veence electrons now veence electrons are actually pretty easy to understand if you know how to do a bore model so as a review bore model okay we have energy we have uh shells that hold electrons okay the first shell holds two electrons the second and third hold eight after the fourth it gets tricky there are a lot of exceptions it could hold more than a it's inconsistent so really we're just talking about all elements until like calcium um around that um around that uh period as we'll learn what a period is later all right so uh let's do a Bo model of lithium really fast so we write lithium okay lithium neutrally has three electrons okay neutrally so you're going to do the First Energy or I should say shell and you put in the first two electrons that First Energy shell or the energy level shell I should say shell is the right term um can only hold two so we got to draw another one okay this one holds eight but lithium only has three so we we do that last one and we're done okay now what veence electrons are veence electrons are the the electrons on the outer shell okay electrons on the outer shell so in this case the purple here this purple electron right there on the outer shell would be the number it has which is in this case lithium has one so one veence electron okay so if we look at something like um nitrogen let's do the war model for nitrogen so nitrogen neutrally has how many I'm looking seven electrons right so you're I'm going to need oops two energy shells all right and then I fill in my first two there's one two I got five more can't put any more than two on the first outer shell so 1 two and then five more 3 4 5 6 7 has seven in total now the ones in purple are going to be the veence electrons so how many veence electrons does it have five veence electrons okay any questions about what veence electrons are great now I'm going to add a layer of confusion I didn't come up with this um but don't be too confused there's a difference between veence electrons versus the veence okay so the veence of an atom okay is the number of missing electrons to complete outer shell it's confusing because the veence electrons is not the same number as veence so if we go to lithium let me get yall copied that and then I'll explain the veence is the number of missing electrons to complete outer shell the veence is just the number missing so for lithium lithium is missing one 2 3 4 5 6 7 it's got one so the veence of lithium would be seven what would be the veence of nitrogen then three because we got one 2 3 four five but we can we're missing one here one here and one there to complete a set of eight so we got three veence the veence is three so be careful don't get confused between veence electrons versus the veence it's it's something that I actually got wrong up all the way up to college they didn't really explain to me the difference I thought it was the same thing it's not so that that's any questions about veence electrons versus veence yes veence electrons are just the electrons in the very outer shell so you look at the outer shell and you see how many dots are on that or you see how many electrons are on the outer shell there's only one there there's one 2 3 four five there so that has a five ve are veence electrons I thought those are just the veence no the veence is the number missing to complete the outer shell okay so veence versus veence electrons are going to be different okay any other questions that brings us to the periodic table the structure of the periodic table because you can use the periodic table to determine the veence without drawing bore models so I need everyone to close their Chrome books most of Y paying attention but there's a select few every we don't need them right now um the structure of the periodic table uh Lucas close your Chromebook the structure of the periodic table the first thing and very basic is that you need to know the term for columns and row okay periods are the rows are the rows and there's seven of them you can write seven of them if that is more clear for you the groups are the columns so something you're going to have to just memorize there are 18 groups so periods are rows groups are columns I don't have a very good way to remember this um I guess the if yall come up with the way let me know but I guess a g is more like a c and a p is more like an R I don't know like you see there's the c in there and then the r you know there's I don't know I don't really I just memorized it yes are we many well you don't have to it's easy you don't have to memorize that because you will always have access to a bare periodic table and you can just count them yes on the paper like n like more than seven okay we'll talk about that in a second in fact I'll show you right now okay so take the periodic table uh that I've given you okay so it should be blank like this go ahead and label them you don't need a fancy color you can use your pen or pencil I'm going to just use the so this is one that's not thick enough one 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 and 18 so there's your groups 1 2 3 going down for the periods 5 six seven now what shuai said um was that well what about these two rows isn't that nine and eight and nine well if you look closely it's not because look at lanthum lanum it's number 57 okay you see the number 57 right there what it jumps to 72 that's because they didn't have enough room that is the only reason why you have these two uh rows and the bottom it's just they didn't have enough room so technically this is going to be six and this is going to be seven so you're going to write six and seven here because it's a continuation of 57 and 89 respectively y'all see that the only reason why those are down there are be is because it doesn't have enough room to put it in the middle um I will say another thing you need to mark all elements after 95 okay so ele right elements after don't write it so big I just 95 those are synthetic meaning they're manmade or artificial they're artificial they don't exist in nature we made them now we can make it in all one of the ways we make them is we basically take atoms and Collide them and combine them and sometimes the element only exists for a nanc so and then we write it on the periodic table just to I don't know make us feel like we did something but because those elements don't last for more than a few seconds sometimes okay so after 95 it's all synthetic some of these before 95 are synthe thetically made but you know but depends okay so we got what periods and groups are okay now we need to know what the difference between metals and non-metals are okay so we'll do metals and non-metals Metals we'll do those first Metals uhhuh you need more you need time no I just going to see what you're right Metals yeah can you see it okay metals they are shiny and smooth smooth some people put right soft but think smooth is better shiny smooth we know that okay they are conductors so conductors that means they oops they easily transfer electricity and heat this is one reason why when you're cooking let's say a gumbo or whatever you want to use a wooden spoon if you use a metal spoon especially if you leave it there the the heat from the stove and from the soup or whatever you're cooking will transfer to your hand by V by the the iron or whatever kind of metal the ladle is made out of right metal transfers heat and electricity pretty well okay they're conductors they're typically cat ions so they like to give away electrons the tendency is to give away electrons they don't want they want to give away electrons they're typically cations I should write typically there you can make elements do things they don't want to do chemically so typically they're cat ions they are ductal which means that you can you can slice them in very sh uh very thin sheets like think of aluminum foil right very very thin so ductal you can um can be very thin can be made into thin cheets think of aluminum foil is a good example they are ductal they are malleable I think malleable has one l oh let me check the spell I I think malleable has one L am I going crazy it's like one of those words when you overthink it then oh it's two l i I was right okay I just got went crazy there for a second all right so malleable that means they can uh I mean they can bend very easily Bend easily they don't crack they don't just snap very easily like a cookie you know when you break a cookie it just snaps you you can't just bend a cookie you can't I mean cookie do is one thing but once You' baked your cookie you can't fold it into whatever shape you want but you can do so with metal especially if you had heat okay they Bend easily Zoe Stella um I think that's all I want to go over for Metals uh they're I said shiny right yeah oh they're um at room temperature they're solid there are some ex uh exceptions notable exception I think there's three exceptions um but the notable exception is going to be what you all should know Mercury right HG Mercury that is liquid liquid metal at room temperature there's another one that um but that's the famous one okay so these are metals these are the properties of metals okay let's go to non-metals non-metals so non-metals number one are usually anion usually not always and um they're they're uh usually like like lots of gases like okay so it kind of depends on gases um when they're solids they're brittle they are brittle brittle when I think again I think of the cookie right cookies are generally the just chips of Hoy and they're really they the second you bite into it it just crumbles like crazy right when you think of brittle think of crumble like it it breaks really easily not bendable not malleable it's the opposite of malleable brittle so crumbles into pieces easily wood is brittle right it's very difficult to bend wood um especially if it's dried out okay they are insulators tend to be insulators is the opposite of conductor they don't transfer electricity easily I write opposite of conductor that and then you can look back what that [Music] [Music] means okay there tend to be at the right side of the periodic table so metals are then on the left side with the exception of hydrogen metals on left not hydrogen though not hydrogen okay this is all I want to say for non-metals for right now any questions about Metals versus non-metals there is an in between they're called the metalloids metalloids have properties of brow and we'll discuss them in a second have properties of both yes what category is hydrogen hydrogen is nonmetal mhm it's the exception of the rule where left is metal but hydrogen is the only Only Exception there if you don't count the metalloids so they metalloids will have properties of both metalloids will have properties of both okay now let's talk about some of these families some of these types of metals and non-metals the first one okay is going to be the alkali metals the alkal metals this these are the group one Metals I'll write that out just so this does not include hydrogen you need to know that right I mean but you know we hydrogen is its own thing not hydrogen it's in hydrogen is in group one but it is not a metal why do they put up why do they put hydrogen on the in group one if it's not a metal well we'll find out in a second okay but the alkal metals are extremely reactive they're so reactive you will never find them by themselves naturally we would you would have to separate them forcibly separate them extremely reactive what does reactive mean it means they like to bond to other atoms they don't like to be by themselves it's so reactive that it will even react with water if you mi if you add um an Alo metal to water it will catch on fire that's how reactive it is they're it's very dangerous okay it will not last at all very long if you were to take an alkaline metal and put it out here um it will immediately react with the well it it it's hard to see It'll Do slower but over time the the maybe in a couple days the outside of it will completely oxidize okay you'd have to cut it to get the pure form of the metal okay and they're actually pretty easy to cut um extremely reactive bond to other atoms um one unique thing about all of these is that they have a veence of seven electrons they have a veence of seven electrons so lithium will have seven sodium will have seven C potassium will have seven okay they only need only need one electron to complete the outer shell I'm sorry one uh they I'm sorry they only have one veence electron that's the second time I screw it up today only have one veence electrons that's a pattern that they have and this is why hydrogen is included because hydrogen [Music] is in group one but not a metal hydrogen not a metal only needs one electron to complete its shell that's why it's put there yes why I think all of them will like literally explode in water yeah um the there yes so what aboutum yeah potassium yeah if you take pure potassium and you put it in water it'll start fizzing and heat will be about bananas it's bonded to something it's it's never remember when you find potassium it will already be bonded to something pure potassium does not exist naturally right you have to separate it yes do you mean it only uh it only needs one electron to complete the shell and also all you're right too but remember the outer shell the first outer shell is only two electrons so hydrogen has one it just needs one more to complete yeah you're these are very dangerous when they're in their pure form they're not at all dangerous when they're bonded to something else because they bonded they already the reaction okay when I say not at all dangerous it depends on what they're bonded to there are um acids and bases that are very dangerous so it depends on what it's bonded to we'll talk about that in a second okay alkal Metals that's group one Metals then we have the group two metals so then you have the alkaline earth metals alkaline earth metals these are group two metals now we don't all you need to write is that they have of course these are all metals so they have all those properties that we talked about they're reactive but not as reactive but not like group one that's the wrong time to be doing that they're reactive but not like group one the reason why they're called alkaline earth metals is that these metals are usually found in on Earth uh in the Earth's crust found in the Earth's crust that's why they're called the alkaline earth metals you can find potass ium and calcium and all that stuff and sodium in water and the Sea and stuff like that um and not necessarily in the crust whereas these are predominantly found in the crust that's why they have that extra name so it's I know it's kind of confusing you have alkaline metals and alkaline earth metals I don't have a very good way to remember other than this group one well it has one word Alkali group two has two words alkaline earth that's the way I remember if you have a better way that's great um some of these metals like magnesium and calcium you know they're they're inside you have to like they're in the crust okay so you know whereas think of sodium and Cal potassium as being in water U not in the crust that's another way to remember okay any questions so thus far okay moving on from that let's do the transition metals transition metals are groups 3 through 12 there's not much to say here but the Rea uh reactivity varies right reactive uh reactivity or let me let me let me word that better um uh some are reactive some are not some not so much these are industrial a lot of industrial ones here so for example nickel Cobalt iron titanium tungsten yes industry So like um you know we build spaceships whatever right we need certain metals to do that for instance we need titanium okay to the I think the tip of a lot of spaceships are are covered in titanium for for example um so iron right we use iron in all sorts of Industries right very common metal uh also the precious metals like silver AG is silver Au is gold and some of these are pretty reactive and will Rust right things like nickel iron will Rust they react when a metal rust it's reacting with air so those are pretty reactive but gold for example silver can R silver can actually rust too by the way gold tends not to react it's not impossible tends not to react one of the that's one of the reasons why humans like it because you can buy it and you're not worried about it rusting okay it will last longer than other metals because it won't bond with other um other stuff like oxygen okay so the Rea reactivity varies any questions about the transition metals that's through grou uh groups 3 through 12 okay and then we have the post transition metals there's not much to say here post transition are going to going to be aluminum gallium indium uh what else uh tin thallium uh lead bismuth and polonium no I don't think I'm missing one I get Gallum in there yeah okay I do not expect you to memorize these okay um you you don't have you just have to memorize where they are okay you will be given a periodic table and all you have to do so let me show you periodic table I'll go back so as long as you know where the transition metals are so I'm using my laser pointer one second the transitional mod Metals cut off right here okay and then I need everyone to take this periodic table out and draw with your pen or pencil something dark draw a staircase starting from Boron draw this staircase that is the dividing line between metals and non-metals everything on the left is metal except hydrogen and these the ones that border the ones that I have dotted are metalloids so then that makes everything else the post transition okay so draw that staircase we're going to come back to this the proper way to remember these is not memorizing that list is to look at the periodic table and see what's going on okay so those are post transition they also are considered Metals these are metals gosh that's all really we need to know that's all we need to know okay then we have metalloids metalloids are the elements that border that staircase border staircase okay and we already talked about them they have properties of both metals and non-metals so there's not much to say they are often if you had to C categorize them um in terms of metal and non-metal Boron typically is treated like a non-metal um whereas uh germanium silicon and and Tim and E are treated more like uh Metals but they they're called metalo metalloids for the reason they don't they're not easily categorized okay so um they border that let's go back to the staircase the way that you remember the staircase is not that I mean the way I do it Boron for beginning you begin the staircase at Boron B for beginning you begin here and then you just do a staircase and then you can follow that every single one of the ones that are underneath each step are going to be considered metalloids except for I no no no that's right that's correct no that was right all of those are metalloids germanium and intimity also okay so let's go back here and then now let's do we already did nonmetals let's just do the Hallens we got two more guys halogens is group 17 these are non-metals these are extremely reactive especially Florine especially Florine they're very very reactive they're diatomic meaning they like when you see them they usually are bonded they sometimes are bonded with each other so you're going to see F2 Florine F2 is fluide y'all heard of fluoride is in toothpaste right because there's fluoride is not as reactive as pure floring okay chloride bromide iodide the reason why they're called diatomic is because of that two D for you know diameter is two radiuses D it's that two that's that's kind of classifying as diatomic the rest of the non-metals are what we call polyatomic but you don't need to know that oxygen will also combine with itself um bond with itself same with nitrogen gas but the halogens are all diatomic if they are just amongst each other uh okay I need you to stop riding for a second I want you to just pay attention Okay I'm not I want you to I want to I kind of want to put some puzzle pieces together so you do not need to write this down you just need to pay attention it's more important that you pay pay attention then write anything down all right let's do once again a bore model for lithium I kind of want this a little bit bigger lithium and let's do a bore model for floring do not write this down you already written it down a thousand times okay um I want a better Circle than that okay and then Florine will have two as well okay we've done this before where lithium has two both have a complete inner shell lithium has one I'm going to put it on the side here Florine will have 1 2 3 4 five 6 7 all right what look how many veence electrons each have well did we learn how many veence electrons does lithium have veence electrons how many does it have that's the veence one how many valence electrons does this have four seven okay the veence now the veence of lithium is seven the veilance of floring is one now you have to understand the periodic table like a high school in high school you have the popular girls okay who are the popular girls in the periodic table who does everyone want to be like right what group okay Florine has a veence of one what's the element right after flooring neon let's look at neon for a second fact I'm going to make neon neon look at this neon has 1 2 3 four five 6 7 8 nine 10 what's the veence of Neon zero the veence of neon is perfect she's happy she's popular she doesn't need any more electrons okay Florine really wants to be like neon that's why it's so reactive okay Florine wants to be like neon in fact every every atom wants to be like group 18 the noble gases so group 18 they're the popular girls everyone wants to be like them okay so Florine just says I only need one more electron you know how those there's those people those girls that really want to be popular and they try so hard it backfires they're emotionally unstable and then there's some people that are like look I'm fine I'm confident of who I am I don't need to be recognized and popular right well Florine is one of those desperate girls she really wants to be popular that's what makes her so dangerous by herself okay she really needs friends Okay so so the idea is that Florine is that's one of the reasons why Florine is so po uh so reactive okay now lithium lithium has a long way to go how many is she missing seven from her outer shell lithium is like okay I can't be popular like neon but who can she be like who can she be like she can't be like Florine that's too hydrogen she can be OH Close who's another popular girl not as popular as neon baby oxygen is not in the popular group popular group is group 18 helium let's do the bore model for helium don't do it I'm doing it helium has how many two she has a complete outer shell she's happy and popular lithium is like wait there's no way I can become like neon that's too many electrons but I can become like helium but what does lithium have to do to become like helium this extra electron doesn't they don't she doesn't want it she wants to be like helium to be like helium she has to get rid of this electron Florine is like wait you want to get rid of that I you want to be like helium I want to be like neon I'll take your electron right and there we have a bond okay so the alkaline metals and the halogens are best friends every Alkali metal wants to give away an electron every hallogen really wants to take an electron so they can be like the popular girls the noble gases group 18 okay so now here's where you [Music] write so Hallens and combined with an Alkali metal there's a special name for that anybody know you've probably said it today you probably said it yesterday what is an element right underneath lithium sodium sodium what's the element underneath Florine right so if sodium and chlorine sodium gives its electron to chlorine chlorine really wants it sodium wants to be like neon chlorine wants to be like argon okay so then now we have sodium chloride what is this this is table salt okay when you have a A hallogen plus an aoly metal we have a name for that that's called a salt all salts are basically hogen and alkal metals bonding do you have different types of salts you have sea salt which has potassium and stuff like that table salt will have chlorine and sodium yes wait there people over talking you and I'm looking for them give me I know maybe you would explain the the material but give me a second two have four four oh so carbon has four valence electrons right carbon wants four El so it'll make four bonds right so how many bonds does um okay oxygen has a look actually let's use oxygen best example I'm going to do it on the board up here because you brought up a and we're kind of skipping ahead but don't so don't write this down but it's interesting so oxygen has how many um veence electrons well let me do it really fast okay um it has total of six electrons right so 6 1 2 3 4 five six seven it's eight sorry seven eight how what's the veence of oxygen two it's missing how many it's missing these right so it wants two electrons okay hydrogen has a veilance of what you should instantly come up with these guys guys one okay so hydrogen wants an an electron oxygen wants an electron two electrons so what happens is that they end up sharing so you get oxygen that shares electrons with oxygen and then you form what is this compound h2o this is water so what's going on is that oxygen and hydrogens have decided to share in order to fill their outer shell and then you get up you get the water molecule yeah so carbon wants four so how many hydrogens will they typically want they want four hydrogen now you can have double bonds and stuff like that but um yeah so the veence we're going to learn veence tells you what the element might do and how many bonds it will form right yeah uh we'll develop that later in the unit all right now last one oh I already have it here um I'll just write it with y'all okay so we did halogens let's do the noble gases the popular girls these are the noble gases Noble is an appropriate term Noble nobility you know they're better than everyone they're aristocracy they have all the money they have all the property they're royalty aristocracy so noble gases okay are now gases that are inert nonreactive they are inert why aren't they reactive because they got what they want they don't need anyone right they don't want to and they don't want to share they don't want to give they've got what they want that's why they're the noble gases these are odorless and colorless you can't see them you can't smell them and there are Trace Amounts in the atmosphere there are amounts in the atmosphere now because they're inert they are very useful you can you can uh create light right uh humans use to create lights why would it be an inert matter what yeah it doesn't explode right so if I have hydrogen gas and I pass heat through hydrogen gas it will explode with because it will react with the oxygen right that's literally how you get Rocket stuff okay so but if you pass an electrical current or heat through argon it will not explode because it doesn't react in fact these light fixtures up here I don't know exactly I have to ask the janitors are very likely argon these are are usually these fixtures are argon light fixtures they have Argon gas in them they pass electricity it lights up and it doesn't explode so it's very useful lighting when you pass different you know different um gases will have different lightings right if you pass uh electricity through neon it will glow Neon right it will glow green okay so and it won't react so veence electrons are zero sorry veence is zero full outer shell full outer shell okay with that we will stop there well well let me do just do the let me do this is what you're going to draw I think the blue one's messed up give me a second little thinner okay so this is what you're going to draw or outline I should say I don't care what colors you use make sure you create just make sure you create a key make sure you you do a little key down here and you're good