Chapter II is another nomenclature chapter where we're going to learn how to name alcohols amines ketones and aldehydes and then after this we have one more nomenclature chapter chapter F and then we will be done with the nomenclature so as we approach this chapter you just have to remember all the rules that we've learned up to this point that they all pretty much apply and in this chapter II we're just adding to it okay I know it's a little daunting there's all these rules and regulations and I'm just keep on adding more and more but that's the nature of the beast so the compound name of a compound now excuse me is going to require a suffix added to the root now when we looked at something like this we've we would ask ourselves what is the longest continuous carbon chain and we would call that the parent name right but now we can look at this and parent name and root name kind of are like the same idea so if we looked at this molecule here we would say hey the root is a hexane alright because there's six carbons so that that's the root or the parent name it becomes a root when we start putting on a functional group that is not a halogen a nitro group an ether alkene or alkyne so if these are the only types of substitute joints on a carbon chain then we call that a parent chain if there's something other than these that are in this sentence here and some examples would be a carboxylic acid an ester an alcohol or a ketone the parent name is now considered a root so let's put on a functional group here to show you what I'm talking about so how many carbons are in the longest continuous chain here well we see that there is five carbons one two three four five so the parent or the route would be pentane that's the root now we have to add a suffix to that root in order to tell us that we have an alcohol so if we go here to this table here we find the functional group that we're interested in which is an alcohol and we look in this column right here labeled the suffix there's something called the prefix which we'll get to in a moment but we look for the suffix and it will tell us to add this called this term this name to the root so we see it tells us to put an O L and all so that right there is the root so I'm going to square the root and then the suffix I'm just going to underline and that would be the alright so each different type of functional group has a different suffix wake wake acid wake and hydride oil chloride hamid nitrile al-oan all and amine now the prefixes is going to tell us where the substituents are and we've already discussed how to name certain substituents but if the substituent's are one of these kind of functional groups then we name those those substituents by a different name or a prefix so if we're looking at an alcohol prefix it be a hydroxy if it's an amine it'll be amino and omit it would be a carbonyl so you're gonna have this chart in front of you as you're taking the exam and needing to name these types of molecules so you don't need to like put this into memory it will be in front of you so what we do our work we are going to apply all the rules that we've learned from chapters a and B and C to this chapter okay so let's go through these bullet points one by one and show you what they're talking about hey I know this isn't the biggest thought so you can't see things very well but you can see the read-along in your textbook so let's take a look at a molecule okay so there's our molecule that we want to name so bullet point one says determine the highest priority functional group that calls for a suffix so I see here I have an alcohol and an amine because I have two different functional groups I need to figure out what the suffix I'm going to use and the way we get to choose what suffix we're going to use is we compare the functional groups and I said we had an alcohol and an amine and you can see these numbers in blue they're ranked in priority so if you have the smaller number that means it's higher ranked and we'll take it will trump anything below it so this molecule that we have here the suffix is going to be an all because we see that an alcohol is above the amine so we know our suffix has to be an oh L so if I want to look at it this way suffix equals two all establish the main chain or ring as the one that contains that highest priority functional group so we've already identified the alcohol as the highest functional group so we need to find the longest continuous chain that has that hydroxyl directly attached to it and we can see in this is an easy problem that that's our longest continuous chain and we can see that it has the hydroxyl directly attached to it the third point says we need to remove the e from the a nine or ein ending and add the corresponding highest priority functional group name to it so when we look at this how many carbons are in that longest chain right there there's five and so bullet point three is telling us that we would normally call this pentane right and then we would have to add the suffix but we have to eliminate the e so it actually called Penton all right we have to remove that e off of the Ain so we got rid of that guy now this fourth point is says that nitriles are an exception to this rule we will cover that in chapter F so let's not worry about nitriles for right now so now we have to number the chain or the ring that gives the highest priority functional group the lowest locating number so we could number it one two three four five and we see the highest priority functional group is at number four or we could have numbered it this way one two three four five and clearly the blue numbers win because it gives us the highest priority functional group with the lowest number of two the next bullet point says we at the locator number for the funkiest priority functional group immediately before the suffix so what that saying is where is this all where is it located in the Penton all and we can see that the all is referring to the hydroxyl and what carbon is it attached to the second one so we would have to put in that locator so we have two pentane - - all pentane - all is the name of the molecule oh but we're not done yet right because we have that last bullet point all other functional groups in the mall Hill are treated as substituents and appear in the name as a prefix so we observed that we have an amine right here and every other substituent is going to be named with a prefix so we had to come back here and see hey we have a amine in our molecule and then we look at the prefix column and we see that amines have a prefix of amino but where is that amino substituent located it's on carbon floor so we would just go for - amino well let's get a little bit closer here so the entire molecules name is for amino pentane to all so let's just label everything here that right there's our root this right here is our suffix and this right here is going to be our prefix so this slides telling us that different functional groups are ranked based off priority that's what I've already shown you so you just got to look at those blue numbers carboxylic acid takes the highest priority that amine takes the lowest priority when you are naming molecules with these substituents on them now here are some examples of some alcohols we see the propane one all we've located the longest continuous carbon chain there's three of them that's why we have to probe propane and we see that the functional group is an alcohol so we add two Oh al and the numbers here are telling us the location of that mall or the hydroxyl group now this was a little interesting in the fact that you don't see a number one between the n and the O and the reason why is because if Eirene um bird if I would have redrawn this molecule like this do you see how the numbering always has to start where the hydroxyl group is it has to so it's just redundant when you only have two carbons and you have an alcohol it's going to start at the carbon one so it's just redundant and the same thing with cyclohexanol if that's the molecule there's only this substituent attached and we know that's going to be Priority One here are some examples of amines and you can see in these examples that here's the pit the root right five carbons so pentane but we have dropped the e added the location of the amine it's super important that you drop that e in the name okay and it's also important to be able to look at this table and identify the suffix which is our amine right here now let's take a look at when you have a substituent with an alkene or an alkyne so in this particular example right here what is the route we see that the route is going to be the cyclo hexane and then where's the suffix the amine and what's this chloro this is just a prefix slash the substituent right there let's see here this molecule right here you see that there's seven carbons long that's where we get the hepta we also see that the hydroxyl group is on carbon 2 so that's why you see the 2 all and then we have two alkenes and we need to specify where those locations are let's see because we have two alkenes we have to add the dye and the four six tells us where those alkenes are and the two tells us where the alcohol is so very straightforward we're just the only thing that we're adding now that's different is the suffix now let's take a look let's go and name this guy and this let's walk it ourselves through it okay I want to show you my process of solving these naming these molecules first thing we need to figure out really what is the highest priority functional group here we we have chlorines those don't matter because those are halogens but we have a alcohol an amine and we know from the previous examples a means take the or sorry the alcohols take the priority so that means our suffix has to end with an all and then I look for the root and the root has to have the alcohol attached to it and I see that we have a cyclohexane ring that's not a D that's here there's our root do we have any prefixes well I see that we have two night two amines and two chlorines so we know that the prefix for an amine is an amino right there so we have an amino and what how do we talk about chlorines we know those are chloros we want to add location numbers so we have to start with the highest priority functional group so that's carbon one and then you want to give all the other substituents the lowest possible locator numbers so we go clockwise in this particular case and now we make sure that we can identify where those functional groups are the alcohol is on carbon one the chlorines are on carbon two and the amino groups are on three and four now we just put this all together so what we put the prefixes first in the name but we have two of them how do we decide what you want to write first alphabetical a comes before C so we go three comma four - how many amino groups do we have - so we need to specify that by the die amino - what else do we have here we have two chlorine groups - - - or comma - dye because there's two chloro so we've gotten rid we've taken into account all our substituents and the prefixes the root is cyclohexane that is an X but remember we have to drop the e and then we have the all now why did I not go - one all because putting that one right there is redundant because when we look at the parent or the root we see it's a cyclohexane and so we have to have the hydroxyl group hmm label this number one so we don't need to put this one in here because we already know it has to be the first so that's the whole name for that molecule right there now what happens when you have two highest priority groups in the molecule shown right here we see that we have two hydroxyl groups so they are the highest priority they beat out an amine right so when we see two more than one highest priority functional group that's the same we keep the e so the root right there is the pentane so that's our route the all is our suffix but we have to add the dye because there's two of them now and then the amino five amino is simply our prefix now to exit that so that's our prefix so when you have more than one of the same functional group you keep the e now let's take a look at this molecule right here so let's draw another molecule okay so what's what's the channel groups in the molecule and find which one's the highest priority we see we have an ether and an amine now the ethers don't make it on the list let me come back here you see that it doesn't make the list and so it's one that we don't have to worry about because we've already gone over how to name a Thurs but we have an amine okay so now that's going to trump it so our amine is our highest priority functional group so that means we know our our suffix has to be an amine if you go to the the table you'll see that that is our suffix now what is our longest chain of carbons that the amine group is attached to and we can see that we have this chain right here 1 2 3 4 5 and I numbered it from left to right because I wanted to give the amine the lowest priority locator number or the lowest locator number so since I see there's 5 carbons then that would make the route what pentane right well now that interesting what we're introducing in this particular problem is all the means that we've looked at previously you can see have two hydrogen's attached to them two hydrogens on that molecule two hydrogens on that molecule now look at this one we have an ethyl group and a methyl group so no more hydrogen's so how do we name that when there's alkyl groups coming off of the nitrogen so that's our next principle that we're going to learn now when you have other alkyl groups on the nitrogen you're going to treat those as substituents okay and the way we name those much like if well let's go back to something that we're familiar with how would you label that substituent you would say hey that's attached to carbon three and I know that substituent is called a methyl so when the alkyl groups are attached to the nitrogen we see there's another methyl but how we number it per se is you use the letter N but this letter n is behaving like a number so this n methyl is telling us that we have a methyl group attached to the amine but I have a second alkyl group attached so you just write what it what it is we see it's two carbons so that would be a FL but it's an N ethyl so those ends are helping us locate where those substituents are so we've accounted for this one that one this one we have one left that guy and we see that is a tax on carbon 5 and we know from naming ethers that is a methoxy so we have four substituents or you could view it as prefixes now we just put all the pieces together so prefixes go first but they need to be alphabetical right so we can clearly see the winner or the first one for sure has to be the V and ethyl because E comes before M s right so we just write it down n Ethel let's see here what's next so Ethel's done so we have three left so we have to do a dash so how do we break this tie we have three M's we just keep going mmm m-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e t h h h y y o so that breaks the tie so we have five methoxy wait I forgot my dash I got that one done now between the last two what do we do there we always just stick if because those are both methyls ones attached to the the root and one is attached to the nitrogen we just put the nitrogen first now we're treating this nitrogen as a number so we're going to treat it like such so numbers are separated with a dash and we have a nitrogen or a methyl on the nitrogen and we have our third methyl and how many methyl groups are there two so that makes dye methyl what's the root name pentane but we have to drop the e and then the amine is attached to carbon too and there's the name of that molecule mmm it's a mouthful to say for sure and ethyl five methoxy and three dimethyl pentane - amine what's really cool you can you should be able to take this name and draw that base off of those pieces this slide is telling us that when you have a stereocenter you need to specify in the name at the very beginning of the name you put it into parentheses and we can see in this problem we have two stereocenters at carbon two and carbon five and we have an alkene which we need to specify if it's an e or a Z and so when we look at all this we can see that we just put them in numeric order two three five and we just put what the stereochemical outcome is and the configurational outcome e or z and we just put it and then we name this part right here just like we've been doing throughout this whole lecture so let's shift our attention to namings ketones and aldehydes so let's take a look at this guy right here right we see the longest carbon chain is five we also see that we have an alcohol and we have a ketone if we go to our table we clearly see that a ketone is above an alcohol so the ketone takes precedence so that means that the suffix has to be the own it's not pronounced 2-1 it's pronounced own so there we see right here in the name there's the suffix the longest continuous chain is numbered in blue and we see that the ketone is attached to that longest chain and we numbered it from right to left because we want to get the highest priority functional group the lowest locator number the root is right there the pentane just notice also how the e is missing because we've dropped it and then we have an alcohol but notice when we're naming the alcohol when it's not the highest priority we're not using the prefix all or the suffix all for an alcohol if we're looking for the suffix it's an all but if the alcohol is behaving as a prefix or a substituent it's called a hydroxy so we see that this right here is named for hydroxy and that is our prefix now when we look at this molecule the third one here what's interesting about this is we see that we have two ketones and what happens when we have two functional groups of equal priority the rule states that we keep of the e and I didn't throw out two there the e is retained very very important to see that now let's take this molecule the first one that we named on that slide okay we already named that that molecule what if I changed it to an aldehyde so what's the highest priority functional group between the alcohol and aldehydes well if we look at the table we see an aldehyde is above an alcohol so that takes priority so that means our suffix has to be an all so the suffix is an all the route let's see would have to be 1 2 3 4 so we have butane what about a prefix it's the same as above that's a hydroxy what carbon is that hydroxy attached to number 3 now we put this all together we find our substituent center prefixes we only have one so it's 3 hydroxy butanol now why did I not put a locator number why did I not do this well because aldehydes are unique in the fact that because they have this hydrogen right here it is impossible to have a aldehyde in the middle of a molecule because this guy right here will never be an aldehyde because there's two alkyl groups attached to it so aldehydes are always going to be on the end of a molecule and so if the aldehyde is the highest priority in the molecule we know it's going to be on the end and the highest priority carbons get number one so it's just redundant we already know that that how the hide this out this suffix right here tells us we have an aldehyde we already know that all the heights going to be on carbon one so we don't need to show so number or the location if we take a look at this one we see that we have two aldehydes okay you see that they're both on the terminus of the carbon chain now this one's interesting because I could have found a larger chain I could have went like this I'll show you oh I could have numbered it like this 1 2 3 4 5 that's the longer chain but we did choose the longest chain because we have two functional groups of equal of equal priority so the longest continuous chain had to contain those two functional groups that's why we only have the butane even though we have a chain of 5 carbons also notice that we've kept the e because we have two of the same functional groups and then we have the die to tell us that we have two aldehydes and the AL to tell us what functional groups we have in the molecule which are aldehydes right but we can also see again that we're not writing it out like this we're not with the parent name or the root we're not going butane - 1 comma 4 - Dayal we're not doing that because it's redundant the butane tells me that there's 4 carbons and it's telling me I have two aldehydes and aldehydes have to be on the ends of the molecule anyway so we already know that the aldehydes are gonna be on carbon 1 and carbon 4 because that's how aldehydes work now if you get a cyclic aldehyde it has a very special name that you just have to remember so there's the root the cyclopentane see that we keep the e the e is retained when it's cyclic and then we just go cyclopentane carb aldehyde so we add that ok so that right there it's kind of like the root slash suffix all-in-one ok when you have a cyclic or you have an aldehyde that's attached to a cyclic molecule here it's called the carbaldehyde oK we've encountered trivial names for a lot of molecules in chapters a 7b there's chapters a7 and b4 sorry and ketones and aldehydes amines and alcohols also have common names you don't need to memorize these but you should be aware of them like when you talked about isopropyl alcohol or rubbing alcohol what is it sigh you pack name propane - all mmm ethanol we call it ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol that's what's in alcoholic beverages we call this benzyl alcohol you know these are just common names that as you are in the field long enough you just know and you just have them memorized okay but you don't don't focus your attention on memorizing those but what you do need to be able to do is to identify if the alcohol is primary secondary or tertiary this is a critical skill in order to being able to learn the reactions that we're going to learn so let's draw 3 alcohols here so we need to be able to identify the degree of alcohols that we have here and the way you do that is you identify the carbon that is directly attached to the hydroxyl so we see it's attached there then we ask ourselves how many carbons are directly attached to the one in red and we see that there's only one so we have a primary alcohol and we just do the same analysis that's the carbon that's directly attached to the alcohol how many carbons are directly tests the red one to secondary and then you just follow suit and we can see that there's three so that's tertiary super important to know how to identify those now I can promise you will be on the exam but it's not going to be these very nice and simple looking molecules it's going to be more complex looking species here's some trivial names for some amines okay but the takeaway from this slide is you need to be able to identify a primary secondary and tertiary amines and there's also even a quaternary amine and I want to show you how to figure that out so let's draw ourselves some amines that so when naming a means what you do is you just count how many carbons are directly attached to the nitrogen so we see that there's only one carbon and then two hydrogen's so since it's only one carbon that's primary and this one there's two carbons directly attached to the nitrogen so that's secondary tertiary and quaternary you need to be able to see that there's some trivial names for aldehydes this is a very famous one if you're in anatomy labs or physiology labs you might be smelling this if you're looking at cadavers this is what the chemical that we stick on biological tissue to keep it from decomposing and this stuff works very very well in my undergraduate in my undergraduate degree we I was in the chemistry class and they brought out a what was it probably like a 15 week baby that was aborted and they stuck the whole baby in this jar of formaldehyde and this baby was from the 70s and it was just perfect like nothing was wrong with with it it wasn't decomposing it was just perfect please they're still it's very weird and amazing how formaldehyde does that this totally pickles you really trivial names for ketone you'll see acetone a lot in the lab that's a good solvent for cleaning things that's also a component in nail polish remover and that is the end of chapter II