Chapter 15: Airspace

Introduction

• Two main categories of airspace:
  • Regulatory
  • Nonregulatory
• Types within these categories:
  • Controlled
  • Uncontrolled
  • Special Use
  • Other Airspace
• Airspace dictated by:
  • Complexity/density of aircraft movements
  • Nature of operations
  • Safety requirements
  • National/public interest

Controlled Airspace

• Class A: 18,000 feet MSL to FL 600; IFR required.
• Class B: Surface to 10,000 feet MSL; busiest airports; ATC clearance needed.
• Class C: Surface to 4,000 feet above airport; two-way communication required.
• Class D: Surface to 2,500 feet above airport; two-way communication required.
• Class E: Not A, B, C, D; generally extends from the surface to the base of overlying A, B, C, or D airspace.

Uncontrolled Airspace

• Class G: Airspace not designated as A, B, C, D, or E; no ATC control.

Special Use Airspace

• Designated for specific activities or restrictions.
• Prohibited Areas: No flight allowed.
• Restricted Areas: Hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft.
• Warning Areas: Similar to restricted but over international waters.
• Military Operation Areas (MOAs): Separate military and IFR traffic.
• Alert Areas: High volume of pilot training or unusual activity.
• Controlled Firing Areas (CFAs): Activities suspended if aircraft approaches.

Other Airspace Areas

• Includes a variety of specific operations:
  • Local Airport Advisory (LAA)
  • Military Training Routes (MTRs)
  • Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR)
  • Parachute jump operations
  • Published VFR routes
  • Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSAs)
  • National Security Areas (NSAs)

Air Traffic Control and the National Airspace System

• Primary Purpose: Prevent collision and organize traffic flow.
• Additional Services: Provided under certain conditions.
• Coordination of Airspace: Necessary for entering another controller's area.

Operational Requirements

• VFR Weather Minimums: Visibility and cloud clearance requirements for VFR.
• Operating Rules & Equipment Requirements: Varies by class; adherence to regulations essential.
• Use of ADS-B Out Equipment: Required in certain airspaces starting January 2020.

Chapter Summary

• Detailed classifications and operational requirements for different airspace types.
• Further information available in AIM and CFR parts 71, 73, 91.