hello there and welcome to the unit 2 review video for AP Psychology my name is Mr sin and today we are going to be reviewing everything you need to know about unit 2 of AP Psychology biological basis of Behavior now before we get started I need you to go get the study guide that goes with this video to do this you need to go click the link in the description of this video and go to my ultimate review packet there you'll find a study guide that goes along with this entire video in the packet you'll also find an answer key to the study guide unit practice quizzes practice AP test and other review resources for every single unit of AP Psychology I created the ultimate review package to review all the major Concepts in AP Psychology and the major Concepts that would be covered in an introduction to psychology class in college all this is to not only help you get an A in your AP Psychology class but also a five on the national exam in May this unit review video is going to go fast make sure you have your study guide out and ready to go remember if you miss any information you can always check the answer key that's in the ultimate review packet or you can go back and rewatch my topic review videos on YouTube that go into more detail for each topic unit 2 starts with the interaction of heredity and environment remember heredity is the passing on of different physical and mental traits from one generation to another individuals such as Charles Darwin focused on understanding how heredity and environment impacted an individual Darwin created a theory of evolution which stated that Evolution happens by natural selection individual traits that are beneficial to a species survival would be passed on while undesirable traits would die off now in talking about heredity we also need to understand what heritability is remember this is a mathematical measure to estimate how much variation there is in a population related to its genes this shows us how much of a trait is genetics and how much of it is from the environment for example if the heritability of a trait is 6 that means that 60% of the variations for that trait in the population is caused by genetics and 40% is due to the environment hered abilities can range anywhere from 0er to one we can see that individual traits have influences from both nature and nurture for years people have argued that it is nature our genetic itics biology and heredity that shape us as individuals While others have argued that it's our nurture our environment how we're raised what friends we had the amount of Education we had access to or how much wealth we had and other environmental factors that shaped us as individuals we can see that different psychological perspectives stand on different sides of this debate for example individuals such as Charles Darwin would lean more towards the nature side of the debate we can look at the study of epigenetics which focuses on how the environment and a person's Behavior affect a person's genes and how they work here the focus is how an individual's body reads a DNA sequence the DNA itself is not changing epigenetics happen slowly here different genes are essentially being turned on or off due to a sustained environmental pressure so we can see that when it comes to influences over our development there is truth in both the nature and nurture side of the debate we will see this even more clearly when we go into reciprocal determinism in unit 7 which looks at how the environment and an individual's behavior and also their individual ual feelings and beliefs all Impact each other standard two of unit 2 is all about the endocrine system which is made up of all the body's different glands that produce different hormones this helps regulate our different biological processes the endocrine system and our nervous system allow our bodies to function and send information throughout our entire body now I mentioned the endocrine system and the nervous system it's important to remember that these are two different systems the nervous system uses neurons to send and deliver messages to localized areas of the body it uses fast short lived messages while the endocrine system uses glands to create hormones these are slower moving messages and they target large broad areas of the body before we get into the different glands and hormones of the endocrine system I want to quickly review the concept of homeostasis this is a term that will come up not just throughout this unit but also in later units as well homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain internal stability for example your body will maintain a body temperature around 98° F if your body gets too hot or too cold and leaves homeostasis it'll work to move your body back to homeostasis now the endocrine system is made up of a variety of different glands for this part of the video make sure you complete the table in your study guide you want to understand not only where the different glands are located but also what their function is and what hormones are associated with the gland starting out we have the hypothalamus which is part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland the hypothalamus directs different autonomic functions of the body and it directs the pituitary gland the pituitary gland releases growth hormones oxytocin and and vasopressin this gland communicates with other glands around the body to produce their hormones and is sometimes referenced as the master gland above the brain stem in the middle of the brain is the pineal gland which helps regulate sleep cycles this gland produces melatonin which helps you fall asleep at night moving down into the throat we have the thyroid and the parathyroid gland which help regulate an individual's metabolism growth nervous system and regulate calcium levels in your blood hormones here would include thyroid hormones parathyroid hormones and calcitonin just to name a few just above the kidney sits the adrenal glands which help regulate salt levels blood pressure and oxygen intake here hormones produced are norepinephrine epinephrine and aldosterone if we look near your stomach we can see the pancreas which produces insulin and glucagon this helps regulate an individual sugar levels lastly we have the gonads which are the ovaries or testes this is where testosterone estrogen and progesterone are produced this is what allow individuals to be able to reproduce moving to 2.3 we can see that we have the nervous system which is made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system the CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord it sends out orders to the body while the pns consists of different nerves that Branch off the Brain and Spine this is what allows the nervous system to communicate with the rest of the body remember the central nervous system sends messages through the peripheral nervous system to tell the body what to do and the peripheral nervous system can send messages back to the central nervous system the peripheral nervous system can be broken down into the sensory Division and also motor division the sensory division is also known as the aferin division which focuses on conducting impulses from sensory stimuli to the central nervous system while the motor division also known as the eper division has signals that come from the brain and spinal cord and go out to the muscles and glands of your body through the ephrine neuron remember afrine neurons send signals to the brain and spinal cord while ephrine neurons send messages from the brain and spinal cord to the body if you need help remembering this try to remember that afren approaches the brain and Efren exits the brain a for approach and E for exit now the motor division includes the somatic and autonomic nervous system the somatic nervous system also known as the skeletal nervous system includes your five senses and skeletal muscle movement these movements happen consciously and voluntarily while the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary activities this is what makes sure your heart keeps beating your stomach keeps digesting and you keep breathing the autonomic nervous system can be broken down into two Parts the sympathetic Division and the parasympathetic division the sympathetic division mobilizes your body and gets it ready for action this makes your heartbeat faster your eyes dilate and increases your breathing while the parasympathetic division relaxes the body it slows your heart rate increases your digestion and helps you start to focus on storing energy both of these work together in emergencies to help with your fight or flight response now the nervous system is supported by G cells these cells provide neurons with nutrients that are the most abundant cell in the nervous system one thing to remember about gal cells is they do not process any information meaning that they do not send any messages or signals for your body lastly we have to break down the neuron which is the basic functional unit of the nervous system we can see that neurons communicate with each other by using electrical and chemical signals to send information throughout our entire nervous system now in order to value your time and to make sure that these videos maximize your studying I'm not going to break down each part of the neuron however you do need to understand the different parts of a neuron right now what I need you to do is complete the last part of the study guide for 2.3 identify the different parts of the neuron and their functions once you're done you can check your answers in the study guide in the ultimate review packet then come back to this video and we'll go over 2.4 this part of unit 2 is all about how neurons communicate and send signals between different neurons in order for neurons to send a message they need to receive enough stimulation that causes an action potential an action potential is when a neuron fires in sends an Impulse down the axon in order for this to happen a couple things need to occur you have in your body positively charged and negatively charged ions your cell membranes separate the ions and create an environment on either side of the barrier that is overall positive or negative this is what gives your neurons potential some ions are able to cross the membrane more easily than others which is a trait known as permeability when a neuron is not sending a signal it has more negative ions inside than outside this is called resting potential to trigger an action potential a neuron must depolarize which happens when an outside stimulus is strong enough to meet the threshold that causes depolarization to occur if the stimulus does not meet the threshold there is no firing and the neuron will return to its resting state remember it's an all or nothing game here the neuron will only fire if the threshold is met when an action potential occurs it sends a signal down the axon to other neurons in the nervous system after that the neuron goes through a process of repolarization which brings the neuron back to resting potential during this process channels will be open to try and rebalance the charges by letting more positive ions back outside the cell membrane when this is happening and the signal is moving down a neuron's axon the neuron cannot respond to any other stimulus this is known as a refractory period which is a time period where the cell cannot fire and it needs to wait until the repolarization process occurs and the cell goes back to a resting potential now once a signal makes its way down the axon of a neuron it's sent down to the axon terminal where the signal is converted and sent to another neuron through a small pocket of space between the Axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron this tiny space is known as the synapse speaking of synapses we can see here that there are chemical synapses and electrical synapses chemical synapses use neurotransmitters which are chemical Messengers they send messages through the nervous system electrical synapses are for messages that need to be sent quickly and immediately when neurotransmitters are sent they diffuse through the synaptic gap to deliver their messages the synaptic gap is a narrow space between two neurons specifically the pre synaptic terminal of one neuron and the post synaptic terminal of another neuron the presynaptic terminal is the axon terminal of the neuron which converts the electrical signal to a chemical one and sends the neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap while the post synaptic terminal is where the neurotransmitters are accepted in the dendrites of the receiving neuron remember pre means before and post means after press synaptic is before and postsynaptic is after now once the neurotransmitters have passed their messages onto the post synaptic neuron they will unbind with the receptor some of the neurotransmitters are destroyed and others get reabsorbed the process of taking excess neurotransmitters that are left in the synaptic gap is known as reuptake this is when the sending neuron reabsorbs the extra neurotransmitter depending on what neurotransmitters bind to which receptors we can see that the neuron will either get excited or inhibited excitatory neurotransmitters will increase the likelihood that a neuron will fire an action potential through the depolarization process in the post synaptic neuron while inhibitory neurotransmitters will decrease the likelihood that a neuron will fire an action potential this leads to hyperpolarization to occur which is when the inside of the neuron becomes more negative which moves it farther away from its threshold or intensity level needed for an action potential when trying to remember this chain of events try to remember them in the following order one we have an action potential that sends a signal down the axon of a neuron to the Press synaptic terminal two the channels in the axon terminal are open and the neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic gap this is for chemical messages three the neurotransmitters diffused through the synaptic gap and bind to receptor sites in the post synaptic terminal and for neurotransmitters unbind with the receptors some are destroyed and others go through the process of reuptake lastly it's going to be important that you remember the different types of neurotransmitters and what they do to the body acetal Coline enables muscle action learning and helps with memory dopamine helps with movement learning attention and emotion serotonin impacts an individual's hunger sleep arousal and mood endorphins help with pain control and impacts an individual's pain tolerant epinephrine helps with the body's response to high emotional situations and helps form memories while nor epinephrine increases your blood pressure heart rate and alertness both epinephrine and norepinephrine work together with the body's fight or flight response glutamate is involved with long-term memory and learning lastly Gaba helps with sleep movement and slows down your nervous system 2.5 is all about drugs and they're impact on neural firing also before we start this section I want to give a quick shout out to my Discord server it's an awesome place where you can study with thousands of students around the world it's free and you can find the link in the description down below we're going to start by quickly reviewing the difference between Agonist and antagonist drugs Agonist drugs increase the effectiveness of a neurotransmitter while antagonist drugs decrease the effectiveness of a neurotransmitter agus bind to The receptors that are in the synapse that are for neurotransmitters these substances increase the effectiveness of the neurotransmitter by mimicking them and increasing the production of the neur neurotransmitter or by blocking the reuptake that would usually absorb the extra neurotransmitters this makes them more available in the synapse anness drugs on the other hand work in multiple ways they either block the neurotransmitters from being released from the pre synaptic axon terminal or they connect to the post synaptic receptors and block the intended neurotransmitters from binding examples of Agonist substances would be anti-an anxiety medication such as Xanax which increases the neurotransmitter known as Gaba which decreases neuroactivity and can calm people down another example would be proac which is used to treat depression this agonistic substance delays the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as serotonin making it more available for the body to use opioids would be another example of an Agonist substance examples of antagonist substances would be medication for schizophrenia which blocks dopamine receptors or alcohol which blocks the release of glutamate which acts as a depressant for our nervous system and you're on to 2.6 this part of unit 2 is all about different structures of the brain now this part of the video is going to be going fast so make sure you have your study guide out as we're about to go over the different structures of the brain if you need more information on any of these structures make sure to check out my unit 2 topic 6 review video on YouTube that goes into a lot more detail for each of these different structures also speaking of YouTube if you're finding value in this video or any of my other videos consider subscribing it's free and it's a great way to support the channel starting with broker's area we can see that this area of the brain is in charge of facial muscles that are used to help us speak this area was first first identified by Paul broka if this area of the brain is ever damaged an individual will experience broka Aphasia which is the loss in ability to produce language next is W's area which was discovered by Carl weri this is an area in the brain which is responsible for creating meaningful speech if this part of the brain is ever damaged a person will lose the ability to create meaningful speech this is known as worik aasia the medulla ablang is right above the spinal cord and below the ponds this helps regulate a person's cardiovascular and resp system it takes care of autonomic functions the ponds is the bridge between different areas of the nervous system it connects the medulla with the cerebellum and helps to coordinate movement one of the main functions of the ponds is to help with sleep and dream the cerebellum is located at the base of the brain in the back and it allows you to maintain balance and manage your coordination brain stem is located at the base of your brain and at the top of the spinal cord it includes the medulla the ponds and the midbrain if it's ever severely damaged it will most likely result in death since it controls autonomic function speaking of the spinal cord this is what connects your brain to the rest of your body think about this as the information Highway this allows for your nerves to send information to your brain and vice versa the midbrain helps with sending Visual and auditory information to the appropriate structures of the brain you can think about this part of the brain as a relay station the reticular formation is a structure of the brain that tunnels down the brain stem its main function is arousal in the sleep and awake cycle while the reticular activating system encompasses the reticular formation it's aor network of nerves that run through the brain stem and out to the thalmus this helps stimulate higher centers when something important happens that needs to have immediate attention now so far we've been talking about the midbrain and also the hindbrain which mainly focus on involuntary function the next structures we're going to be talking about are part of the forbrain the cerebrum is the name of the brain parts that are not the brain stem and the cerebella here is where the brain processes information that's not just for survival things like complex thought the cerebral cortex is a thin layer of billions of nerve cells that cover the whole brain inside the cerebral cortex is the Corpus colossum which is made up of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres this allows your hemispheres to talk and communicate with one another remember the cerebral cortex can be broken down into four different lobes and two different hemispheres the frontal lobe is located behind your forehead it deals with higher level thinking and is separated into two important area the prefrontal cortex deals with foresight judgment speech and complex thought while the mo cortex deals with voluntary movement and is located in the back of the frontal L remember the left motor cortex controls movement on the right side of your body and the right motor cortex controls movement on the left side of your body visually we can see the functions of the motor cortex represented by the motor homunculus which shows a visual representation of the amount of brain area that is dedicated towards a specific body part the parietal lobe sits on top of your head right behind the frontal Lo here the main function is to receive sensory information this is what lets you understand different Sensations such as touch pain temperature and spatial orientation the somat sensory cortex on the other hand is parallel and touches the motor cortex this part of the parietal lobe allows you to register touch and movement Sensations as well the left sensory cortex control Sensations for the right side of your body while the right sensory cortex controls Sensations for the left part of your body speaking of sensory information we can visualize the amount of brain area that is dedicated towards specific body parts when looking at the sensory homunculus moving to the back of our head we have the occipital lobe and the visual cortex which is what allows you to be able to see the temporal lobe is located right above your ears this helps you recognize faces smell hear noises balance and assist with memory this is also where W's area is located also located in the temporal lobe is the angular gyrus which allows you to read words on a paper and transfer that information into an auditory form there's also the auditory cortex that's located in the temporal lobe this is what processes different sounds that you hear speaking of sensory information we also have the thalmus which takes all the different sensory information that you take in every second and sends that information to the forbrain to be interpreted next we have the lyic system which is a group of structures between the brain stem and the cerebral cortex the main function here is emotions learning memory and some of our basic Drive surrounding the thalmus and inside the temporal loes we have the hippocampus this area allows you to create memories this is how we learn and form memories remember though this is where memories are created but they're not stored here the amydala is a structure located at the end of each arm of the hippocampus these two round clusters are where you get your emotional reactions from you can think your amydala for your fear anxiety and also aggression next is the hypothalamus which is what keeps your body balanced this allows you to have homeostasis and is what controls your drive such as thirst hunger temperature and sex this also works with the pituitary gland to regulate and control your hormones then there is the nucleus AC combus which is located near the lyic system and is associated with drug dependency its main function is with pleasure and reward and motivation lastly we have the basil ganglia these neuron cell bodies are involved in intentional body movement they link the thalmus with the motor cortex if this area is damaged it could lead to Parkinson seral paly or Huntington's disease now remember when looking at the brain we can see that there are three major regions the highb brain is located at the bottom of the brain the midbrain is up from the base of the brain and is surrounded by the forebrain and the forbrain which is on the top of the brain is what most people visualize when they think about the brain today we know that the brain is brain lateralization which is the differing functions of the left and right hemisphere essentially it's the division of labor between the two hemispheres each hemisphere has different areas that it's more efficient in at the end of the day we all use both hemispheres to accomplish different tasks and no one is simply just right or left brain now we can see that the brain does have some hemispheric specialization which we can see with the left brain for example which is better at recognizing words interpreting language while the right hemisphere is a little bit better at spatial Concepts such as facial recognition and turning Direction all right now that we've talked about the different brain structures it's time to look at how we can examine the Brain before we get into neuroimaging techniques though I want to talk about Phineas gagee and split brain research both are unique and have helped us better understand the brain and its function Phineas gagee was a railroad worker who was injured when a tampering Rod shot cleaned through his head now the crazy part of this story is that Phineas Gage lived he even walked away from the accident without any cognitive defect but Phineas Gage did have a pretty severe personality change and it was discovered that it was because the rod had severed his lyic system and his prefrontal cortex was damaged remember these areas are important for judgment and emotional regulation Roger sper and Michael ganaga became known for their work with split brain research this is a procedure that was done to help treat people with severe epilepsy this procedure cuts the Corpus colossum which connects the left and right hemisphere of the brain once the Corpus colossum is cut the right and left hemisphere can no longer communicate patients who have had split brain procedures saw no impact or change on their personality or intelligence This research allows us to better understand the different functions of each of the hemispheres researchers found that when patients were shown a word in the right visual field the patient was able to say the word without any problem but when words were shown to the left visual field the patient would say they did not see anything however even though individuals said they saw nothing they could draw the word with their left hand once they drew the word they could identify it because their right visual field would see the picture they drew this is because the left hemisphere contains language remember brok's area and W's area they're located in the left hemisphere two other ways in which we have gained insight into different functions of the brain is with lesion studies and autopsies lesion studies are where doctors and researchers will destroy specific parts of the brain to gain insight into different functions of the brain today this can be done to try and treat specific disorders autopsies on the other hand is an examination of an individual's body who has died to discover the cause of death this allows for individuals to better understand the extent of a disease help determine the exact cause of death and can even provide important information for an individual's next of kin the last part of this section of unit 2 is all about different neuroimaging techniques remember to complete the table in your study guide as I go through the different techniques also once you're done with this video don't forget to check the answer key in the ultimate review packet to make sure your answers are correct and for more information on the different Topics in this video eegs use electrodes that are placed on an individual scalp this allows researchers to record electrical signals from neurons firing which can help with sleep and seizure research CTS are a series of advanced x-rays that look at the brain that can help locate brain damage or even tumor pet scans involve injecting a small amount of radioactive glucose into an individual and then tracking the glucose in specific regions of the brain this allows researchers to see in real time which areas of the brain are active in firing MRIs provide detailed pictures of the brain by using a strong magnetic field to cause molecules to vibrate at different frequencies fmis are similar to an MRI but they show metabolic functions this can help better understand brain activity this shows a much more detailed picture compared to a pet scan now 2.8 continues our discussion on the brain here we are focusing on how the brain can change and how it can become impacted the ability for the brain to change modify itself or repair itself is known as neuroplasticity throughout our lives we are constantly learning new skills information and growing all of this can lead to neuroplasticity to occur but I'm unfortunately we can also run into different situations which can lead to brain damage such as infections neurotoxins genetic factors head injuries tumors or even a stroke just to name a few depending on the severity of the damage the brain may or may not be able to recover which can have life-altering impacts on an individual now I mentioned earlier that the brain changes whenever we are learning when we learn new information or even when we practice old skills the brain creates nural Pathways and the more you practice a skill or study information the more developed the pathway becomes speak the brain we have to also talk about an individual's Consciousness this is when an individual is awake and aware of their own external stimuli or mental activity individuals such as William James believed that our Consciousness was a stream it was all interconnected and you couldn't just break it into different parts while other individuals such as Freud believe that our Consciousness was made up of our conscious mind our subconscious mind and also the unconscious mind with the unconscious mind influencing the conscious mind now when looking at our Consciousness and our brain we can see that different different drugs have different impacts on our state of mind psychoactive substances purposely alter an individual's perception Consciousness or mood these drugs can be broken down into a couple of different categories depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity in an individual these drugs cause drowsiness muscle relaxation lowered breathing and if abused possibly death examples of depressants would include alcohol or sleeping pills opioids also function as a depressant but have their own category due to their addictive nature these drugs give an indiv ual pain relief example this would be morphine heroin or oxycodon stimulants on the other hand excite and promote neural activity these drugs given individual energy reduce a person's appetite and cause them to become irritable examples of this would be caffeine nicotine or cocaine lastly they are hallucinogens which would include marijuana pyote or LSD these drugs cause an individual to sense things that are not actually there they can also reduce an individual's motivation and can lead an individual to panic all right now we've made it to the last section of unit which is all about sleep and dreaming and if you've made it this far in the video and you haven't subscribed yet what are you waiting for it's free and you can always change your mind later it's a great way to support the channel plus you'll get notified when future videos get posted now in talking about sleep we have to start with your circadium Rhythm this is your biological clock it involves changing your blood pressure internal temperature hormones and regulates your sleep wake cycle we can look at why we sleep in a couple of different ways the restoration Theory believes that we sleep because we get tired from daily activities and we sleep to restore our energy and resources the adaptive theory believes that we sleep because it allows us to conserve energy so we can save it for when we need it the most this Theory focuses on The evolutionary aspects of sleep and how it protects us and allows us to survive or we could look at the information processing Theory which focuses on how sleep allows us to restore and build memories if we do not get enough sleep we'll struggle with new information that we learn that day when looking at sleep we can visualize different brain waves to help us understand which stage of sleep we are in to do this we can use an EEG by using an EEG we are able to measure the frequency of a wave which is the number of waves per second and also the amplitude which is the size of the wave we can see that we have Alpha Waves which are slower waves that have a high amplitude next is beta waves which are low in amplitude and are the fastest brain waves they occur when you are engaged in mental activity then there's theta waves which have a greater amplitude compared to Beta and alpha waves and are even slower in frequency they are strong during times of relaxation lastly there is also Delta waves that have the greatest amplitude and slowest frequency these occur when you are at your most relaxed often times during the deepest levels of sleep when looking at the stages of sleep we can see that we start with nonrem stage one this is a very light sleep that only lasts about 5 to 10 minutes here are your body will start to relax and your mind starts to slow the most common waves during this stage are alpha waves next is a transitional stage which is non-rem stage two this normally lasts around 10 to 20 minutes here an individual will experience K complexes and sleep spindles which are bursts of neural activity the most common waves are theta waves during this stage after that an individual moves into non-rem stage three this is one of the deepest states of sleep it normally lasts around 30 minutes where growth hormones are produced and an individual may experience sleepwalking or sleep talking the common waves during this stage are delta waves lastly we have REM which is the last stage and it stands for rapid eye movement here your external muscles are paralyzed while your internal muscles and structures become active this is because your brain admits beta waves during this stage this stage lasts for about 10 minutes here individuals might experience dreams or also nightmares now before we move into dreams and sleep disorders I want to quickly review hypnogogic sensation these occur during non-r stage one this is when an individual experiences Sensations that you might imagine are real these Sensations happen when you're in a light sleep an example of the sensation would be if you were dreaming and you end up falling in your dream only to all of a sudden be awoken suddenly with this fear that you were actually falling in real life speaking of dreams we can see that there are a variety of different theories and models that seek to explain the purpose of Dreams the activation synthesis model believes that our dreams are our brain trying to make sense of random neural activity that is happening while we are asleep the cognitive development theory believes that dreams are reflection of our cognitive development which is why dreams are more simple for children than they are for adults the activation Theory believes that specific areas of the brain are activated and depending on which area of the brain is active your dreams will have different Contex and contact lastly the physiological function approach looks at how dreams stimulate our neural Pathways and allow them to grow and also be preserved now we all need sleep to be our best selves but unfortunately sometimes we can struggle with falling asleep or even staying asleep we can see that many people suffer at some point in their lives with insomnia which is a sleeping disorder where an individual will have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep this can be caused due to stress pain medication or an irregular sleeping schedule others will struggle with sleep apnea which is when an individual has a hard time falling asleep or staying asleep because they are struggling with their breathing this prevents an individual from being able to get a good night sleep and go into REM they keep waking up due to their breathing problem there's also sleep tears or night tears which is when an individual experience intense fear while sleeping which can cause an individual to experience sleep deprivation and a disrupted sleep schedule lastly even though it's rare there is narcolepsy here individuals will struggle to sleep at night and will uncontrollably fall asleep during the day and just like that another unit review video is done now you need to go back to the ultimate review packet and check your answers with the answer key also make sure you look at the unit practice quiz to make sure you're getting all the major Concepts plus check out all the other resources in the packet to make sure that you're ready for your class test and that you're ready for that National exam in May thank you so much for watching I'm Mr sin and I will see you next time online [Music]