Heimler's History: Spanish-American War and Its Effects
Background
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American Expansionism:
- Industrialists and politicians aimed to expand American empire.
- Interest in acquiring territories like Cuba.
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Cuban Struggle:
- 1895, Cuban nationalists rebelled against Spanish rule.
- Spanish retaliation crushed the rebellion.
Role of Yellow Journalism
- Led by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.
- Published sensational stories exaggerating Spanish atrocities in Cuba.
- Influenced American public opinion to support U.S. intervention.
U.S.S. Maine Explosion
- 1898, exploded in Havana Harbor, killing over 200 Americans.
- Yellow journalists blamed the Spanish, fueling public outcry.
- Investigation later revealed the explosion was accidental.
Outbreak of the Spanish-American War
- President McKinley issued an ultimatum to Spain.
- Despite Spain agreeing to the ultimatum, the U.S. declared war.
- The war was brief, resulting in an American victory.
Effects of the War
Cuba
- Gained nominal independence.
- Platt Amendment:
- U.S. could intervene militarily if economic interests threatened.
- Restricted Cuban foreign policy and debt management.
Philippines
- Annexed from Spain for $20 million.
- Filipinos expected independence but faced new American rule.
- Emilio Aguinaldo led a resistance; conflict lasted three years.
Hawaii
- Annexed in 1898 following the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani.
Economic Influence: Open Door Policy
Conclusion
- The Spanish-American War marked the beginning of the American imperial era.
- Expansion included territories like Cuba, the Philippines, and Hawaii.
- Established economic influence through policies like the Open Door Policy in China.
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