so the function is in perspective on education so they essentially just say viewport or key functions to education so Durkheim sort of argued the create social solidarity everyone feels like they're part of community and so you know it's like more motivated to do well come from a really efficient workforce and then also the teaching the skills necessary for work which again is important for ensuring people are motivated and know what they want to go into and then when they finish education and parsons of looks more the we're not secondary socialization part of it but just teaching people like their actual like teaching the core values of society essentially so and he also speaks of how the family goes from having very particular istic values which are very individual which are very individual to the child but then when they go to school they're introduced to universe t'k universalistic values which means that they're applied to every single student and every student is treating the exact same way in theory anyway and then you've got David some more you just look at this off roll allocation like in the way that people depend on their grades that they get an education or allocated the most suitable roles in society full room then obviously the meritocracy overall make sure that everyone has equal chances and opportunities of being assigned to a job although obviously you've got the Marxists looking at it from the point of view that if education was meritocratic then obviously there would be no private schools which benefit purely the rich and those in the middle class and upper class so and I've also got some evaluation points I'm not gonna solve delve deeply into the evaluation points throughout this I don't think but if you've got any questions or anything feel free to go in to feel free to go to the comments down below sorry next you've got the new right so they see it as the way they should they see that school should be run more like a business therefore should compete for consumers providing them what they want and what they need and obviously the new right has affected if was influenced the government the Conservative government back from like 1979 to 1997 so this introduced like the lead tables for example which this helps parents see see which schools are best in which they can choose from obviously this does benefits the middle class more than the working class because they can afford to go to the best private schools achieve better grades and so Marxist see education is passing on ruling class ideology to support and reproduce cattle ISM so you've got alpha also I'm sorry if during this press during this video I pronounce people's names wrong I'm terrible pronouncing names so feel free to correct me in the comments if need be so alpha sir said essentially education is an ideological state apparatus which is built in to reproduce the class platon equalities by passing on the capitalist values and norms and etc while and at the same time it legitimizes the inequalities by creating a false consciousness and which ensures that people aren't actually able to see the inequality how that they aren't able to see how I'm just the society they live in is and then you've got balls and gyntaf who essentially looks at the correspondence principle which is the correspondence during the workplace and school and have like way they're similar in so you've got like essentially like this is more for looking at the sort of hidden curriculum moving the formal curriculum it turns the correspondence so like ensuring people learn to arrive on time and they're dressed smartly in uniform and things and they also argue that there's a Miss America merit oh yeah you know I mean um so essentially it promotes the idea that we fail we fail our subjects because we haven't worked hard enough we didn't understand them the knowledge as well is just essentially down to your social class and your family background that means you are less likely to do well so rolls and prices in school so first you've got burned Simon his language codes so the working class have the restricted code which means they use short forms of speech less clearly defined and obviously because of this that'll mean it'll take them a lot a longer time to pick up new concepts which means they're probably going to fall behind the class and it will take them it should they'll need extra time to catch up with it obviously in many some state schools there are not the resources or the funds to actually spend this extra time with them so unfortunately it means that the working class are going to fall behind in school whereas the elaborated class the middle class have an elaborate elaborate is code which is similar to the speech used by teachers and textbooks which means they'll catch on to ideas very quickly and will be able to sleep be able to keep up with the class and what's being taught so therefore doing better then also you've got the pupil sub the pupil sub cultures that take place in school so you've got lacey who looked at subcultures caused by streaming in schools so she studied students at grammar school and found that even though they were labeled as bright at the age 11 I'm assuming this is during the time of the tripartite system which will be spoken about later on but yes sir they were when they took the 11 plus they obviously did very very well when got into the top of grammar schools but even though they were labeled bright as Benton if they were put into the bottom stream at the grammar school they ended up they were labeled as faith lorry as failures so formed an anti subculture and his school subculture and then you've got Willis who looked who focused on social class and found that boys are liberally interrupted to get respect from others in subculture and obviously these boys were from the working class and they just were not fussed about about getting good grades they just wanted to impress everyone in class and then fuller with ethnicity and subcultures so there this one's a bit of a difficult one because if you study a group of black girls near eleven here were incredibly high ability but had a racist teacher which calls them to form an anti school subculture but it had a slightly different effect than what they normally do as they actually managed to work alone and achieve the best grace that they could and reach their potential so it is very difficult to predict what will take place as an effect of these anti school subcultures because all see well as example is very different to what you would assume would happen and then carrying on with the roles and processes in school so you've got labeling theory to essentially teach the labels a student that label becomes part of the students identity and it creates a self-fulfilling prophecy so say a student was labeled as a failure they might act before that label they might be really motivated to actually do well at the moment they were labeled a failure they just saw that as who they were and just lived up to it and didn't bother with school anymore and obviously then failed making the label come true obviously the issues with labeling theory is that because it's usually interviews and observations it can be biased so like if it's if it's an over observation like obviously the students will note they're being studied and will give way to the Hawthorne effect and obviously students students may not actually be aware that they've been labeled and how that label may affect them so obviously in interviews it won't always give the most valid results because because if they aren't actually aware of the label they can't sort of explain what's going on the school situation that explains already and then also you've got Gil born and Udo obviously studying ethnicity so found that black pupils were more likely discipline for the same behavior as their white counterparts as well as teachers having low expectations for them obviously though black people's automatics work into the classroom and are labeled as disruptive and failures and treats that way and ends up becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy and as just have their school how their education ends up becoming hardly in Sutton gender so boys were very negatively labeled obviously by teachers and peers as well they were noting labeled is struck disruptive annoying failures etc the classic stereotypes of boys and then obviously this becomes suppling prophecy and they just don't see the point in actually carrying on with education because because they are labeled as failures everyone expects them to fail so they might as well and then obviously risk looking at class teachers make judgments on appearance and what family they came from rather than actual ability so yeah it's here teachers basically just said oh you're poor you're obviously gonna fail whereas then my middle class students come in and the teachers automatically want to give them as much resources possibly can things I mean it does it doesn't slightly help that quite not the time middle class chimps at schools have teachers or someone that works at the school they're attending it's obviously they don't want to treat this tune badly just need to go home and put their job on the line that makes sense um class and internal practice so basically in the fact in the factors that influence the achievement of social class like working costumes and stuff bring within the school so you've got labeling obviously which we just spoke about teachers labeled pupils and treat them according differently according to it and then all's new from that you've got the cellphone in prophecy which we've spoken about just now setting and streaming so setting is the assaulting viability per class so for example in my experience we were set we were set in maths and science by our ability but streaming was sorting by ability for every class so I would have one class I would have one class that I was with like drama IT etc and then obviously those in higher sets and streams I'll give more intention and attention and encouragement because this they're seen as caring more about education so teach will be more motivated to help them whereas those in the lowest dreams hence nets tend to mess around and not really bothered about what's what they're meant to be doing and then you've also got pupil subcultures so this is subcultures if sorry I didn't explain it for subcultures are essentially groups of pupils who share ideas behavior patterns which are different from the mainstream culture of the school so basically they just they just behave in a certain way that opposes what is expected of them in the mainstream school environment but obviously the effect this has on achievement does depend on if it's an auntie or a pro school subculture and then you've got the pupils class identity at the bottom which is basically the identity of his children and their class identity is essentially just all of these factors brought together to help explain why they might actually behave in such a way now we're gonna look at class and external factors or some a lot of these slides will be so bunched up with bunched up with a lot of information is obviously it's quite hard to completely break down I love this stuff because I need to be well detailed so there isn't for example if you get like 20 or 30 mark essay you need to know the detail you can't just have a couple of key words and a blog done hey Presley I'm also if I'm going too fast racing feel free to just pause it any time I won't know so I won't be offended so in terms of cultural deprivation affects students of different social classes again I'm just one mind again you've got Bernstein's elaborated and restricted codes you can look back at the previous PowerPoint previous PowerPoint slide to UM look at that again if you want I'm obviously the parents education is a big influence because working-class parents usually didn't have as much as good an education so won't feels confident going to parents evenings and then what teachers talking about and being aware of how their child is doing and obviously when it comes to like GCSE in a levels they won't feel as confident getting involved with helping them pick certain subjects whereas middle-class parents will know exactly what the teachers are talking about know exactly what and will be able to afford to go on all the trips and things and because of their better education and therefore better pay job and then terms of the working-class subculture so you've got the middle class subculture which is future orientated and delivers defer gratification which then in turn will give students better contact in the future sorry and and obviously no chick they achieve much better in the long run whereas the working-class couple subculture focus on the present time and they all just want media gratification so I'm not bothered about revising for months on end in order to get those good grades over after they sort working-class tend to focus more on just tend to focus more on just the doing the night before sauce cramming like I'm sure many if you're watching this video are nothing wrong with it but obviously you just want to make sure you've got all that knowledge shoved in your brain somewhere that you can pick out eventually during the exam and then on to material deprivation so obviously school related costs are have a very big impact on on how well a student does because in 2013 cut these costs built up to six one thousand six hundred fourteen pounds per child so her family has three children in high school that is like five thousand pounds easily gone so obviously if they're working class and they're or minimum wage then they're not going to be able to afford the extra resources and things such as like going on school trips build up extra knowledge and things so obviously will fall behind and then I'll see housing and health is a that has very big impact on how a student does because poor housing means that there will be less actual suitable areas from to study and do homework which means they'll probably again fall behind as they won't be able to complete their homework or not to the best of their ability anyway and then there'll be dumper as well which will make children suffer more I'd put a smurf for example and then obviously you've got poor diets if you're in the working class you can't afford to get you can't really afford to get your 5 a day of fruit vegetables and things so children have a worse immune system leading to more illnesses and having to take more sick days of more sick days of school so again they'll just fall behind and miss out on a lot of important information that can really help them boost their grades in the exams then obviously you've got increased tiredness so because it'll be a much because they won't be eating properly they won't have a better they won't have as good attention span as those in the middle class and they won't be able to pay attention as well in like the exams or classes leading up to it then you've got Bordeaux who spoke of pipes of capital and how this influences how this influences the middle and working class achievements so obviously you've got three types Capital economic social and cultural so economic is like just income from hard work and inheritance so too is social connections and group memberships such as you know your local Tennis Club eleven and then obviously cultural which is just how often you solve engage with education and arts and things and then obviously the middle class be better as they usually have more cultural capital which eventually converts to material rewards including good grades high status jobs and salaries so it was where is the working class do not have the this cultural capital is they cost money go to museums and things and as we're about to find out Sullivan sent a question ed 465 pupils in four different schools and asked reading and TV habits when they visited galleries museums and theatres as well as their vocab and cultural knowledge and she found and Sullivan found that cultural capsule actually only accounted for part of underachievement so was his big influence on whilst is a big influence on working cars underachievement is not the full story which is very important to understand during the exams there's a very good evaluation point is that if you asked about so type for example it so if you asked about just external factors and class then you've got to remember to be like hang on a second these are not the only factors that influence whether people do well so they then use focus on internal factors and class so gender and internal practice so first we're gonna look at trends so essentially I mean essentially girls have outperformed boys but the whole of education although at certain points this gap has narrowed and bigger as well so if there are statistics and things on there if you want to look at them and they don't see the internal factors they've got equal opportunities so policies were introduced to help girls achieve their potential and feel more comfortable at school as well as the introduction of wise women into science and engineering help motivate them and give them more opportunities in different career sectors there's growing employment for women so which means there's more female role models for girls and school to look up to and make them feel more ambitious about what they could do with their future rather than just have a family and the new wave of GCSE is being doing so more GCSE ease involve coursework which is much more suits the girls they mature earlier and a more organized are able to complete the work deadlines whereas boys are still very immature stage of DTC's and so don't really bother as much with it and aren't very good at completing work deadlines teachers give more attention to boys as their destructive whilst girls are seen as cooperative which means that girls are usually given a positive label leading to a positive self in a prophecy and work well by themselves and have greater self-esteem well although boys get more attention from the teacher which we would think would make them achieve better it essentially in a way gives them a negative label as obviously I'll be getting told off a lot more and then the girls would be a course so challenging stereotypes so different books are being used in classes now which which now no longer just portray women as housewives and betray them as strong characters such as in Curly's wipers in mice and men although she's never given being given formerly a name she has treated as a very strong character she's a very key character in the story whereas in previous books that would have been studied in English for example we'll have just made them a background character and not very important at all and then I'll see you like in the heart the Harry Potter books as well though this is not studied at school you've got Hermione Granger which is treated as a very very important character and very wise and mature and smart which is extra motivation for girls and things although they can't go into wizardry when they grow up then you've got League table selections so girls are more likely to get into better schools as schools schools are always thinking about lis table position and when they're recruiting students to come to the school and obviously boys are more likely to mess about and not get as well grades which reproduce their league table position so they're more like put more attention on girls and getting them into the into their school to at least maintain lead to position if not increase it um so gender and external factors obviously you've got feminist campaigning has helped to combat the patriarchy in society and as which is given girls more motivation to actually see what they could do with their life and maybe they feel like they have more of a say in how society has run changes in the family so women more like to take on the role breadwinner do to increase the water and loan parent families which for girls growing up in this day and age since 2000 ammonium and careers are now seen it's incredibly normal for girls to want to go into it's now seen as incredibly normal for a mother for a woman to go into career and focus on that I've changed in women's employments obviously equal numbers of men and women are now in full-time employment more women every year are being set for managerial jobs which again gives them more motivation and they are just going to see the future of being a housewife and they're changing girls ambitions so she sue Sharpe found that the ambitions of girls in 1970 was just it was just purely marriage and children whilst in 1990 she found that girls actually looked up to having a career and possibly a family later on but although um although family was still important it was not their main goal in the future so obviously girls more motivated and just see their future than there would be in a house working factors affecting male achievement so obviously the internal factors literacy boys don't like reading they see it's a very feminine [Music] they see it as a very feminine thing to do and so are more lights have a restricted linguistic code as mentioned by Bernstein although Bernstein's was mainly focused on class it can be applied to this situation and feminization of education so it's been designed to be more girl friendly in the hope that more girls are motivated and do better in school although this has had a negative impact on boys as they're not interests in feminine topics such as English which explains why the girls all have always achieved better in English the boys and then obviously the lack of male primary teachers it's a very in quite a big topic in the news recently actually that there are just so few male teachers in early early years and and like key stage 1 to stage 2 teaching so because there's not as many male role models available it can appear education can appear quite feminine to them so just have no mayo key figure to look up to and are just not bothered about actually caring if they don't feel like they can relate to the person that's actually teaching and the information no obviously lastly for the internal factors you've got laddish subcultures so um boys boys are more like to form a nice cool subject cultures in the main view of increasing their masculinity in the eyes of everyone around them and increasing the status well obviously this reduces their achievement as they're not going to pay attention to class as they're too busy disrupting it for example and impressing their friends and then externally and you've got the crisis of masculinity though boys may lack ambition if there are no jobs available after school because obviously as more women are going to work there are less jobs available in every sector as the men's go into there whilst 50 years ago boys automatically just knew they were going to go into a job no matter what always just aren't bothered now about doing if they don't see anywhere for them to actually use their knowledge and they're not see the more there's a more panic so there's a societal panic about the underachievement of boys which obviously influences how boys behave in school things I'm subject choice so you still got the very sort of distance between the male and female subjects so girls probably chose our languages for Sciences such as sociology for example and then obviously the male's went on to choose science and computer based topics such as computer science at a level whereas and then if you're looking at vocational education only one percent of the construction apprenticeships were female which there's that 99% of them are still male very stereotypical and then explanation for these trends is gender role so ship socialization so which is in it which is an external factor so girls socialize more gently and protect you while boys are taught so go out get dirty have fun I know she'd left by themselves to do their own thing whereas them so you've got which was found which was stated by Norman and then the next two factors are intern was he have got gendered subject choice obviously Corey looks at essentially the trend stated above a level so Arts and Humanities are seen as feminine topics both science and technology as masculine and then you've got gender identities within school so scouting a towel found that and they would usually choose subjects based on their gender identity so whilst they might physically be a girl they may feel like they have more of a masculine identity so they would go on to choose sort of more masculine subjects like science and things right so I just looked at this PowerPoint slide and realized I haven't actually finished off so what I'm gonna do here is just try and remember from the best my memory what those researchers when looking at labeling actually found out I will leave the information in the description box below so that everyone is actually properly aware of what it is and not using relying on my knowledge for the exam so I'm Gill Bourne Udell obviously as the teachers are more like to discipline that pupils compared to for the same behavior as the white pupils and I cannot remember what also did but right I believe looked at Asian pupils and how differently they are labeled in school cannot specifically I remember watch what they found out but I'll make sure to remember to put that down in the description box below so if you want to read that go ahead so pupil identities so I've got to say this is ethnicity an internal factor sorry and then you've got pupil identity so this was the thought-out by Archer who essentially said the teachers construct free pupil identities depending on their ethnicity the ideal pupil their ideal identity of a pupil there are white middle-class heterosexuals though normal sexuality and achieve good grades in the normal way so revising taking exams practicing um patent hassle or joist sorry I'm so bad at pronouncing things but um they've got that is the Asians they usually have they are usually of asexuality and usually just conform to what is going on around him and then obviously demonised is the black students working class although they can be white as worth the partner working craft very sexual so they date a lot of people for example and we get distracted by partners but there with women or some and they have a huge crush on usually unintelligent and culturally deprived I just that's a sort of further explanation of how teachers will look at different people from different ethnicities and then also building on the internal factors good I've missed out a bit so I'll make sure to put that in the description box below really sorry about that I think my brain must have spaced out slightly but anyway so you've got so you got a foot and Mac and go hell so essentially full of this is again full of black students in year 11 we had a race of racist teacher but achieved world still then obviously math girl found similar results when studying black and Asian a level pupils as well I cannot remember for the life of me what murders went so well did shows how well more revisions going but moving on to institutional racism ethnocentric ethnocentric curriculum ethnocentrism sorry the National Curriculum it's white middle o'clock people's best the languages are mainly European and history folks on British history rather than any other such of American or Russian or anything so obviously a lot of students going into school will not be able to relate whatsoever to what is actually being taught and then access to opportunities ethnic minorities due to stereotype some finances won't have was good access to opportunities in comparison to their white middle class even working-class so just working class counterparts so will again fall behind because of this and not as likely to succeed and gain the five s on a star C grades at GCC moving onto external factors in terms of ethnicity so you've got by focusing on the cultural deprivation side of it so you got language so many minority students do not speak English the first language so again it will take them even longer to gain new concepts and be able to work on that information understand it properly but teachers just assume that because they'd because they can't speak English their first language there are soon to lack intelligence that aren't beautiful potential again so will not achieve as well as the middle class counterparts or even sorry the white counterpart through them sorry I'm such a man would say on then family structures so African Caribbean communities have high levels of loan Parenthood as obviously there is a stereotype that the males tend to leave after the child is born or when they find out that the mother is pregnant which again can cause financial issues and need to reduce educational achievement as obviously if there's low if it's a loan parent family it will just be one person trying to make the same amount of money as a two-parent family and then obviously compensator education policy aiming to reduce the effects of cultural deprivation such as a short art program which just helps students with their day to day schooling although you can find out a lot more about that online if you wish to get and more in-depth explanation of it material deprivation and as I said before high levels allowed Parenthood leads to material deprivation so poor housing and and then in turn disrupts educational potential and then again racism in wider society racism is a very tricky subject it's still something that's very round very still very much still around in even contemporary since society and in schools as well as policing and things it can meet a very low self-esteem and then so sort of projects school if my teachers are it teaches the racist towards the more treatment slightly differently and whilst teacher may not mean to be racist they may subconsciously hold prejudice against them and so give them lower grades or punish them more than they would their other white students in the cart um so this is basically equality policies so um so the three key aims of these policies economic efficiency raising educational standards increasing equality of educational opportunity which is a bit of a mouthful isn't it so the four key aspects as noted by Goulbourne udel the equality of access everyone has the same opportunities very well equality of circumstances though they should start school with with similar socio-economic statuses and equality of participation participation equal footing in school processes and equally sort of asked to answer questions in class and things or that everyone hates it and then equality of outcome everyone has the same chance of sharing and the eventual benefits of Education so in the hope that everyone is just as likely to achieve the best jobs and receive the best pay and so specifically looking at the policy so you got the 1944 Education Act so the trial pipe the tripartite system so Grandma Secondary Modern and technical schools were set up if you failed the 11 plus test which he took at the age of 11 after finishing primary school to determine which school he went into if he failed it he went into a technical I believe and then if he did really well you went into the grammar and usually those who went into the grammar okay it came up with the best results and then obviously because students were set out by their actual ability in schools they usually they were also surrounded by people similar abilities so had they didn't this all have the influence of a low self esteem because someone did like a huge amount bet on them and they were given equal opportunities and the 1965 Labour government brought in comprehensive schools so essentially just schools instead of the separate schools in the tripartite system they just had schools where everyone was sent to when they were high or low Bertie students and study together and then the 1976 labor government or in vocational education such as NVQs and youth training programs which meant that the students were better trained for the actual workplace and or more built up ready to go into a job and then the 1980 education reform act so more vocations or workplaces the instruction of Ofsted helped improve the standards of schools and then national curriculums that everyone was taught the same thing and believe tables to again improve standards as competition builds up and then the introduction of SAT of SATs at the end of schools of the eleven plus and GCC's to help sort of give people actual like official and give everyone official qualification sorry but although before 1988 there were olefins which were basically similar to GCSEs well just give them a different term and so and then equality policies continued so you've got three types of selection that took place in school students and select viability and attitude so their potential for achieving well in certain subjects because obviously absolute mainly focused on specialty schools that specialized in a certain subject so whether they specialized in music or art or science those who have potential for achieving well on those subjects we're more like to go there then obviously the selection of my faith focuses usually on just faith schools so obviously there would be let the students be let into a Catholic school if they had Catholic beliefs and commitments and then obviously if schools oversubscribed and then priority is given to those in care those were siblings at the school already and those who live in the catchment area and then a parent can apply for a place at any state from the school and which allows them and which meant new policies gay parents have no choice but to forget that schools use backdoor social selection to choose students who are more like to be high ability and often have low education educated parents and then mocked by marketization policies so three features of marketization independence allowing schools more control over what is actually done competitions early tables and then choice so parent sokrati so the conservative 79 to 97 government and but by that I mean the 1979 to the 1997 I just shortened it in the boxes so they brought in local management of schools league tables and by local management by the way I mean sort of like the local authority local council were more in charge of schools rather than actually just the government main government and based in London and they got lis tables which I've already said funding dependent on student populations those schools will get so if schools were motivated to uphold uphold this standard because it meant that if they got a greater population of students coming into the school then they would get more funding um also they allowed for more parental choice somewhere schools could go and then the national curriculum and Ofsted's labor 97 to 2010 so just increased funding to schools more free nursery education and smaller primary classes to help build a better foundation for secondary school in GCSEs teachers were paid better which would help hopefully motivate them to do a better job and enjoy their job more um extra funding was given to schools in poor areas obviously to improve their results and help stop as many students from failing and then you've got specialist schools as you mentioned earlier so profession schools were just any school that focuses on the specific subjects they science art the music for example and the coalition government of labor sorry conservative and liberal liberal Democrats between 2010 2015 what so encouraged state schools to be academies so basically just run themselves and we're more in we're giving more control and preschools pupil premiums the schools were given more money depending on my pupils and on the English Baccalaureate which I believe is just another type of qualification and then obviously a reform and exams and curriculum and tougher performance targets for school and then just the last slide so private education they have the old boys network cycle which everyone knows about so for example those in government wealthy family go to Eton they go to like Oxford or Cambridge become path government and then marry someone musically in government as well so yes you've essentially you've got the cycle of how people stay wealthy and stay in the upper class and many people cease keeping children out the state system it's possible way to improve the opportunities for their future and they are usually better qualified and more experienced teachers so if they don't understand something they've got more resources and better ways of explaining and new and difficult concepts to them people also argue there are many issues with an onset education so private schools and because it why does the gap between class and educate age educational achievement because obviously working class cannot afford to go to private schools so just widens that gap but also that the teachers may not actually be any better at private schools but they have smaller classes and students are given the better the required attention that they need to actually just achieve better that is everything guys I hope I'm going to enough detail I hope I'm gotten anything wrong but if you want to add more detail or correct me and feel free to comment in in this section in the comments below and I will make sure that missing information I missed out earlier will be in the description box thank you so much for watching and my other video should be available soon for you to watch thank you