Honors Biology: Cellular Respiration Review

Overview

• Cellular respiration is a vital process in biology, converting glucose into usable energy in the form of ATP.

Key Concepts

Glycolysis

• Location: Cytoplasm
• Process: Glucose (6-carbon molecule) is split into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3-carbon each).
• ATP Production: 2 ATP (net gain)
• NADH Production: 2 NADH

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

• Location: Mitochondrial matrix
• Process: Pyruvate is oxidized, resulting in the release of CO2 and production of NADH and FADH2.
• ATP Production: 2 ATP per glucose molecule
• Electron Carriers: NADH and FADH2 are generated.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

• Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane
• Process: Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred through protein complexes, creating a proton gradient.
• ATP Production: Approximately 34 ATP
• Final Electron Acceptor: Oxygen, forming water as a byproduct.

Fermentation

• Anaerobic Process: Occurs when oxygen is not available.
• Types:
  • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Occurs in muscle cells, producing lactic acid.
  • Alcoholic Fermentation: Occurs in yeast, producing ethanol and CO2.
• Purpose: Regenerate NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue.

Importance of Cellular Respiration

• Provides energy for cellular activities.
• Allows organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients.

Study Tips

• Memorize the steps and products of each stage.
• Understand the role of ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
• Familiarize with the conditions under which fermentation occurs.

Additional Resources

• Flashcards for key terms and processes.
• Diagrams of the cellular respiration pathway.

These notes summarize the main points and processes involved in cellular respiration, ideal for reviewing before exams. Focus on understanding each stage's location, inputs, outputs, and significance.