Lecture Notes on Analogy

Definition of Analogy

• Analogy: Resemblance of one object to another in certain aspects.
• Purpose: To test the candidate's ability to discover relationships between pairs of words.
• Example: Understanding the relationship in pairs like doctor:hospital and teacher:school.

Types of Analogies

1. Basic Related Analogies
   • Example: 1:2 is to 3:4 as 3:4 is to 1:2.
2. Advanced Analogies
   • Similar relationships, e.g., doctor:hospital, teacher:school.

Types of Relationships in Analogies

• Synonym Relationship
  • Example: Abandon:Leave.
• Antonym Relationship
  • Example: Cruel:Kind.
• Individual and Group Relationship
  • Example: Herd:Cattle, Flock:Sheep.
• Tool and User Relationship
  • Example: Chef:Knife, Surgeon:Scalpel.
• Intensity Relationship
  • Example: Quarrel:War, Sync:Drone.
• Product and Raw Material Relationship
  • Example: Furniture:Wood, Book:Paper.
• Part and Whole Relationship
  • Example: Author:Book.

Specific Examples

• Worker and Working Place
  • Clerk:Office.
  • Teacher:School.
• Study and Topic Relationship
  • Example: Pathology:Disease, Botany:Plants.

Practice Analogies

1. Yesterday:Tomorrow
   • Relationship: Today.
2. Lumber:Sawdust
   • Relationship: Copra:Oil.

Additional Notes

• Waste Products: Important concept in understanding the relationship in analogies. For instance, sawdust is a waste product of lumber, and copra is a waste product in coconut oil production.
• Examples of Waste Products
  • Sawdust from lumber.
  • Coconut shell from copra.

Conclusion

• Understanding analogy relationships can enhance comprehension and logical reasoning skills. A good grasp of different types of relationships is essential for solving analogy questions.