example, lolo tapos yung apo. O kaya naman yung parent tapos yung anak. These are incestuous. Marriages. Ano pa?
You now have your marriages between brothers or sisters. Magkapatid. Regardless kung full blood, half blood, legitimate or illegitimate.
Pag sinabi niyong full blood, ibig sabihin they have the same parents. Pag sinabi niyong half blood, so pwedeng magkaiba sila ng nanay or magkaiba sila ng tatay. Basta blood related pa rin sila. Okay?
At regardless kung legitimate or illegitimate, still considered as what? Still considered as void yung marriage nila. Okay? So, yun lang siya, void marriages under Article 37. Next, you have there, void marriages under Article 38. Anong sabi? It is void by reason of public policy.
Ang titignan nyo dyan yung mga relationships ulit. Okay? What are the relationships which are considered as void? By reason of public policy, number one, you have their marriages between collateral relatives up to the fourth civil degree. Whether legitimate or illegitimate, they are considered as void pag sila yung mga nagpakasal.
Still considered as void even if it was celebrated abroad. So valid there pero still considered as void here in the Philippines. Mom. Sino yung mga collateral relatives?
Take note, pag collateral yan, hindi kayo going up or going down. Hindi siya vertical, but rather horizontal. Okay?
Pahiga ang tingin ninyo sa relationships. Sino ang papasok dyan? Uncle and nieces. Aunts and nephews. First cousins.
Take note, ha? First cousin. So, pag second cousin, third cousin, pwede na yan.
Okay? Hindi na siya void by reason of public policy. Kasi ang prohibition lang dyan would be hanggang kay first gossip. Okay?
What else? Marriages between your step-parents and step-children. Pag sinabi nating step-parent and step-children, dito pumapasok yung mga blended families natin. Sa blended families natin, yung nanay, hiwalay sa tatay.
Yung tatay, hiwalay sa nanay. And then later on, nag-cruise yung landas nila, nagka-inlaban sila. So they now form a blended family. Ngayon, kung titignan ninyo, hindi blood-related yung step-parent at saka step-children.
They are not blood-related. Pero yung relationship nila, comparable din lamang sa mga blood-related na parent and children. So, because of that, what now happened?
Void yung kasal nila. What else? Marriages between parents-in-law and children-in-law.
Imagine, papakasalan mo yung child-in-law mo, yung son-in-law mo, pinakasalan mo dahil patay na yung anak mo. So, nung namatay yung anak mo, pinakasalan mo ngayon yung asawa niya. Okay? So, ano siya?
That would be considered as? Void by reason of public policy. Okay?
Next. You also have there void by reason of adoptive relationships. Sa adoptive relationships, kailangan yung i-memorize yan, ha?
Yung adopter, siya yung nagampon. The adopter cannot marry the adopted child. Tapos, the adopter cannot marry the surviving spouse of the adopted child. Ibig sabihin, yung taong nagampon, hindi niya pwedeng pakasalan yung inampon niya. Tapos, in case yung inampon niya merong asawa, tapos namatay na yung inampon niya, itong adapter na to, hindi niya rin pwedeng pakasalan yung asawa ng ampon niya.
Okay? Ano pa? The adopted cannot marry the adapter. Yung ampon, hindi pwedeng pakasalan yung umampon sa kanya.
The adopted cannot marry the surviving spouse of the adopter. So yung ampon, Hindi niya pwedeng pakasalan yung asawa ng umampun sa kanya kasi parang tatay niya na yan eh. Okay? Who else?
The adopter cannot marry the legitimate child of the adopter. Take note. Legitimate child ang bawal.
Ibig sabihin, kung yung adopter bet niyang pakasalan yung illegitimate child ng umampun sa kanya, pwede. Ang prohibition yung legitimate child ng adopter. Walang sinasabi about illegitimate child. So if the adopter has a legitimate child, yung inampon si adopter, hindi niya pwedeng pakasalan yung kapatid niya. Okay?
Kasi diba pag-adopted ka, yung mga anak na umampon sa'yo, parang kapatid mo na rin yan. And of course, the last one. The adopter cannot marry another adopted child of the adopter. So halimbawa, lima kayong mga ampon ng adopter, hindi kayo pwedeng mainlove sa isa't isa at magpakasal.
Why? It is void by reason of public policy. So void under Article 40 would tell you that there was a previous void marriage. Tapos ikaw, dahil akala mo alam mo na lahat, sabi mo, ay void yung marriage ko. Ibig sabihin, it is inexistent from the beginning.
Ibig sabihin, wala siyang visa. So because that is what you think, what did you do? You now contracted another marriage.
Without securing a judicial declaration of nullity of marriage. So, I repeat. Anong nangyari, sabi ng Article 40?
You have a previous void marriage. And believing that it was void, what did you do? You now contracted a subsequent marriage. Now, anong status ng subsequent marriage? It is considered as void.
Ma'am, bakit kasi? Oo, void naman talaga yung prior marriage mo, diba? Gets naman natin yun. Kaya lang as a rule, you need to make sure that there is a judicial declaration of nullity of marriage.
Kasi diba sabi natin, as a general rule, you do not need to take judicial declaration of marriage if the marriage is void. Pero, if it is for purposes of remarriage, required ang judicial declaration. So in here, void naman talaga yung previous marriage mo.
Kaya lang, you did not secure the required judicial declaration of nullity of marriage before you contracted the subsequent marriage. So anong nangyari, yung subsequent marriage mo also becomes void because you did not comply with the requirement of securing a judicial declaration of nullity of marriage. hindi ka kumuha ng order from the court declaring your previous marriage as void bago ka nagpakasal ulit. So, yung subsequent na marriage mo, yung sumunod na kasal mo, void pa rin siya. Why?
Walang nangyari na judicial declaration of nullity of marriage. So, let's talk about your valid subsequent bigamous marriages under Article 41. Sinabi ko, ko na sa inyo kanina na a bigamous marriage is void except if it complies with the requirements of Article 41. Under Article 41, sabi natin, the subsequent bigamous marriage is still considered as valid if, number one, The absent spouse had been missing for four consecutive years or maybe two years in case of high danger of death. Number two, the present spouse has a well-founded belief that the absent spouse is already dead.
Number three, the present spouse secures a judicial declaration of presumptive death. Pag na-comply ang tatlong yan, Pwede nang mag-contract ng subsequent marriage itong si present spouse. Valid yan na bigamus marriage. Mamba't siya bigamus kasi, presumptively dead pa lang yung asawa eh. So ibig sabihin, existing pa rin yung prior marriage.
Yun nga lang, inaalaw na ngayon ng court na itong si present spouse magpakasal na siya ulit. Bigamus yung marriage. Pero it is a valid bigamus marriage. Now, saan tayo nagkakaproblem dito?
There is a big problem if the absent spouse would reappear. Ibig sabihin, magbabalik loob yung asawang matagal nang nawawala at akalang patay na. If ever si absent spouse biglang nagreappear, kahit makita pa siya ng lahat ng tao, It does not automatically terminate yung subsequent marriage.
Hindi agad-agad ma-dedissolve yung subsequent na bigamous marriage. Okay? So mere physical reappearance would not have any effect on the valid subsequent bigamous marriage. So ang tanong, paano siya magkakaroon ng effect? There is a need for the absent spouse.
To record an affidavit of reappearance. Okay? So, I repeat.
Kailangan si absent spouse mag-record siya ngayon ng affidavit of reappearance. Kung ayaw niya na siya ang mag-record ng affidavit of reappearance niya, any interested party may do that. Okay? So, kahit sinong interested party, pwede siya ngayong mag- Or pwedeng siya ang mag-record ng affidavit of reappearance. The moment the affidavit of reappearance is recorded kay civil registry, anong mangyayari ngayon?
Automatically mateterminate si subsequent bigamous marriage. Guys, don't worry. Not just because the subsequent bigamous marriage was already terminated or maybe was already automatically dissolved, na gada-gada dehado ng mga bata.
Do not worry because the children of the terminated subsequent bigamous marriage are still considered as legitimate children. Okay? So, kayo mag-worry sa kanila, they are still considered as.
Legitimate kahit na na-dissolve na yung subsequent bigamus marriage na yun. Void marriage under Article 44. Ito lang iisipin nyo dyan. It is somewhat similar sa provisions ng Article 41. Kaya lang, under Article 41 kasi, the subsequent bigamus marriage is valid. Okay? It was valid.
Sa Article 44, The subsequent bigamus marriage is void. Ma'am, bakit siya void? Kasi, imagine ninyo, yes, the absent spouse had been missing for four consecutive years or maybe two years if there is danger of death.
The spouse present obtained judicial declaration of presumptive death. Kaya lang, what's the problem? Itong present na spouse, At yung second spouse, present spouse and second spouse.
Mom was the second spouse, that would be the spouse in the subsequent bigamous marriage. Present spouse and second spouse both acted in bad faith. Ibig sabihin, itong si present spouse at si subsequent spouse, alam pala nila na itong si absent spouse was still alive. So alam nila na buhay pa yung absent spouse.
Pero they still pursued the marriage and they still obtained a judicial declaration of presumptive death. Okay na sana eh. Valid na sana. Kaya lang, na-discover na itong dalawang tupala acted in bad faith. Meaning, they both knew that the so-called absent spouse was still alive.
In such case, anong sabi? Void marriage siya under Article 44. Okay? So, ito lang yung grounds ninyo for a void marriage.
Pag hindi siya pumasok sa grounds na to, ibig sabihin, hindi siya void. You find another category of The marriage. Okay? Now, what would be the effect of a declaration of nullity of marriage? Take note.
If your marriage is void and you want to remarry, I repeat, if your marriage is void and you want to remarry, anong sabi? You need to secure a judicial declaration of nullity of marriage. Ibig sabihin, this is a remedy only for void marriages.
Hindi siya for voidable. Pag voidable, annulment. Pag void, that would be declaration of nullity of marriage.
So ganito. Ano yung magiging effect ng declaration of nullity of marriage ninyo? Yung judicial declaration ninyo would look back or would retroact. to the date of the celebration of the marriage. So, ibig sabihin, ang application niya would now go back, way back, doon sa date ng celebration ng marriage mo.
So, dahil, idideclare niya ngayon yung marriage mo as void, as if no marriage have taken place. As if hindi talaga siya nag-exist. So, wala naman talagang kasal to speak of.
That's the general rule. Kaya lang kasi, as an exception, we need to consider the existence of the prior marriage for purposes of remarriage. I repeat, we need to consider the existence of the prior marriage for purposes of remarriage.
Kaya nga, as an exception, ano ang sabi? Even if the first marriage is void, But there was no judicial declaration of its nullity. What would happen now? Yung subsequent marriage mo would be considered as void and you would be having a liability of bigamy. I repeat, take note.
Even if the marriage is void, the first marriage is void. Pero hindi ka ngayon nag-secure ng judicial declaration of nullity of marriage bago ka magpakasal ulit. O bago ka mag-contract ng subsequent marriage, ano ang sabi? Yung subsequent marriage mo would also become void. Tapos magkakaroon ka pa ng criminal liability for the crime of bigamy.
Kasi nga diba, for purposes of remarriage, we would still consider the existence of the prior marriage. So ibig sabihin dito, makakapag-commit ka pa rin ng bigamy kasi nga, You are now contracting a subsequent marriage despite the existence of a prior marriage. Okay? Ano pa? The subsequent declaration of nullity on the ground of psychological incapacity does not retroact to the date of the celebration of marriage.
Kaya again, anong sabi? There is still liability for bigamy. So pag psychological incapacity yan. Magre-retroact ba yung judicial declaration sa date ng celebration ng marriage? The answer is no.
Kaya nga, in cases of psychological incapacity, as a ground of judicial declaration of nullity of marriage, anong sinasabi niya? Kailangan magpa-declare ka muna na null or maybe void yung kasal mo, bago ka magkaroon ng subsequent marriage kasi that would also result to what you call bigamy. Okay?
Next. Pag-usapan natin yung status ng mga bata the moment a marriage is declared as void. Take note. As a general rule, children of void marriages are considered as illegitimate.
Exception, yung pinag-usapan natin kanina. Void by reason of psychological incapacity o kaya Void by reason of non-compliance with the requirements of Article 52. Hindi ko na siya itatakal kasi natapos na natin siya a while back. Okay? Next. So, let's talk about your voidable marriages.
Ang isipin nyo lang dito, these are marriages which are considered as valid unless annulled. Ano sila? Valid unless annulled.
As such, it would be able to produce all its civil effects. So hanggat hindi pa siya nadidisolve, hanggat hindi pa siya napapawalang visa, it would continue to produce all its civil effects kasi nga hanggat walang disolution niyan, hanggat walang annulment. Yan, said marriage is considered as valid.
So in effect, the children of voidable marriages are considered as legitimate. Just make sure that the child of this voidable marriage was conceived or maybe born before the finality of the judgment of annulment. Anong status ng mga anak ng isang voidable marriage? They are considered as legitimate.
Just make sure na nabuo sila or maybe pinanganak sila bago ma-render ngayon yung judgment of annulment. Okay? So, ganun lang siya. Those are your voidable marriages. So, alam na natin yan.
Ito yung sinasabi natin kanina. Considered as valid and produces all its legal effects until it is set aside by final judgment of a competent court in an action for Annulment. Please take note na yung defects ng voidable marriages ninyo, pwede silang maratify, pwede silang makonfirm ng free cohabitation, or pwede silang mag-prescribe. So, I repeat, yung defects ng voidable marriage, anong pwedeng mangyari? Pwedeng maratify, pwedeng makonfirm ng free cohabitation, or maybe pwede siyang mag-prescribe.
Pag na-ratify yan, na-confirm ng free cohabitation o kaya nag-prescribe siya, what would happen? Itong mga defects ng voidable marriages ninyo, hindi nyo na siya later on pwedeng i-claim for the annulment of marriage. Okay?
Ibig sabihin, hindi mo na pwedeng mapawalang visa yung voidable marriage mo kasi yung defect sana na gagamitin mo for the annulment was already ratified, confirmed, or maybe it was already prescribed. Okay? So, hindi mo na siya pwedeng i-claim later on. Kaya lang, as an exception, meron tayong mga defects ng voidable marriages na hindi sila pwedeng maratify. So, ang pwede mo lang gawin sa kanila is isubject mo sila sa prescription pero hindi sila pwedeng maratify.
So, I repeat ah, hindi pwedeng maratify pero Pwede siyang maging subject ng prescription. So, parang ganito. You now have what you call your impotency. Pag sinabi nating impotency, that is your erectile insufficiency. Ibig sabihin, hindi mo mapatayo.
Okay? Hindi mo kayang magkaroon ng ereksyon, kaya hindi mo na-perform ngayon yung sexual obligations mo. That's impotency. Ano yung pangalawa?
You now have the affliction with STDs. And your STD is serious and incurable. Itong dalawang cases na to, hindi sila nare-ratify pero pwede silang mag-prescribe. I repeat, hindi sila nare-ratify pero pwede mag-prescribe.
Ibig sabihin, darating yung point na hindi mo na siya pwede gamitin as a ground for annulment of your marriage kasi nag-express. expire na yung time mo para ma-file siya or para i-question siya in court. Yun yung sinasabi nito.
So generally, the defects may be what? Ratified, confirmed, or maybe it may prescribe. Pag na-ratify na confirm or nag-prescribe yan, what's the effect?
You can no longer claim them. Hindi mo na sila pwedeng gamitin later on for purposes of annulment. Exception, ano ang sabi?
Itong dalawang to, impotency tapos STD. Hindi sila pwedeng maratify pero they can prescribe. Okay? So ganun lang siya. So how do you ratify a defect?
Pag sinabi mong ratify, you are now formally consenting or maybe you are now validating the defect. Ibig sabihin, hindi mo na siya pwedeng i-claim later on in case you want to have an annulment. Bakit? Kasi you have already consented to it or maybe you have already validated it.
Yun yung sinasabi natin na ratification. If yung ground mo, kaya naging voidable yung marriage is lack of parental consent, anong sabi? It is now ratified through the free cohabitation by the party entitled to seek annulment after reaching the age of 21. Ibig sabihin, if hindi mo na-acquire yung parental consent na nire-require if you're 18 to 21 years old. Ano ang sabi? Itong defect na to, possible siyang maratify if, after reaching the age of 21, voluntarily, nagkohabit ka pa rin with your husband.
Ibig sabihin, hindi mo ngayon cleaname yung defect. Ibig sabihin, you still continued living with your husband, you still continued to maintain the husband and wife relationship. So ano siya? Ratified na siya.
Ibig sabihin after that hindi mo na pwedeng i-claim yan as a ground for annulment. Next, you have their insanity. Nararatify siya through free cohabitation by the insane after coming to reason.
Ibig sabihin yung baliw, di ba may lucid interval siya. Nung time na normal siyang mag-isip, nung lucid interval niya, nung nakita niya ngayon yung asawa niya, Patuloy pa rin siyang nag-cohabit kasama nung asawa niya. So normal na siyang mag-isip pero he still chose to be with the husband or maybe the wife. So continued cohabitation after coming to reason. Or free cohabitation despite the lucid interval.
Anong mangyayari? Gratified siya. Next, you now have fraud.
For your fraud, you now have free cohabitation by the injured party. After gaining full knowledge of the fraud, imagine, bakit kayo na ikasal? Kasi merong fraud na binigay sa'yo or may fraud na nangyari. Because of the fraud, pumayag ka magpakasal. Ngayon, later on, nung kasal na kayo, you came to discover yung panlilin lang sa'yo pero you still chose to stay with the husband or you still chose to stay with the spouse.
Anong sabi? Ratified. Next. Vitiated consent, ibig sabihin, nangyari o nakuha mo yung consent through force, intimidation, or maybe undue influence. So bakit pumayag magpakasal sa'yo?
Kasi tinakot mo siya kunyari. Now, the moment na mawala na yung force, intimidation, or undue influence, tapos patuloy ka pa rin nag-cohabit with that spouse of yours, anong mangyayari? Gratified.
The moment maratify ang mga yan, you can no longer claim them as grounds for annulment of the voidable marriage. Hindi na siya pwedeng magamit na ground para mapaanal yung voidable marriage mo. Next. So your action for annulment is subject to prescriptive period or maybe the statute of limitations. Ibig sabihin, yung pagpa-file ng action for annulment may expiration.
action for annulment, siguraduhin ninyo na may ma-file niyo siya within the period provided by law. Kasi, if you don't file it within the period, what would happen? Hindi ka na pwedeng mag-file later on.
So, the first one, lack of parental consent. Anong prescriptive period for lack of parental consent? You need to make sure that you are going to file the action before the party reaches the age of 21. Kasi diba 18 to 21?
So anong sabi? Kailangan ma-file mo ngayon yung Action for Annulment bago mag-21 yung spouse na nagpakasal ng 18 to 21 years old. Yung spouse na nangangailangan sana ng parental consent. Bago siya mag-21, kailangan ma-file niyo yung Action for Annulment. Or maybe if not, Pwede rin naman na pag walang action ang na-file.
Okay? So, before reaching the age of 21, no action was filed for annulment. Anong mangyayari? The party whose parents did not give consent. Yung party na nasa 18 to 21 pa lang nung nagpakasal may file the action within 5 years after attaining the age of 21. So yung spouse mismo, na hindi nakakuha ng parental consent, pwede pa siyang mag-file within 5 years after niyang ma-reach ang age na 21. So yun yung number one.
Number two, insanity. In cases of insanity, kailan ang prescriptive period niya? The action must be filed during the lifetime of the parties.
So kailangan buhay pa yung spouses nung time na nag-file ka ng action for annulment. Hindi ngay kagaya sa void marriages, di ba? Imprescriptible siya. Dito hindi. Pag insane ka daw anong sabi, kailangan ma-file mo siya during the lifetime of the parties.
Kasi pag hindi mo siya na-file during the lifetime of the parties, hindi na pwede. Tanong, sino ang pwedeng mag-file? Pwedeng yung insane mismo the moment he regains his sanity.
Or maybe, any relative or person having legal charge of the insane. Short to say, yung guardian. So, kahit sino sa mga taong yan, pwede silang mag-file ngayon ng action for annulment.
Just make sure that it is filed within the lifetime of the parties. Kasi, pag meron ng namatay sa kanila, hindi na siya pwede. Okay?
Next, you now have fraud. Kailan ka dapat mag-file? It should be filed within 5 years from its discovery. And take note, ang pwede lang mag-file nito is yung victim. Yung spouse na pumayag na magpakasal dahil may panlilin lang.
But just make sure ha, it should be filed within 5 years. Next, pag-visiated consent naman, you should file it within 5 years from the disappearance of the ground. Ibig sabihin, within 5 years from the disappearance ni Forrest, intimidation or maybe ni Andrew, influence. Again, it may only be filed by the team. Tapos lastly, you now have your impotency.
Pag impotency ang ground, take note, anong prescriptive period niya? It should be filed within 5 years from celebration of the marriage. Sino lang ang pwedeng mag-file?
Siyempre, yung injured na spouse. Sining injured na spouse, yung asawa nung taong hindi makapagpatayo. Okay? Yun ang sinasabi niya.
Voidable marriages can only be assailed in a direct proceeding for that purpose and not collaterally. Kung sana, void marriage yan, pwedeng direct, pwedeng collateral. Pero pag voidable marriage, ano ang sabi? It can only be attacked or assailed in a direct proceeding for that purpose.
Hindi pwede ang collateral attacks. Ibig sabihin, ang voidable marriages ninyo, pwede nyo lang siyang i-assail in an action for an annulment of said voidable marriage. Hindi siya pwede ma-assail kung side issue lang siya ng isa pang kaso.
Dapat siya yung main issue. Next. Voidable marriages can only be questioned during the lifetime of the parties and not after death of either. Ito yung sinasabi natin kanina. Dapat pareho pa silang buhay.
Pag merong namatay, hindi na pwede. Unlike your void marriages, pwede sila even after death of the parties. Pag voidable, hindi pwede.
Next, number 5. The ground or defect must be in existence at the time of the celebration of marriage. Ibig sabihin, it is something na meron na nung sinelebrate niyo yung marriage. It should not be something na na-develop lang nung kasal na kayo. I repeat ha, the ground or defect must already be existing at the time of the celebration of marriage.
Ibig sabihin, dati pa lang meron na siya. Okay, next. Aning grounds natin for annulment?
Let's start there with insanity. For your insanity, the marriage is voidable. Whether or not the same spouse was aware of the existence of such insanity at the time of the celebration of the marriage or not.
I repeat, pag-insanity yan, regardless if the spouse knew or maybe not. Yung existence ng insanity at the time of the celebration of the marriage. The marriage is still considered as void.
So, ibig sabihin, alam man or hindi nung taong papakasalan mo na meron kang insanity at the time of the celebration of the marriage, still considered siya na voidable. So, alam man or hindi, lagi siyang voidable. Okay? Now, punta na tayo sa next one.
Consent obtained through fraud. Ang isipin nyo dito, hindi lahat ng fraud would be tantamount to a ground for an annulment of marriage. Hindi lahat ng fraud nagre-result sa tinatawag na voidable marriage.
Kailangan pasok dito sa enumerations na to. Number one, ano yung mga fraud na considered as a ground? Number one, Non-disclosure of a previous conviction.
I repeat, non-disclosure of a previous conviction. Take note, previous conviction. Kaya ibig sabihin, meron ng final judgment. Tapos para pumasok siya ng fraud, dapat yung previous conviction mo involves moral turpitude.
So anong nangyari dyan? Hindi mo sinabi doon sa mapapangasawa mo. Kasi di ba kasal na sila ngayon? So bago pa kayo ikasal, nung mapapangasawang pa lang siya, bago pa kayo mag-celebrate ng marriage nyo, hindi mo in-inform itong taong to na meron kang previous conviction involving moral turpitude. Next, number two.
Concealment of pregnancy by a man other than the husband. I repeat. Concealment of pregnancy by a man other than the husband.
So what happened? The wife was already pregnant at the time of the celebration of marriage. Buntis na siya noong pinakasalan siya.
Ngayon, itong batang to, hindi sa asawa niya. Itong batang to, baby niya sa ibang lalaki. Now, alam na nga niyang buntis siya at the time of the celebration of the marriage. Pero hindi niya man lang sinabi yun doon sa asawa niya bago man lang sila magpakasal.
Okay? Next, concealment of STD. Sa concealment of STD ninyo, the person now was already afflicted with STD. Pwede siyang serious or hindi.
Pwede siyang incurable or hindi. Now, meron na siyang STD. At the time of the celebration of marriage, pero hindi niya man lang in-inform yung asawa niya. Okay?
Next, number four. Concealment of drug addiction, habitual alcoholism, homosexuality, or lesbianism. I repeat. Concealment of drug addiction, habitual alcoholism, homosexuality, lesbianism.
Okay? So, pag itong mga to, itong mga sinabi ko, present na sila or existing na sila at the time of the celebration of the marriage. Tapos, hindi mo man lang in-inform yung asawa mo na meron ka nyan or ganyan ka.
Ano ang sabi? Considered siya as fraud. So, I repeat, considered siya as fraud.
By the way, Sabi dyan, consent obtained through fraud, diba? Dapat, itong fraud na to, pasok doon sa apat na enumerations na binigay ko sa inyo. Tapos, take note, itong fraud na to involves concealment. Ibig sabihin, hindi mo in-inform, hindi mo sinabi.
Okay? Take note, na these circumstances were already existing. During the time of the celebration of the marriage. So ang expectation kailangan, bago pa kayo tuluyang makasal, dapat in-inform mo na yung mapapangasawa mo. So pag hindi mo siya in-inform about those matters and you merited a while back, tapos natuloy yung kasal ninyo, wala siyang kamalay-malay, that is now considered as concealment.
Yung concealment ngayon is tantamount to fraud. And yun yung fraud, na sinasabi nila na naging dahilan kung bakit nakuha mo yung consent ng asawa mo. Okay?
So, consent obtained through fraud, what constitutes fraud? Yung inanumerate natin kanina. So, pag kinonsil mo yung mga inanumerate natin kanina, despite the fact na alam mong existing sila at the time of the celebration of the marriage, hindi mo man lang in-inform yung asawa mo, kaya natuloy yung kasal ninyo.
Ano ang sabi? There was consent obtained through fraud. Therefore, the marriage is voidable.
Next, consent obtained through force, intimidation or undue influence. Ang iisipin lang ninyo dito, we are talking about jurists. I repeat, you have there jurists. Ma'am, what is jurists? Jurists is compulsion through the use of violence.
I repeat, jurists is compulsion. Through the use of violence. Ibig sabihin, bakit kayo naikasal?
Naikasal kayo kasi ginamitan mo siya ng dahas. Okay? So take note, the violence here, the intimidation here, was the primary reason kung bakit kayo naikasal. Dapat yung force and violence dito, yung intimidation na ginamit ninyo, was unjust or unlawful.
It was something that was so serious or maybe so grave, kaya nga napilitan siya na magpakasal sa'yo. Okay? Dahil sa ginawa mo, natakot siya kaya siya nagpakasal sa'yo.
Ano ang sabi? That is considered as a ground for annulment kasi ang status ng marriage niyo is voidable. Next. Either party was physically incapable of consummating the marriage. That is what you call impotency.
Guys, pag sinabi nating impotency, hindi yan pareho sa baog. Pag sinabi mong baog, ibig sabihin, sterile. Ibig sabihin, the person does not have the capacity to procreate.
Ibig sabihin, pwedeng nakakapagpatayo siya pero hindi siya pwedeng magkaanak. Kasi yung mga na-proproduce niya ngayon na sperms, hindi capable na bumuo ng baby. Yun ang sterile. Yun ang baog.
Iba ang impotency. When you say impotency, this is your erectile insufficiency. Ibig sabihin, hindi mo mapatayo yung penis mo. So, sabi, if you are impotent, if you do not have the ability to have sexual intercourse because of your erectile insufficiency. Or maybe on the part of the woman because of her frigidity.
Pwede siyang gamitin na ground for an annulment. Kasi ground siya ng ano? Ground siya or better, karakteristik siya ng tinatawag niyo na voidable marriage.
The marriage is considered as void. Next. Lastly, either party was afflicted with STD.
which is serious and incurable. Take note ha, iba yung sa consent obtained through fraud, kung saan nagkaroon ng concealment of STD. Doon, ano ang ground mo kung bakit mo pinapaanal yung marriage?
Kasi nagkaroon ng concealment of STD. Yung STD doon, pwede siyang serious or not, pwede siyang incurable or not. Iba to. Separate to.
In here, the existence of the STD is the ground itself. The fact na may STD ka ang mismong dahilan or ang mismong ground kung bakit ipapaanal yung kaso mo. Kaya nga, because the STD in itself is the ground for the annulment, you need to make sure that it is serious and incurable.
I repeat, it should be serious and incurable. So, anong meron dito? Yung STD was already existing at the time of the marriage and the spouse, the injured spouse, did not know anything about it. Okay?
So, ganun lang siya. Guys, kailangan serious siya tapos incurable. I repeat, dito. Ano ang ground mo for the annulment? The existence of the STD itself.
Doon sa isa kanina, ano ang ground mo? yung concealment of STD, which forms part of consent obtained through fraud. Okay? So, ganyan lang siya.
So, what are the effects of your annulment? I-go over lang natin sila. You now have the termination of the marital bond.
Ibig sabihin, hindi na kayo kasal. Children of the terminated marriage are considered as legitimate. Kasi diba, valid unless annulled.
Parental custody and authority Okay. shall be exercised by the parent designated by the court. So dahil parehong legitimate child yung mga anak nila, right? Legitimate children yan. Supposedly, joint parental authority.
Pero dahil hiwalay na sila, ang gagawin ng court, magdadesignate siya ngayon ng parent who would be having parental custody and who would be exercising parental authority over the children. Ang mangyayari na lang dyan, visitation rights yung isa sa mga parents. Okay, next. You now have the dissolution and liquidation of the absolute community or conjugal partnership as the case may be.
Ibig sabihin, anumang property relations nila, noong nagsasama pa sila, madi-dissolve na yun, mali-liquidate na yun para ma-distribute na sa kanila. Ma'am, ano yung absolute community? Ano yung conjugal partnership? No worries kasi itatakal natin yan after your legal separation. Okay?
So yun lang siya. That would be your void and voidable marriages. I repeat ha, pag void yung marriage tapos you want to remarry, kailangan mong mag-secure ng declaration of nullity of marriage.
Pero pag voidable yung marriage, ano ang kailangan mong isecure? Annulment. pag voidable ano siya, annulment.
Okay? So, that's it.