AP Human Geography Comprehensive Review

Introduction

• Purpose of the video: Summarize all seven units of AP Human Geography.
• Intended as a fast-paced review, not detailed teaching.
• Supplementary resources: Topic review videos, Ultimate Review Packet.
• Importance of reviewing before exams for concept retention.

Unit 1: Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives

• Maps and Map Projections
  • Types: Thematic maps, reference maps.
  • Map projections: Each has distortion (shape, area, distance, direction).
  • Example: Mercator map distortion favoring direction.
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS):
  • Layer data on maps, showing spatial relationships.
• Research Types:
  • Quantitative (e.g., census data) vs. Qualitative (attitudes, beliefs).
• Spatial Concepts and Technology:
  • Impact of technology on distance decay and connectivity.
  • Concepts of place and cultural landscape.
• Environmental Theories:
  • Environmental determinism vs. possibilism.
• Scale and Scale of Analysis:
  • Confusion between small-scale (global) and large-scale (local) maps.
• Types of Regions:
  • Functional/nodal, perceptual/vernacular, formal/uniform.

Unit 2: Population and Migration

• Population Distribution and Density:
  • Influences: Economic, social, political, environmental factors.
• Population Metrics and Models:
  • CBR, CDR, NIR, sex ratios, dependency ratios.
  • Importance of population pyramids and demographic transition model (DTM).
• Stages of DTM:
  • Stage 1: Low growth.
  • Stage 2: High growth (industrial/medical revolution).
  • Stage 3: Moderate growth (urbanization).
  • Stage 4: Low growth (women's rights).
  • Debated Stage 5: Population decline.
• Malthusian Theory:
  • Malthusian catastrophe and Neo-Malthusians.
• Migration:
  • Push and pull factors (political, economic, social, environmental).
  • Types: Forced vs. voluntary migration.
  • Ravenstein’s laws of migration.

Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes

• Cultural Concepts:
  • Cultural relativism vs. ethnocentrism.
  • Cultural landscape and identity.
• Diffusion:
  • Types: Relocation, expansion (hierarchical, contagious, stimulus).
• Impact of Globalization:
  • Colonialism, imperialism, lingua franca.
• Cultural Resistance and Adaptation:
  • Folk and indigenous cultures, acculturation, assimilation.
• Religion and Language:
  • Universalizing vs. ethnic religions.
  • Language diffusion and impact.

Unit 4: Political Organization of Space

• Political Entities and Boundaries:
  • Nation vs. state, nation-state vs. multinational state.
  • Types of boundaries: Relic, antecedent, subsequent, consequent, superimposed, geometric.
• Political Influence and Power:
  • Colonialism, neocolonialism.
  • Gerrymandering and voting districts.
• State Organization:
  • Unitary vs. federal states.
  • Centripetal vs. centrifugal forces.
• Supranational Organizations:
  • Sovereignty challenges by entities like the EU, UN, NATO.

Unit 5: Agricultural and Rural Land Use

• Agricultural Practices:
  • Intensive vs. extensive agriculture.
  • Commercial vs. subsistence agriculture.
• Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods:
  • Clustered, dispersed, linear settlements.
  • Methods: Metes and bounds, long lots, township and range.
• Agricultural Revolutions:
  • First, Second, and Green revolutions.
  • Impact on food production and society.
• Modern Agricultural Debates:
  • GMOs, organic farming, food deserts.
• Role of Women:
  • Changes in women's roles in agriculture.
• Bid Rent Theory and von Thünen's Model:
  • Relationship between land prices and urban areas.

Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land Use

• Urban Models:
  • Burgess concentric zone, Hoyt sector, Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei, Galactic model.
  • Models for LDCs: Latin American, sub-Saharan African, Southeast Asian city models.
• Urban Sustainability:
  • Smart growth, urban growth boundaries, new urbanism.
• Urban Challenges:
  • Redlining, blockbusting, gentrification.

Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development

• Globalization and Economic Sectors:
  • Formal vs. informal economy.
  • Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary sectors.
• Trade and Economic Theories:
  • Neoliberal policies, comparative advantage.
  • Rostow’s stages of economic growth, Wallerstein’s world system theory.
• Development Metrics:
  • GDP, GNP, GNI, HDI, gender inequality index.
• Women in Development:
  • Role in the economy, microloans.

Conclusion

• Encouragement to use supplementary resources for deeper understanding.
• Acknowledgment of hard work and wishes for success in exams.