we left talking about the major changes after the battle was okay and after the creation of the Prussian United Kingdom are intact now remember what we talked about in previous forces okay the great game the rivalry between Russia and the United Kingdom no evasions one of the major rival is one of the stable elements of international relations and here we have the United Kingdom make the choice to move Russia it's not that the UK is not scared of Russia the official proposal is a pictorial office still remains very much afraid of Russia and sees it as the greatest and it's the decision that they have to the conclusion that the only way to secure India is by aligning with Russia and hoping to control Russian games and they decide that there are two there in one place two places where they're going to give Russia whatever it wants in return for Russia not bothering them anymore in such a nation that's the Balkans and the Caucasus and as we said the major changes for the first time in hundred years Great Britain who fought a war to maintain the Ottoman Empire don't forget that in the Crimean War the war were to maintain the Ottoman Empire has decided that it's okay if the Ottoman state is dissolved and in fashion even gets control of Constantinople is of the streets and in the balance they're not okay with a dissolution of austria-hungary as a great power this is attempt Tony shift in politics us as the old because revolution talked about in the 8th century when the Bruins and the hopscotch enemies until they came together to fight Russia it seems a gentlemen's have a very bad habit of making people who hate each other become friends against them now well then it's cause the code reviews to the Cystic changes and is still fanatically trying to get England to become it's a lie by essentially acting like a internationally ok and his idea is he's going to make sure France and England become enemies he misunderstands he misses you know this is the important thing when you're a politician you have to be able to look beyond the headlines and to look beyond your prejudices you have to be able to cast your eyes in the real changes he was left still in the ear out of a shot at crisis he was still definitely you know French British antagonism over Africa collapses in the middle of the night he did not understand that aramis over he was blind he was an idiot so thinking that things are the same as they were 20 years ago he decides to cause a crisis in Africa in the hopes of beating the French against the British okay and he does that twice in the Moroccan crisis of National Park nationally the both sigh both times fails he pushes the electrical brick and everytime Britain tells France a gotcha well Austria tells Germany we're not willing to have a war over Morocco the balance is important for us what's going on here is that you the story of 12 until now has been a story of European empires European grayed-out European states it has been a Eurocentric story because until this point of history the European states were the most powerful actors in the system by violence and force by commerce and colonialism by imperialism they have conquered also the planet they have murdered they have slayed they have ready they have two schools they have built universities that could rotate the transport they have opened part of the world to the new technology and at the center I had them for some stupid ideologies of the world right racism for all of this time they have been the protagonists not you see what's going on is that the United Kingdom the preeminent the European powers but also the first global captains power has come to a conclusion that Europe is a secretary the world is the price and it's okay to sacrifice elements of the European system countries in Europe the austro-hungarian Empire the Ottoman Empire the balance of power in Europe to attain security and dominion over the world world my dear students the end of Europe did not come in 1980 the end of Europe did not come in 1945 the end of Europe as a political photographers would know can be 1911 Germany is not global power France is a global power Russia's a global power all of these global states can play they are confident that they have a place in this new global iam Germany in Austria their European powers the European space they are literally seeing the world change in front of their eyes and that means Germany is now so isolated it has no choice but to be fully committed with austro-hungarian era the most powerful state in Europe cannot think of another way to make itself relevant to the 20th century than by committing to the least powerful and this global of all the great powers as a result the two alliances become harder on the one hand we have a triple contact the military right between France and Russia a military Understanding between France and Great Britain and our political standing between Russia and Great Britain they are opposed by the military alliance called that Triple Alliance including Germany austria-hungary and Italy I mean look how bad the conditions are for Germany their only allies are two states that anti-symmetric League approach to each other the Italians weren't this part of the austro-hungarian Empire they read that list but with will get foolish there are other options he has to choose second-rate allies okay what is it a little italy is the weakest of the great projects within austria-hungary but it is the most how can i say they are recorded on ours now the italians gave us the italian company we hope there are a lot of it there are there are people people just like the grapes over there more than the greeks population wise so Italy wants to be treated as a great power it once colonies once respect so its policy is essentially messenger he interferes in everything you can in the whole that gets rewards okay so despite the fact that it has territorial claims on austria-hungary it nicely Germany and austria-hungary why what for the Austrian citizen group in the lines they prefer to have the Italians inside the groups hopefully controlling their illnesses and outside for the judges Italy has a name after France it has the strongest maybe in the Mediterranean okay for Italy this is perfect just by saying working under your friend it gets too late now supported he wants to do I want to conquer trip on it down from the Ottoman Empire yes yes support you I wanna go ahead and break Somalia yes yes we support you I wanna beat up the Greeks in Albania I guess yes we support you this is literally it now here is the reality no one trusts anybody this alliance we know from the documents that the Germans and the Austrians did not trust Italians they thought that in case of a great power war Italy will definitely not become an active ni but they didn't clear all they wanted Italy was to stay neutral because they thought that if there was a Warren will finish very fast so you know we defeat the French and the Russians and then we build Italians say a mania wink whoa we have the problem here okay macaroni Ethan that wasn't a bust so let's go to the world okay some of the things that happened in March 1914 okay the true variance of the Ottoman Empire okay came to power that was what the solidified their powerfully of sorry through the election of claps okay essentially see you cannot beat the crap out of anybody not what it see you be in France model can use wife of experts prime minister at Yale values goes to the offices of the newspaper electrical asks to see the editor-in-chief and when he comes in to see her she comes up takes a gun out of her helpers and shoot you multiple times it's over an assessment yes back in Chicago a safe path which they for the first the world they make the beer green if you go to a penthouse in path which they published about literally the beers believe tastes disgusting but okay its eyes looking at a couple of the months later in a quiet provisional silikal sidewalk Gavrilo Princip are surveying and nationalist shoes one fella that leads to an epic rap battle so get ready to be lapped we are really you know how the cusp of technology discuss all the best music [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] rushon [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] this [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] I'm going for a lie down [Music] [Applause] okay sure that the cuts version brief version of what happened okay I'm not able to dig down this is the exact for nology the important thing to me to learn from this is this the assassination happened to 28 June 1914 the war actually started on August 1st 1914 that means there was a whole month between the triggering event and the stop whoa whoa in another day it took a month for the word start it took a month for the great partners that they wanted war this was not some frequency that some unload crazy stunts there was more than enough time to think and while it's true that the Serbian our war begins again a month later one explanation is so-called resurfaces this was developed by a German historian in the nineteen sixties and his argument is that these three people kaiser william ii who know him more killed the younger he is the nephew of the guy the video says this is disgusting to Bismarck and he is the quartermaster general of the German in viola is the chief of staff and fellow wolf Batman always is the Chancellor and future vision is that these three people representing the Alliance of iron and I have decided that Russia's power was going to increase so much in the that Germany had to fight a war now rather than later so the Coronel efficient this is these three men pushed on the war they pushed Austria to be harsh on Sofia and they a purpose picked a fight with Russia different thesis is the one that was put forward by London and over here but in the lemon was the founder of the russian soviet socialist Federal Republic that then becomes in USSR a great revolutionary ruthless politician killed a lot of people liberated supposedly young people whatever you decide everyone of this brother Leland said the cause of the war was a competition of the great powers over colonies now a criticism to his thesis why's that well remember the two alliances all of the colonial powers on the same side the great global competitors are France England and Russia I shall have columns Germany has some Georgian corners so it doesn't work perfectly but on the other hand remember this England airline with Russia because of its colonial empire so in this sense it is true that the colonial competition played an important role in Dragon England to give unconditional support to the Russians about that other people like Turkish members say oil was a tragedy it was unavoidable okay the enamel stacks removing the massive system which two wars okay there's a balance of power that massive power gets changed because of differential growth us let carrot and sticks a Googler and thus power transition the power transition what so you will have great powers every nominee the natural system and no one can really be blamed for the war none of the decision-makers because they have to operate in a specific international system i argue differently the new historiography down over the last 20 years hasn't there three important things first of all countries have agency and you cannot see much this decision the simply Germany pushing it around the Germans the Serbians and the Russians all had their own laws that fell into the war secondly there's literally a terrorist organization active here the black head is a terrorist organization there are so massive similarities between the start of over one and the Afghanistan war think about okay war one terrorist organization situated in another country with ties to its governments murders committed acts of terrorism in another great power then the great power declared war to punish the country that hosts the Tanners revenge a German United States 9/11 happens right there is a terrorist attack the germs they are affiliated with al Qaeda al Qaeda is situated in Afghanistan protected by the Taliban regime so the United States of America most war in Afghanistan and still there the worst will be going on overland their similarities are immense as the consequences for the international system third domestic politics are important for all the great powers none of these decision makers were free from opposition within so the new historiography focuses on all of these factors okay you can actually change the question from one world war one happen to two different questions first of all why did the second astral world happen because this war started as a war between austria-hungary and Serbia it only became a European and world war afterwards so the two things are different there are reasons why the more international survey was permitted to happen and then there are reasons why that war was forbidden to escalate part of it is a systemic structure as we've talked in this class one of the things that happened in the last 50 years in our history was the collapse of the Converse system okay Napoleon the third was able to destroy it then the words of German unification finished it off Bismarck failed to create a credible replacement so what this meant is that in Europe there wasn't any system that who permit the great powers to resolve their differences in a cooperative manner which means that well if the only way you can get what's rightfully yours is by beating the crap somebody you have beat the crap out of somebody if there's a ability to go to court let's get a good one there's an ability to arbitrate you learn arbitrate the more options you have to resolve a difference the less likely you are to use violence the fewer options you have violence is always an option it's the ultimate option it never goes away secondly the alliance is created to feeling that lack of this Congress system were extremely dangerous because they were unilateral acts of cereal not only where this alliance is not included all the major announcement they were openly targeting the other major powers there were offensive alliances secondly we've seen that the last ten years of the history of Europe especially the bothers was one of repeated crisis Semyon 1903 Morrow national five was the in 1908 1909 second horrible crisis 1911 the Balkan wars the limited service crisis 1930 that's when Lehman Hasan's was brought to the Ottoman Empire to get a military mission Russia was at war in every one of these cases a great power mobilized infected war now here's the important thing war was avoided and our separate self of World War one must be determined to happen well you have more than enough opportunities to fight it and yet time after time war was appointed so it's wrong to say it was unavoidable sisters great powers had avoided it before but the way that wouldn't work before was problematic they didn't avoid war by cooperation or compromise they have orbited by friends one sector in the other and then one of the allies bleeding so for example Austria Finland in Serbia serviettes asking Russia connects the number of single or Russia friend in austria austrian talking to the germans and say will you stand up for me and don't say no france everybody the result of this is that one of the Allies did not relax there was a continuous fear that those allies will be traded are to this the character of the territorial dispute you see this map over here this is what several nationalities believed is rightfully theirs of the austro-hungarian Empire there can be no compromise when the other side claims one-third of your state okay that toriel country added to the rivalries between a300 in russia for the balance germany and russia of the ottoman empire and russia identity over the central asia so these competitions fail each other the more than that Britain decided to resolve this issue by grouping Russia meant that these two rival teams became deterministic of all international relations as well as Britain Russia were enemies there was space to cooperate cross sectional cooperation but when Britain decided to accept grouping Russia that by the way what about our transition there was there's a difference between what is actually happening in the world and what we think is happening this is why statistic is important getting accurate data is important and the reality of the matter is that in 1914 key decision-maker you thought that the Russian will become the most powerful state in Europe in night sincerity okay the Germans feared that what was actually going on was this while in reality Germany retained the military proposals over Russia but the reality was not important the image was important and they thought that this draft this is the military power of Germany was a military power of Russia they thought that this graph was going like this and it's going to open war and aggression that the reality was that that was not the case what was the case was equally powerful to a point with England and that is what made the British so war in the bottle put on your empire if you see here the red is the power of Great Britain the blue is the power of Russia it's very close by towards the end of the year the British gokabou powerful because they enter into a massive naval program due to their rivalry with Germany there are two two powerful entities that were actual Germany did become more powerful economically than Great Britain okay so it was unable to translate that power into table mind the great network race the attempt of will have to build a date and scare the British faith by 1914 the British had built almost doubled another dragon partnerships of the Germans they do they have lost but they still believe they were strong enough to force resolution in Europe in their interest the family where the two countries are period needs to have perceptions that reality was the world's weekend France that was much weaker than Germany Austria blue was much bigger than Russia so these two countries have every reason to meet which means that they have every reason to act in ways that who persuader and I said they were committed to this is important because by 1914 Germany was scared that Austria would defect because Germany had not supposed this important we did not get selfie right about it was Austria was great journey with affect and make an alliance with Russia which was not the usual avatar this one the French were scared that Russia would be traded and countin a limit with Germany because they don't over become weaker and Frances films support Russia in the Balkan Wars England was terrified of Russian defecting and communal and in Germany because that would completely destroy the ability of the British to secure their empire everybody fundamentally was scared that everybody else so they were not willing to do anything to persuade the lovers they realized sorry safety that they are blue to this you can feel ideology and history señor Russia had a very close relation becomes of pan-slavism by 1940 the important elements of the Russian royal family included three cousins and brothers of the side were ardent several fights they wanted to see austria-hungary destroy okay Ferguson Germany remember they had a small issue both Alsace home and and what revenge was not exactly driving French policy there was a popular of happily of you in France that world Germany was inevitable and ranchers politically domestic politics everywhere was dangerous in Syria you have on one hand ruggedly imitative a leader of the black hand also known as a piece of spirit world okay leader of a civil organization and also one for people who murdered the 17 1903 opposed by the prime minister's Nicholas passage with the gradual mental Sharia in 1913 and the Balkan Wars there was a debate on whether the new tenders will be ruled by military know what were they going to be incorporated into normal civil law of Serbia controlled by the prime minister by 1914 these two actors where a collision course and in several politics but that this always ends with somebody murdered one of these two men would have to die but the result was a passage was very scared afraid of accommodating austria-hungary during the crisis because if we accommodate legitimately he will be killed by itself in nationals they just truly often air they will have a problem to kill herself in practice so that was a serie to be less accommodated to be in austria-hungary you have a division between a world party and peace party although party the leadership is about who essentially actual one party so he can marry any woman a lot in the new Nikita he believes the world would permit you to gravel of his life from her boring husband members a little by the way he actually succeeds in doing that the war might bring goes for his country but he gets the girl rejected he is also supported by people like postoperatory canal villagers who wanted to fight Serbian one destroy they were forced by two people Franz Ferdinand the heir of the austro-hungarian throne who actually put positive in his position by now hated him and is multisim the prime minister of Hungary who simply has no intention of fighting Serbia and included more slaves in his empire because he hates loves and is also more than declares war Romanians can dialogue with Russia and well Hungary is the way of the Russian armies not Austria or guess what happens cinemas in June 28 1914 he gets killed which means that the world party now is dominant and they are able to persuade comes bread fault of one medicine and one of the richest men in Europe at the time first image to persuade franz josef to go to war okay Germany is complicated really much more he must war with Russia by the way through means first war with France because France our entire lives and the Germans have decided that all the French are two shoulders because we defeated them in 1871 remember what I'm telling you here you know don't let your prejudices guide your policy don't think because you beat someone yeah easily watch that it's gonna happen again they think Francis the easy target so in any case of a German Russian war Germany must first attack France even if one wants to be neutral Germany must attack it he's pushing for war and his above I met Muhammad who wants to keep the world localized and actually proposes that but the Oscars do is the more popular than they take in the tellers of history and a Congress at the same time will is trying to show his statement by personally trying to resolve issues he sends a bunch of telegrams to Tsar Nicholas and other will it be much because they actually call the child will be making a monkey you can look up that much yourself my dear Willy I hope we have been spied in Liddy can you pack down that my dear will help don't think I could do it michael mickey' one of the Masters my dear Willie I don't think you have anything about the war these three people are not coordinating he hates him because this chance or actually tries to make Germany are more responsible government he wants to give him out of the picture because well he's a so what happens is they undermined the policy and must be promised fell sis he was in and he is like well my Kaiser anything expelled so you have to keep it over there is actually scene where the caisson delivers our last chance to avoid the war because some idiot in Britain by mistake incinerates that Britain might be willing to stay neutral in case of a war but Germany have already mobilized so all of the armies are moving towards France the Kaiser tells Wolcott we have stopped mobilization England is not respect France will be neutral he'd send all the trains back to Russia focuses mobilizations are not some kind of racing we can just stop and it starts they start getting at each other because they're Germans are we already saw a big magnet and the caisson goes like if you give me options go stop Daniel he almost had a stroke and then comes in diplomacy in France there's a divide between left and right this is accelerated by a competition between the bureaucracy and the Prime Minister and the president the president unfortunately is rainbow Park area who is a very interesting character but is very good for his from alsace-lorraine hideaway so that's one of the reasons and he feels that he has to act support Russia against Germany because it doesn't he will lose elections and his government to the land so he's afraid of the rise of the left in Russia again there's a woman in the pitch party national World Cup is much more powerful includes people like sillies commander-in-chief of the armies who build of the chief of staff Keogh Shannon the Foreign Minister and evolution for war and they were revoked by vanity who says no more Russia is trying to reform but by 1913 the Foreign Minister Sergei seven-month decides the droid is not in disguise so they're able to persuade nicholas ii to fire him which means that the Peace Park in Russia has got and there's a strong willingness for what let me give you an example this guy officially do you know what he told me the day that Russia start mobilization he was asked by some Duma members what's going on a descendent trust us gentlemen everything will be great this great while the United Kingdom there was a very sensational eyes of wood the Irish are demanding their own Parliament okay but there is a powerful Protestant minority in Ireland which is opposed to be ruled by a Catholic majority from Dublin and by 1914 the Liberal Party in power is pushing for Home Rule and the unionists and threatening civil war the war deliverers led by edward grey who are determined to keep the alliance with Russia and are a minority within the Liberal Party which is mostly made up of pacifist people who don't want a world war unite with Henry Wilson in the words words you see a war in Europe as a way to put the question of whites moving away and together they're able to perform a majority that pushes the majority liberals out and leads Great Britain to war finally a lot of these people have psychological issues if you sit down and you read the right indicators of depression better all the characteristic is said I can see that one day my hometown impressions gonna be overrun by the Russian wards and all of my trees will be cut down and destroyed Salman had the sense of honour which precluded them accommodated because they were like I'm an honorable death and our men did not make peace allowed them where our collective for example Batman for example the corner reports of the view that the world would destroy the hungarian empire but nobody said when we're going to be destroyed anyway because of the stupid socialists they were scared that the Russians are gonna take over Europe and in German as well so they thought well let's have a war anyway because the world might destroy socialism I'm not kidding you this is actual arguments made by someone have mood swings we'll have a second literally different mood for every other and some of them were just easy son nicholas ii have no idea what is this huge man because she was too lazy to care about learning material and thus you will happen luck was not on the side of europe franz ferdinand active murdered it's highly unlikely austria-hungary will have brought world serbian annexed in heaven pewters philippe a reformist absolute orientation was also murdered believe me was absolutely opposed to any war that will run for the next 20 years because he said we need 20 years of peace to reform our economy so two of the most powerful questions of postal great power war in Europe and then the end result is that - students habits come to dominate the decision there's no accident there's no I didn't think will happen make no mistake more is always a conscious choice by 1914 in all of the great powers of war practice a blue line outnumber decisively the Peace Palace Europe was led by people who wanted a world war surprised could happen whether these are interesting they were chances would to be avoided but it's what if let's leave it for today to give you an idea of the kind okay so that explains why from the Politis one at the world wide in the population fall on them part of it was well out of the word peasants and peasants I used to life in hard they were not supported the war but they accepted that but things happened those who were peasants those who were educated well a lot of them were filled by nationalists it shows like this will talk to every kid in school in Europe and this is the 1880s so whenever you see councilman Marty furtive se the deputy who actually cuts from Universal stop but we were sort of us for a moment about socialism folder else's to know which one Chris shampoos have various levels of consciousness to read the back of every trace of Germany and Oh God we must embrace we must not leave Christ someday my practice also provide online through my Zotero transcloud for us sangbin for a night with subtitles of a blur [Music] this is a kind of thing okay let's so let's go drink when the stop of the world war we're gonna go through the whole world war briefly don't worry briefly know about the facts with the end of the war so let's start not supported Thomas fear of the war the war has enacted ok Serbia Russia France banana Kingdom and Belgium are at war with Austria Hungary and Germany quite quickly both sides try to win over eatin which declares itself neutral flow or as everybody expected and in order to get italy to come to the side both sides all fair it promises the Central Powers offer gains in the Balkans of baina parts of Greece and in North Africa and the Ottoman Empire so yes the Central Powers are already off very mindful of the future ever to get the dummy the album offers gains against Austrian about--let's and the Ottoman Empire Italy decides to stay out of it for the time being trying to see how it plays out in Asia Japan as part of its alliance with the United Kingdom declares war Germany and attacks the German colonies in China Pacific for the Japanese is totally an opportunistic attack a chance to essentially get territory since the Germans and the Austrians pretty much did not defend the colonial empire anymore both sides to try to get who Gary Hart went to the war since it would get after the war it could either destroy Serbia by unplugging it or if it came came an ally or we thought he could even get Romania and Greece together the significant doesn't create a powerful Falcon frog that would destroy the austro-hungarian Empire the Central Powers offer Bulgaria Serbia in greedy territory essentially what is today the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia the offer self in Greek and Ottoman territory again the Ottoman Empire's kinda like something everybody offers the king of what the network would have preferred to remain neutral since he saw Serbia as a threat to his own independence but he wasn't in demand has a lot of processor be masculine so if supposed to join the world side of Serbia the intent also tries to get Greece to enter the war and offers games against the Ottomans Bulgarians and servants but this is to a division Greece which we don't wanna get the King King Constantine who is a bridegroom of the Kaiser is very to pursue to his sister and also somebody who was educated in the German intelligence very proud German and prefers neutrality and the Greek Prime Minister and fails the resellers who wishes to enter the war because she believes Greece's future is tied to the great naval powers which are France in the world covetousness the Germans is very Belgium as part of the treatment plan going to defeat France very quickly are they overrun Belgium but ultimately they are defeated by the fractional values the battle over mom then both sides essentially tried to apply each other by going towards the sea until they actually reach to see the battle literally stops at the end of the sea with no ability to attract each other they start digging trenches in the East Russia based fashion which is almost not even edible because all the German analyst is in fact in French but at the Battle of Tannenberg Marx often and Ludendorff and Hindenburg in a defeat the Russians in a massive picture then in the German counter-attack and a counter Russian Poland in the Balkans the Russians attract the servants in undefeated while the Russians make Galicia from Austria pretty much if you want to use one word to characterize the war invention opportunities failure everybody's welding plans for a quit work fail the German attempt not France before to fight Russia fails the Russian plan to take the lead in a quick move fans the austrian attempt to win a quick victory over Serbia fails they all expected a fast war but instead what they see is that first of all modern warfare is very deadly within the first 10 days of the war shot across one year ago front of a million people are already dead the battlefields and they see that the massive armies created are not able to be diffident so the children plan was essentially run through Belgium and then attack the French armies that will be attracted to our soshim around from the back okay it's not a bad plan wasn't it beyond the capacity of the German army they were stopped somewhere here and then the two sides started trying to offline each other that's in the image to see the is the throat the Russians attack try to get to Berlin but they're defeated by Hamburg and then the Germans conquered most of this area not important here we take the Listia here they felt a thing better later so 1915 the painters and the war is still going on driven by the hope of breaking the stalemate in the West both sides become more intensified in their attempts to win Eliz since it becomes very quickly that you cannot break trench lines with massive infantry attacks I think we can win the war by opening new floors Italy finally Alaska the untapped it was Austrian territory in return all of concentration time 3s Albania territories in the Ottoman Empire more colonies in Africa that is the price that the Allies have to pay to get it a little tapestry Hungary but if somebody from the US has no powers but the other thing Bulgaria has better sense of powers promised second in Greece and Rome finally the Ottoman Empire understanding that whatever happens it's likely to lose satisfy somebody decides roads locked with the central powers correctly understanding that Russia is the biggest threat but also essentially making a massive respect shoes beside la cinta more powerful but long-term might not be they were angry at Britain for its policy concerning naming the British had promised to help the Ottomans know the better namely they refused they are promised territory and a balance but immediately in the Middle East and for specific members of the committee will prophesy a lot bay this is a great opportunity to get rid of the Armenian political threat to the ottoman empire the armenian revolutionary federation in Greece all of these events exacerbate the division between the king and Prime Minister Meles elves which slowly become something more than just a difference between two politicians but more like a civil war condition in the West in 1915 the a nice large number of formal offensives try to break through the trench lines all of them filled with massive nauseous and trench warfare becomes the norm the Italians are talk of Chicago to great fanfare everybody thinks ignorance not succeed and they get badly defeated they failed miserably they fight for battles of this ocean not one not two not three but four battles in the same area try to break through and they fail their advisor in the East Germans launch a great offensive at six successful the Russians have not been able to repair this since the army the consequence of this is political sound Icarus ii decides that his brother who is a competent but not brilliant military commander is a false militia so he fires the canonical i teach his brother sends him to the Caucasus to find her Ottomans he takes personal command of the Russian war machine in the West that is a conservative choice because nicholas ii is incompetent as the ostrich participated in the great sense of power is offensive but they did but they failed pretty much the allies attack the ottomans of Dardanelles and eloquently thinking that they can take that an equally strange knockout the empire from the war by take Islam would however it fails miserably you see in the initial planning at the same time that the Untied was going to attack from the Gallipoli from Russia was supposed to attack from the Black Sea the Russians were supposed to land a massive army of in Shilla and the other area of the eastern sided march from Istanbul from there however the Russians said well we have trouble after the fact after the NS had already committed to the people they said no we can't help you there but whether they try to persuade the Greeks to make up for that most of the Russians but this was certifying politically that was impossible now in the Caucasus and very passion he is able to initially defeat a Russian offensive and then decides to make a counter-offensive they take cars and Abraham which were part of the Ottoman Empire and protected by the Russian 877 this attack fails completely at the bottom of some condition and and we're passionate in trying to save his political ass home fire blended all of the Armenians this is used as an excuse by those members of the community with no progress that consider the Armenian population threat as starting to stop deporting them from where they live towards Syria where they think they will be not a danger to the Ottomans these deportations in turn spark our winging selections nations like fun and beliefs and the result is ethnic warfare over there now bulgaria austrian german together like bros attack Serbia from anywhere and of course defeated but the seminary is able to escape in Greece which creates extra tensions between key concept and antagonism results at the same time with a vision of the Gallipoli campaign the Allies are seeking up next to partner army and they take advantage of the good situation and both the Allies and the Bulgarians violate Greek tragedy and send the troops into Greece and start fighting in Greece in both cases as a claim there was no agreement by the return but the reality is practice of vengeance that said okay to the Unruh friendship and then he fell the next government has upon getting an entry here's the Western Front they're actually making a park where you could one day walk all the way from Switzerland to the North Sea through the battlefields this is a Western from the red area where the great offensives have to be nice and if it's over one day one of you might be lucky enough to drive a pipe all the way from Switzerland to the Nazi propaganda chances should be fun least as you can see the German offensive has been very very successful but down here on the Austrians were supposed to take care of things as you can see that big stock still with Indonesia in the balance the assets have pushed south but they haven't been able to take Serbia here but with the entry of Bulgaria the Bulgarians essentially attack a service from here and for the half of the country now we have the 1916 the attacks to win the war by focusing of secondary phones the Balkans Mesopotamia Warfield largely speaking both sides hold their positions thanks to the Bulgarian entry into the war the the central powers have gained an immensely powerful position in Central Europe on the other hand is still face the reality from war the talent is able to get Romania to ally with itself Romania has demands from Austria and is also demanding Bulgarian territory the humanists chose a very bad time to do this they thought that the Russians would support them by a great and fortunately the Russians and the Lou Bega's do not coordinate so what happens in human he ends up having to fight by itself Austria Germany Bulgaria and this badly defeated in Greece you really have civil war and allied invasion South breeze becomes occupied while North Greece these other kinds of insults means a rebel government called National Defense which enters the war of the same reales and Greece Sanders was called the Great Schism or the hodgepodge when essentially enemy creep is either a reservist or occurred sturdiness and they hate each other more than they hate anybody else the world this is going to have a big impact later over the history of Turkey 1916 the person brought the Germans launched the burden offensive okay the plan here is brilliant the idea was of for the master general erich von falkenhayn and was essentially the way to win in the West is to bleed France dry so we're going to attack this area in Verdun which is important for the French and Montana companies we're going to force the French to put more and more troops I wanted to kill them we're going to pound them - so we're gonna kill us ready as we can so France will bleed try it and you will not be able to replace itself that have to surrender while they do this the British launched a great offensive at Shaw hoping to take advantage of the Battle of their day to break through the German plan much greatly the fractions that you've met the problem is that the Germans themselves become focused on their dime when they start feeling more and more true to do what was supposed to be I that version so both sides I essentially throw away their lives for an area that is not that important so whatever fill the stomach continues the Austrians launched a massive offensive under colorful waterbirth yes the Italians and they are very successful and the actually last six seven eight nine bad movie sauce so we already had one two three four five six seven eight nine ten bottles in same area is also okay in the eastern part of the careful preparation using some of the most innovative new tactics that everybody has learned from two leaders war and under the command of the brilliant general Brusilov the Russians launched a massive military attack against Germany and Austria this is very successful and comes very close to break in the Carpathian by and leading to Cossacks having their breakfast and Budapest if that that happened the Hungarian thousand who had broken and surrounded rather than face the destruction of its heartland very successful battlefields why because why illusional to make his attack in the south the other passengers were supposed to attack Germany the north are too late they start too late which permits the Germans to defeat them in detail and internal the part of the focuses as I said Romania is quickly overrun by the compulsory disabled upon the line and will gather the German troops are holding half the Allied army in the city of celebrity salon castle anamur where the cordon the Gardiners or as wonderful mother said the greatest free prisoner of war camp Germany has a revival since four hundred thousand Allied troops are busy just in salami rather than fighting somewhere else the other an army of the Caucasus is destroyed by the Russians who are very successful the massive Russian counter-attack breaks - it takes the city of Trebizond essentially at the end of 1916 there is nothing between tradition and Istanbul there is not one ultimate army available the Russians have all of Anatolia hope as I so for this the ethnic cleansing against Muslims in the caucus by the Russians and the Armenians increases and the end ingredient which is called the genocide outside of Turkey against the Armenians also increased by the anthem this process one-third to 40% of the armies of the Ottoman Empire will be dead and about 20 to 30% of the Muslims of business Anatolia are going to be dead this is the Western Front where then is over here you see this is where Falcon I thought even bleed France to death so these messages over here both that's what they get this is a territorial increased we're talking about millions of men and all they get is some little tiny parcel of land here's a situation the eastern front the snow offensive starts here that is able to try all the way here okay before it collapses the Italian front one two three four five six seven eight nine ten bubbles office also this is a territory taken by the Austrians in the great offensive but I thought this is how she'll react what actions you can see how useful to get Ange to the central powers this is how many are collapses we'll give you straight their likenesses with one country that got rid of three other countries in the Balkans the problem is the beginnings don't want to fight anywhere else but in Macedonia they don't care about the Great War so their armies just parked here start smoking here's the carcasses campaign this is the territory controlled by the Russians by the end of 1916 this is dreadful then again I have to say this there is no Ottoman army left here there are over one arm is down here okay fighting against the soup Italian and the Palestine campaigns of reales their armies fighting Romania but they are literally not of an arm's length Anatolia the rest is simple really the Ottoman Empire does not come of the railway logistical network to move its armies around once an anguish posted somewhere it takes a year to move so the powerful armies at photo Gallipoli and China Valley all they can do is smoke cigarettes while the annual campus was destroyed indeed in the end the German survival - division so my good friend Bruce great-grandfather ended up fighting Romanians and Russians in the lesion and that the other don't worry actually walked all the way from Dallas here back to Istanbul why is there no peace we are two years into this room million son die nothing has been succeeded whether this reason is the war games as business have died no government feels that they could make peace without somehow justified the sacrifices and how can you justify the sacrifices by great gains the Central Powers David what when the war changed the map of Europe Bulgaria Gary Walsh dana-farber Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia most of serving okay Germany getting a protectorate of Ukraine and balance and also directly put another German control about States and Finland okay austria-hungary regaining northern hit Indonesian getting Albania the German Montenegro and whatever's left of Serbia and protectors while many amis shared the to set the Ottoman Empire gaining the Western Aegean islands over here regaining 314 Hanna over here and in the East getting century in tension the state of Azerbaijan and cars Hadas so these are these are things that cannot be attained without destroying the Russian Empire the Ottoman fought for vengeance Indy compass a propaganda poster from 1914 for the losses of the battle watch the Tonto this is what fast like the world aluminum no no but we're talking about austria-hungary is dissolved Romania will give it a bit massive territory okay Germany is dissolved instead of Germany you have a whole bunch of state also the French gently right bangles rally back to neutral to the national borders okay the Ottoman Empire is the sole a state of tune is created in Atlanta the gradient is mere his sample is given to the Russians this is given to the Italians this is given for the French the English getting the Russian to get the actresses so to get this kind of a mouth you have to destroy Germany austria-hungary you have to completely eliminate them estates the Russian and British and French planes the Middle East are known as the sykes-picot agreement actually the director decides to called Sasebo because Russian firm is the SAS both played a crucial role you all know this man but let me explain how massive the changing had been the Greece 190 people who had a sort of infection control of Italia fragile at that mobile here in Russia would have done enough to sustain East the British uncreated to Russia controlling the stress by the way there is not million straighteners warming instead because the Russians never we now know that most areas will have been committed cultural autonomy but nothing more so all that fighting was essentially for getting moved by Russia field this plant keeps on happening but with the Russian vets we got to talk about they have to be places if you take all of the range together in one thing what you understand is that everybody considered that the only way they could justify the massive losses in this war was finally shaping the map of Europe fundamentally no one was willing to go back to the old borders that has until 1917 the situation France Austria Hungary the Ottoman Empire and Russia are all exhausted they have reached a limit of their military capability their armies are fighting but their economies are essentially almost destroyed no alliance has gained apprehend they're starving in the West Germany after success in the Balkans are countered by Russian and British successes in the Middle East and the Caucasus Germany is engaged the new type of warfare a very desperate but understated submarine warfare when they essentially sink any neutral ships have specific international waters which pieces of the Americans like crazy because most of those neutral ships are America finally the German colonial empires destroyed unrestricted warfare has a negative effect of German relations with America and this is not imparted by stupid was so why are your piece one as I said sunk costs everybody's thinking we lost so many life you put so much effort we can't be hard without there is something for that this is the most dangerous type of thinking in international relations the Vietnam wars fight explained by that the American important issue one we spend too much money too many lies we have to win we spend too much time to being like that we're not a delusion secondly as you saw the growth of empire maximalist then acquire the structural break boundary powers are a powerful reason they can stand in war for a very long period while all of the analyzing social Germany and England are still able to furnish massive military families that support well the United States is providing massive economic resources to be on time and forth everybody thinks that next victory is going to be the one that works everybody believes that they hope that the next victory is going to be the successor what happened in the previous what was bad life incompetence not something structural 1917 the United States and Brazil declared war on Germany and internal war the side will be attacked but the United States is not an ally of the untaek instead is about religion this is going to be important for the districts there is older over German submarine warfare and there's a lot of money in the ant ant bang bang can't afford to lose an investment and finally there's language of democratic republicanism they see Germany as an enemy of the Bombers in Greece that is almost with the support of the Allies finally able to dog victories the king is excited and with force that the sellers made the country from the on war on the side of the attack in Russia the defeats of the great Russian of offensive the economic stagnation the exhaustion leads to our evolution of February revolution which is headed by moderate elements of the establishment so this is a revolution from the top they force the Tsar to abdicate and a new republic is declared under the rule of Koretsky who is a social democrat pro socialism but currently makes a big mistake and willing to lose the support of the era especially for economic reasons he decides to continue the war a very unpopular decision for a lot of people he is able to persuade the Russian people to beat one last important is calcium that's it but that was completely and with a failure not offensive a small part that has become bigger thanks to the world Bolshevik Party is able to launch a revolution recruited a few children born in October and declare a new state a Soviet state the first social state since the part of university but the result of this who revolution is that the Russian families stop caring about the world Roxanne enters a period of civil war and revolution just as it was about to be My dear students think about this Russia and science had come so close into attaining the world which Kathleen the Great had solved 200 years ago there was literally nothing which would eat some food and have assault the Russian armies would match all the way to Costa Luca burn the city to the ground and no one would but right at the cusp of victory nemesis heat evolution happened and those are we started marching back for the Western drop in the French and the general division who promises extraordinary things largely there were no fences which fail miserably and lead to massive mutinies by the French army that simply refuses to attacking as one of the generals are the places they visit from now on we're gonna stay defensive and we'll wait for the Americans to come the French army is done with attack by itself the British also large offenses in support a pair of happen yes tenth and eleventh of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 battles of the Isonzo okay and this is also area so perfect if you wanna die meet all the time fail and in the trouble of this also the astral Germans defeat Natale's dragon all the way back outside Venice in faced with this Russian military over the elders make a decisive move until now every allied army had no commanders and would only take orders from government and they recorded it if they were able to coordinate as it's happened now here like Prime Minister's silence cannot want and they create a supreme command under French marshal Joe and make it sort of wash I don't remember my master sees anyway they make a central command which now helps coordinate the for Allied armies in the Eastern attackers as we said the defeat of occurrence key offensive leads to collapse the Germans natural without fancy and it's very successful Thank You a huge amount of land the practices the rationale just lives living Armenians Georgians Cantonese rule and Muslims to kill each other personnel for the battles not because there are some attacks by the LS that we fitted in the US economy abilities there is a number with no revolve which starts to affect the ability of the Ottomans to hold back the increasing British pressure as you can see the worst of all does not move around but in the Eastern Front booth look at that okay that's a territory taken by the Central Powers after the failure of the transi offensive okay Ukraine especially is important we push Ukraine to sweet food in Italy this is how about we aliens up that was part of the war diplomacy nineteen eighteen nineteen eighteen endless as the five-pointed we're almost done as you can guess from the dates of the Central Powers with the 3ds of brest-litovsk booklets and but to the Central Powers attained peace in this ok territorial changes are massive ok why did the Russians why did the Soviets agreed Julie's but because they thought screw it will sign whatever they want in a month is gonna be in Germany and we will renegotiate everything because now we will all be Soviet Bolsheviks that's the reason they also don't have enough Germany gets these either outside accent or particulars Austria against these others directed to your protectors the Ottoman Empire against these other as directed Toria protectorates they wouldn't listen okay make this now realize another mekin if this US President Wilson puts up his struggle for two points of not having the right now because Allah can recognize but mainly he calls for a new way of doing politics what based on capitalism free trade and the idea national minorities and national groups should have their own States and idea that directly threatens austria-hungary and the Ottoman Empire but they really well is this a potential complete dissolution of Washington under the Ottomans the creation of a Polish state which is an homage to Russia Germany and Austria the end of the Straits question because from now on the Straits could not be closed the times of war by anybody the end of common diplomacy a system of public diplomacy and a literal national democratic Vienna system reference see the Western fraud after the collapse of Russia do the north now the person who really did Germany is able to move massive German armies and use them to attack despite great offenses aluminium offenses the goal is to knock out France before the Americans arrived or the Americans don't have an army they have to build an army from the start so it time they fail and the German arm is completely exhausted the a nice counter-attack with state-of-the-art technology times elephants and state-of-the-art finally innovative thing and in a number of battles score the saint-mihiel fences make over around the German positions the German army is not able to win anymore Ludendorff gives up this analogy gives up he designs while mutinies and revolution in Germany leave the Kaiser to advocate and take a new republican government which asks for Isis in the Italian fault the objects lead start the war the human effects which fails and then we talents together with the Allies made a massive counter-offensive at the Battle of Vittorio Veneto and 15 common attractions Austria collapses because the balance of Italian from the Allies are able to finally break through the biometrical syria is opened up to the Iraq to Syria Anatolia in cellar Nick we help us break through and for big area to surrender this is the extent of the territory conquered the grave tonight for the first time in three years actually see a sparkling and massively in Italy the Italian attack by me and has reached into Austrian territory and the hospital - production and in the Balkans as you can see is destruction once the front Falls nothing is all but the sofa Tanya the device which soon okay and are able to now break into Anatolia so here's the question with the year started within 360 days and less the defeated my first of all well the German army was well taken care of the German population was suffering hunger and war weariness a powerful English blockade had ignited many the ability to use a lot of foodstuffs the hope that the Germans had that they could use Ukrainian food to feed their starving population fail was a civil war erupted in that area they will just stay too long and the piece of crisp bread it was it not actually bring pieces that Germans will have to keep armies to political intelligence in austria-hungary the checks and the Hungarians become disillusioned with the empire the Czechs are the oldest people of the Austrian Empire and against our will have the imperial government the Ottoman Empire is a setback for the legal side national revolts Bulgaria exhaustion we have been fighting almost notices as 9012 it had a largest mobilization in the world 25 close to 30% of the population fourth in the world there is nothing left and all this is happening and over the horizon the other side of the Atlantic five million man army finally the German military balance knowing that they will lose the war the continuation wanted to avoid being associated with the thin little if we decide that it's better to negotiate here so they can blame the civilians of losing the war so what's a human emotion sixty-eight million men were mobilized in the under the fourth wall per one that's more than all are mobilizing group in history the previous three hundred years suggest five years four and a half years more men went to war then had gone to war in Europe in the rest of our class okay ten million soldiers died 21 million were wounded six point six million submitting stop the war cost three hundred billion US dollars to make things even worse the end of them were quite sites with the great Spanish flu epidemic which kills fifty million people worldwide by the end of 1918 120 million human beings have died in the space of four and a half years wars of global culture we're gonna stop here because we gotta see how they make a new world out the literal way the only and the questions [Music] okay everybody I'll see you next week