Overview
This lecture covers Brutus No. 1, an Anti-Federalist essay arguing against ratifying the U.S. Constitution and warning about the dangers of a strong central government.
Context of Brutus No. 1
- Brutus No. 1 is an Anti-Federalist document opposing the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
- The Federalist Papers argued for ratification; Anti-Federalist papers, like Brutus No. 1, argued against it.
- Both Federalist and Anti-Federalist essays were published in New York newspapers to sway public opinion.
Main Argument: Confederation vs. Centralized Government
- Brutus questions whether the U.S. should adopt a confederation of strong state governments or a powerful central government.
- He argues that a confederation, like under the Articles of Confederation, is better for protecting people's freedoms.
Criticisms of the Constitution
- Brutus objects to the "necessary and proper clause" (Article I, Section 8), fearing it gives Congress unlimited lawmaking power.
- He also objects to the "supremacy clause" (Article VI), which makes federal law superior to state laws.
- Brutus claims these clauses allow federal power to override and eventually eliminate state authority.
Threats to State Power
- Brutus warns that federal taxation power will make it impossible for states to raise their own money.
- If states cannot collect taxes, they cannot function and will lose all meaningful power to the federal government.
- Similar concerns are expressed about federal courts overpowering and rendering state courts obsolete.
Size and Representation Concerns
- Brutus argues a large republic cannot represent citizens effectively; representatives will be out of touch with the people.
- He cites Montesquieu, saying republics work only in small territories.
- In a vast nation, citizens will not know their leaders or be able to hold them accountable, undermining republican government.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Confederation — A government structure where states retain most power and the central government is weak.
- Necessary and Proper Clause — Allows Congress to make laws needed to execute its powers.
- Supremacy Clause — Establishes that federal laws override state laws.
- Anti-Federalist — Opponent of the U.S. Constitution, favoring stronger state governments.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review Brutus No. 1 and Federalist 10 for comparison on the AP exam.
- Prepare to explain major Anti-Federalist concerns about the Constitution.