Overview
This FAQ explains the veterinarian-client-patient relationship (VCPR), how it is established and maintained, its legal and ethical importance, and the unique role of veterinarians in animal health.
What is a Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR)?
- A VCPR exists when a veterinarian knows a pet well enough to diagnose and treat medical conditions.
- The client’s role is to allow the veterinarian to make clinical judgments, ask questions to understand, and follow instructions.
- The veterinarian’s role includes making judgments, providing care, keeping records, advising on treatments, and explaining emergency options.
Establishment and Maintenance of VCPR
- A VCPR is established by an in-person veterinary examination (exceptions exist in a few states for electronic establishment).
- Maintaining a VCPR requires regular veterinary visits to monitor the pet's health.
- In most states, a valid VCPR cannot be established online, by email, or phone.
- Once established, some follow-up can be conducted electronically if the veterinarian deems it appropriate.
Importance of VCPR
- A VCPR is legally required in most states for diagnosis, treatment, and prescribing or dispensing medications.
- Federal law also requires a VCPR for prescription and health certificates.
- A VCPR ensures the veterinarian is familiar with the animal’s history for optimal care.
- The AVMA’s ethical guidelines and Model Veterinary Practice Act require a VCPR to treat or prescribe.
Ending a VCPR
- Clients can end a VCPR at any time by notifying their veterinarian.
- Veterinarians may end a VCPR but should notify the client and provide care until the pet transitions to another provider if ongoing treatment is needed.
Veterinarians vs. Online Sources
- Veterinarians can provide personalized care based on an animal’s specific needs and medical history.
- Veterinarians are trained to recognize and treat adverse reactions to drugs and vaccines.
- Diagnosing animal health issues requires hands-on exams and professional training that cannot be replaced by online or phone consultations.
Key Terms & Definitions
- VCPR (Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship) — A professional relationship where the vet knows the pet, oversees its care, and maintains medical records.
- AVMA (American Veterinary Medical Association) — The organization providing veterinary guidelines and principles.
- Model Veterinary Practice Act — A set of guidelines for legal and ethical veterinary practice.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review your state’s veterinary practice act for specific VCPR rules.
- Visit your veterinarian regularly to maintain a valid VCPR.
- Consult your veterinarian directly for health concerns rather than relying on online advice.