hi everyone in this lecture we will be going to start with the chapters of CD Sharma in the last chapter we saw some Basics about philosophy we came to know about terms like metaphysics epistemology ethics and from now on we will see what different schools of Indian philosophy said what so my focus is to be very focused laser focused on what is in the upsc syllabus so I will always show you the syllabus I will always show you the pyqs and I will clearly show you what things there are which are important in the book so okay let's get started then first I want to show you the chapters that are there in CD sha and not all of them are in the syllabus not all of them are important I just want to go through it quickly so that you get a gist of it that what chapters are important so these first two chapters vas and bhagat Gita are not in our syllabus then from this third chapter materialism which is also called as charak school this is there jism is there early Buddhism is there Shad vigad swatantra viad these three chapters are given in great detail in CD Sharma they are not required in that much detail but still these are in syllabus so upsc can ask some random kind of question deep within from these chapters but we will not go into that much detail because it is not required and the cost to benefit ratio will not be there then sank yog vesik these five chapters are very important then pre shankra vanta we can leave this chapter it is not required and shankra vanta is good it is required it is in the syllabus then ramanuja vant is required and this other school of vanta is required so these are the main chapters this is not in our syllabus Shiva and Shaka schools and from these two chapters post shankara Vidant and Buddhism and vidanta again these are not required but we will see some some little bit of things out of there which will help us gain better understanding but as such you can ignore these chapters as well okay so I think I have made clear what chapters are important in this book now let us let us start with the charvak chapter which is the first chapter which we'll find in our syllabus from this book okay so I've already told you that I will be sticking very clearly to the syllabus and the pyq if we look at the syllabus for chok it says that we need to know about the theory of knowledge and as we have seen in last lecture theory of knowledge is nothing else but epistemology and we know rejection of transcendent entities now what does transcendent entities mean I will come to it when we will be reading the chapter but what this really means is metaphysics of charak school so these are the two things which we need to learn ethics of the school is not given in syllabus you will also see that no such questions about charaka ethics have been asked in pyq as well all the questions are either from epistemology or met physics but we'll still see this in the book only one page is given and it will help you gain an gain a holistic understanding about the chapter but it's not in the syllabus as such okay then let's start now so I first want to make it clear that how you should be reading this book for the first time you can be reading it for the first time by yourself only or you can be following what I am doing here you can be following me me but for the first time you should focus only on understanding the concepts don't try to remember anything in the first four that is not going to help just understand the concepts just understand what every line means and see the pyqs see the syllabus try to match things whether what is being asked in in the pyq is there in the book where it is given in the book try to just have a mind map about what you can write on it you can do this after reading the first time after understanding the concepts and use the book to answer things in your brain only right just skim through the pages see where it is written don't try to remember anything then you can when you read it again then try to remember things okay because if you will start remembering from the first time you will be setting your priorities in the wrong direction also the book will have a lot of philosopher a lot of books given which I will be talking about which I will be saying right so that they might go into your subconscious brain and that will also make things interesting that way but don't try to remember the name of philosophers and the name of books in the first two you can do that in subsequent readings yeah one more important thing is that this book is not very beginner friendly why why do I say so the first thing is the language the language is quite difficult it can be Jing for some people to read this first time that is one aspect of difficulty the other aspect is that it presumes that you have some workable knowledge of philosophy that you your basics in philosophy are already clear so it will it will go it will talk about other schools of philosophy while talking about materialism even though those chapters are later in the book but he will not take that into consideration he will give the details of those those chapters those interconnection in this chapter only so to work with that I will try to provide a workable knowledge for anything extra that comes around which we will get to know in the later chapters but this will also be workable this will only be a workable knowledge okay until and unless we reach that stage that we will be in some time also CD Sharma is an ad vant so ad vant a school of philosophy which was first propounded by Shankar AAR and CB Sharma istin and when you will read this book you will clearly see that he never criticizes and he always tries to compare all the schools with ad vant and why they are inadequate in comparison to ad vant so that is why we also will need to have a workable knowledge of ad vanta and I will try to provide you that in this lecture only you only have to keep this in mind while reading this thing is important there are criticisms of AD vant as well of course there are but CD sha will not be talking anything about that and now one thing which I would like to point out that why CD sha is such an important book because even in a PQ you will not see any question which will be asked about criticizing the view of AD VI like there are questions specifically given which will I will show you so if you will see here they are asking to critically examine the jism view of philosophy relativism of Jan philosophy cannot be logically sustained without postulating absolutism so they are asking for for criticism of jism and you will have to criticize it using the viewpoints of Shankar AAR only which are given in this book and they will never they have never asked about criticism of adad vant or anything so the Viewpoint of upsc examiners or I don't know about that but maybe the Viewpoint of the academics as a whole is that advat vidanta is the position which which they would be following so yeah you should keep this in mind okay now let's start with the chapter introduction so in this introduction he has given some historical context about the materialist is school now historical introductions are not important what I mean by that is no direct questions will be asked on that as you saw in the syllabus the syllabus consists of epistemology and metaphysics and questions will be directly on that only but even though no direct question will be from here it will be useful for you in terms of introducing your answers this the historical context can be used in in introduction and also it will give you a context so it will make things introd interesting for you so I will suggest that just give it a read for once okay so the school of materialism in India seems to be very old references are found to it in the epics and in the early buddhistic literature Garb says several vestages show that even in the pre- buddhistic India Proclaimers of purely materialistic doctrines appeared it must have Arisen as a protest against the excessive mdom of Brahman priests the externals of ritualism which ignored the substance and emphasized the Shadow the idealism of upnishads unsuited to the commoners the political and social crisis rampant in that age the exploitation of the masses by the pett rulers mons and the wealthy class the lust and greed and Petty dissensions in an un in an unstable Society paved the way for the rise of materialism in India in the post upanishadic and pre- buddhistic age so you can from here get a hint about in what age materialism originated so Buddha was born in around I think fifth or 6th Century BC so this is the time period which we are talking about but materialism in India in Indian philosophy has never been a force born in discontent it soon died in serious thought though the materialistic way of life the way of enjoying the pleasures of senses and flesh is as old as Humanity itself and will surely last as long as Humanity last yet materialism as metaphysics has never found favor with the Indian philosophers jism and Buddhism arose immediately and supplied the ethical and spiritual background which ejected materialism okay so here we can discuss a bit about materialism what materialism actually means so materialism has a meaning in common language and it has a meaning in metaphysical sense so what materialism means in common language this definition I have picked up directly from Google it says the belief that money and possessions are the most important things in life this is our modern Common Sense understanding of what materialism means now you can say that this is a kind of a value system right that material possessions money all that is what we should aim for so if you have any decision to take in your life you will take it such that you can maximize money and possessions okay that is materialism in common language now materialism as metaphysics what does that mean so in last lecture while talking about the problem of duality in metaphysics I told you that human human beings are considered to be made of soul and body but in a lot of religious text and in a lot of philosophy this is what the conception of human humans are is like so and matter itself is set to be made of atoms in Indian philosophy the it has always been taught that matter is composed of atoms and there are generally there are five kinds of atoms which are believed to be there air fire earth water and ether so these all we will learn later this is just for making you aware about it and also matter has an attribute that it is extended what extension means is that it is it has some dimensions it is there in the space whereas soul is set to have the attribute of Consciousness soul is unextended so Soul doesn't have any kind of extensions any kind of Dimensions this is the general view that that has been taken in open that has that is there in the Christian thought as well and that is why matter and soul are completely different because one is extended has Dimensions whereas the other is unextended has no dimensions so materialism at as metaphysics here means that no substance or reality like Soul exist everything is made up of matter this is what materialism as metaphysics means I hope that is cleared by now what materialism is as metaphysics okay then brhaspati a heretical teacher is regarded as a traditional founder of this school his Sutra which we have no reason to doubt has unfortunately perished sometimes this brhaspati is equated with the teacher of gods who propagated materialism among the asuras so that they might be ruined charak after whose name this school is so-called is said to be the chief disciple of brhaspati according to another view chaak is the name of the founder of this school according to still another view the word charak is not a proper name but a common name given to a materialist and it signifies a person who believes in eat drink and be marry or a person who eats up his own word or who eats up moral and ethical considerations or a person who is sweet tonged and therefore whose Doctrine is superficially attractive another synonym of charvak is layat which means the commoner and therefore by implication a man of low and unrefined taste nask shirani or Arc heretic is another name for a materialist in ramayana they are called fools who think themselves to be wise and who are experts in leading people to doom and win references to them are also found in Mahabharat and Manu Sam in maam nikai we find a reference to Ajit kin a materialist probably so-call because he must have he must be having a blanket of hair with him who believed only in perception and in four elements so they believe in perception and four elements we will come to this later when we will talk about the metaphysics shantak just for your information I'm telling you that shantak is a Buddhist and he is swatantra Vian Buddhist so we will read about Satan viyan vad later in schools of Buddhism also I will once again try to emphasize this that just hear these names for now don't try to remember them don't try to get bogged down by them they are not important it's just that you should read things once just to get the background just to get the interest so what we are seeing is that the history of charvak is not very clear this school has no literature left no primary literature left which is written by someone who has been following charvak at least not some ancient literature we have a lot of literature about Buddhism we have opats but we don't have anything about CH so whatever we know about charvak is from other schools and of course other schools when talking about charvak will not be praising them they will be criticizing them only so we have a very narrow Viewpoint and limited Viewpoint available of the charvak school you might be seeing how such negative connotations are attached with this school right that they are sweet tongue that they are fools and all these kind of things that they are Heretics yeah it is given here as well no original work of this school is extent with the single exception of a much later work Sim of jri B published by the Oriental Institute of Baroda in 1940 it is therefore very difficult to have a correct idea of it a chief sources of information are given in the works of other schools but this is done only to refute materialism thus we find the tenets of materialism often misrepresented right so we don't have a clear picture of the school the weak points in this school are exaggerated and the strong points are omitted so we get only a faint caricature and not a true picture the Ser Daran SRA again this is an important book Ser Daran SRA it was written by madwar you might have heard of Madar in your history books he was a bakti saint we will read about him later he followed the philosophy of dwad so he wrote a s Daran SRA which meant he talked about all the philosophies all the extend philosophies of his time in this book The Ser dasan SRA gives a summary of this school but that to seems to be based on such accounts it is indeed very difficult to believe that materialism which has allowed the status of an independent school in Indian philosophy should be really so crude and degenerate as it is painted but the absence of the original works we have to remain satisfied with these Meer and one-sided accounts