Lecture Notes on Learning and Shaping

Introduction to Learning

• Learning Facts: The process of learning through memorization, like using flashcards.
  • Example: Memorizing that the capital of Ohio is Columbus.
• Learning Behaviors: Involves practice rather than memorization.
  • Example: Learning to do a headstand through practice.

Concept of Shaping in Operant Conditioning

• Definition: Shaping is a learning process where behaviors are successively or gradually reinforced to approximate a target behavior.
• Process:
  • Identify the target behavior.
  • Reinforce behaviors that gradually lead to the target behavior.

Example: Learning a Headstand

• Target Behavior: Performing a headstand.
• Steps in Shaping:
  1. Showing up to Class: Reinforce attendance as a first step.
  2. Placing Hands on the Mat: In yoga, this is known as 'down dog'.
  3. Placing Forearms on the Mat: A closer approximation to a headstand.
  4. Lifting Legs: Final step before achieving the target behavior.

Reinforcement

• Types:
  • Tangible: Physical objects, money, prizes.
  • Intangible: Praise, encouragement from an instructor.
• Importance: Reinforcement is key to shaping, motivating students or individuals to progress to the next step.

Shaping Beyond Humans

• Animal Training: Shaping is used extensively, allowing trainers to teach animals complex behaviors.
  • Example: A seal balancing a ball; a dog shaking hands or rolling over on command.

Conclusion

• Shaping as a Learning Process: Not limited to humans; critical for teaching both humans and animals complex behaviors through reinforcement.