[Music] hello this is patrick from lsat lab let's talk about finding frameworks and reading comp passages the three ways we're going to get better at reading comp are to get better at how we read the passage get better at how we react to different question stems and to get better at scrutinizing every word within an answer choice in lesson one we went through some big picture reading strategies the most important ones were chunking pausing every once in a while to like self-summarize more simply compress things frameworks are going to help us decide which big ideas we care about which ones we're listening for and pivot words like but yet however recently announced to us hey this moment is all about the purpose of the passage when we see a big idea we slow down to make sure we own it but when we can tell it's support we can keep moving we're still near the beginning of our reading comp journey we're working on how to better absorb the material in the passage frameworks are a powerful tool that help you to remember two or three of the biggest ideas in the passage [Music] gather round helsat students for i have a tale to tell for you see i've written you a reading cup passage why don't you come inside there's about 20 ideas i'd like for you to meet but only one of them is the key to your escape can you find it can you remember it he's right the average passage has about 25 claims i can't even remember the name of someone i was just introduced to yeah we're all like that but what do you do if you really gotta remember somebody's name i think i just say their name over and over and then i try to like associate it with something exactly that's what we're gonna do we're gonna filter out all these other jabronis figure out who the three or four most important people in the room are and have a little chit chat with him mr president there's going to be a lot of donors at the banquet tonight so say hi to everyone but only slow down for the big time donors if i ever told you being president's kind of a drag yes on each of your first hundred days in office your solid gold skateboard has arrived sir [Music] so how are we supposed to know which three people to stop and have a conversation with well you gotta talk to the main point but then hopefully you can talk to the purpose of the paragraphs details not so much but how do you know which sentence is the main point or what the purpose of these paragraphs are that's what a framework is for oh now i see how we were being used watch out for that book hey i read that book growing up the limits of human memory right fun read a reading comp passage has too many ideas for us to retain so if we don't prioritize we might forget all of it a framework is there to help you remember what your two or three priorities are okay so here are the most common frameworks that are useful in reading comp we've got old new problem solution highlight a noteworthy figure phenomenon challenge a position or present to debate let's check them out hey y'all it's your boy hutch i subscribe to wired and scientific american and i like to retweet nat geo did you know they used to think velociraptors were ground animals but now they're discovering evidence of wings like it flew this framework is real common in science passages because they like to present new findings but it begins with an old traditional it pivots with a butt recently and the author gives her assessment on this new thing in the final paragraph [Music] hi i'm cornelius i like to spend my evenings doom-scrolling on twitter watching the world burn this framework shows up a lot in law passages sometimes there'll be no solution somebody else's solution but most the time the last paragraph has the author's recommendation [Music] my name is luis if there's a new art installation opening at the local gallery or a one-woman show at the community theater i'll be there passages that just sort of profile an artist can be really challenging in terms of finding big ideas you have to learn to listen for phrases that sound like why they're important or distinctive or what their essence is hi i'm susan one of my favorite things is to go on facebook and tell people why their political opinions are wrong but i also love going on pinterest and telling them why their fashion sense is wrong it's very common in society in law passages for them to be challenging a position a lot of times they're trying to clarify a misconception but you start with the other point of view and then you pivot into the author's challenge hi i'm renee i write for the new york times people either criticize me for being too liberal or for being too conciliatory towards conservatives both sides suck am i right we use this framework when there's at least two points of view that aren't the author and sometimes the author won't show up at all other times she'll propose her own position or synthesize the two that we were given so that's the game so how do we start using these frameworks well for some of the topics like science have a strong old new suspicion for humanities have a strong highlight noteworthy suspicion but otherwise go off of clue words that you see early on once you've picked a framework use it to remind yourself of what kind of big idea or deliverable you're looking for pause the recording so you can screenshot this or read it okay let's get into reading some passages but remember we don't passively read this first paragraph we are attacking it with a shopping list i must come out of that store with the topic i've gotta pick some framework even if i change it later and i need to tell you whether or not i saw the author while i was in there if i see a pivot word that's usually a giveaway kiss your partner goodbye you're headed into the store topic framework author pause the recording and read this paragraph we saw in lesson one the topic is usually found in the very first sentence so warm up to this idea of scholars that are keeping track of how ireland's landscape has changed sweet and so framework clues framework clues well scholars have traditionally that's a big clue for old new but actually even the fact that we're talking about scholars that we're bringing up a position makes it seem like oh is there going to be a pivot is the author going to challenge this position when you see a point of view and then it's followed by but however yet such as right here if that claim isn't assigned to anybody else that is your author even if it had been a different point of view that would have meant oh there's a debate so pivot words generally say there's a framework moment happening right now scholars traditionally relied on documents but our authors saying those documents are fragmentary it sounds like a problematic adjective our author has a negative feeling she's challenging this however traditionally does sound like gold so if we're going to do old new then we'll say all right the old was documents these historical documents the old what we're talking about how they kept track of how ireland's landscape is changing they used to use documents and now they're using something else pause the recording and read the rest if we weren't thirsty for a new method of investigating vegetative landscape change i don't think i would have realized that's my main point sentence so frameworks help you listen for the right moment if we had been using a problem solution framework would be of thinking the problem are these fragmentary at best documents and they're a problem when it comes to tracking how ireland's landscape has changed what's a better way to track how ireland's landscape has changed once again that would make that first sentence pop and resonate because it's like ah here's an additional means it can supplement that fragmentary record it can correct some of the wrongs also once you have a framework it's easier to talk about the purpose of a paragraph you just use language like well that was the old that was the new then you had for example another example so it was just examples of the new and then the last paragraph i heard my author assess this whole thing she did tell us at one point documentary old bad fragmentary at best new well pretty good supplement correct me like but the assessment the nuance usually comes at the end you know it's good it's a win but there are limits whoa hey everybody guess what hutch is here hey hutch my subscribers are gonna love this pollen grain stuff yeah so thanks for stopping by cornelius what is he doing here this was a classic problem solution passage and here's what the passage map should have looked like come on cornelius you know there's more than one right answer to frameworks but we'll indulge we'll use problem solution as we read this passage we just keep refreshing and reminding ourselves the problem is the documents were fragmentary the solution is that pollen grains fill in some gaps and when we get to the first question what's the main point we're going to be thinking what was my framework okay i was doing problem solution so the main point is the solution the solution is pollen grains so this answer better be about pollen grains and here's what the correct answer looks like pause and read it so how do we know which sentences were going to be the main point sentences it comes from the payoff of the framework the solution is the payoff and the solution was that hey pollen grains are this new way of tracking ireland's changing landscape when you start a passage you are a detective looking for clues like scholars of traditionally when you find a framework moment you slow down and you say that person's name back to yourself three times and then you remind yourself what your framework wants as its big idea pause the video and read these paragraphs alright so if i were reading this passage first sentence is not looking that bad i'm in the 80s a bunch of latino writers so i'm just going to think of the time period and try to get a mental picture of latinas the 1980s writing cool stuff all right and then move to the second sentence it's a bit of a long one seven lines multiple punctuation marks so we all space out for that but you have to hold yourself to a really high standard in first paragraph get in there and just find the core sentence the subject verb so if there's an introduction introductory modifier clip it off for a sec any sort of long lead-in before the main clause is kind of weighing us down in this case there's like a huge list of examples at the end by sherry moraga but let's just get that out of here that's not the main point if we're getting desperate you can also trim prepositional phrases prepositions are tiny little words like of in by at with they do it matter for the meaning but they don't matter to the grammar the core sentence is another genre the autobiography came into prominence that's what we need to get out of that autobiography came into prominence all right topic framework author first paragraph's done i know the topic is like 80s latina writing maybe with an emphasis on autobiography framework i don't really see any clue words this time around so what do i do i think this is humanities we're talking about literature so it's usually highlight noteworthy it does just feel like a descriptive article so far okay so if i'm doing highlight noteworthy what sort of big idea am i reading for what's cool about this artist or movement or something as we go into the next paragraph with that goal we see oh attitude bomb these collections are innovative well i do believe we just found the author's voice she's telling us right now the biggest idea why it's important to talk about these collections wait what are these collections sorry let me go rewind these three autobiography collections all right so it really is about the autobiography that first sentence was kind of a more broad lead-in okay these three autobiographies are awesome because what are the salient features whatever the author's about to emphasize that's going to be our main point why is it important or what is its style how did it evolve why are they so fresh [Music] well the biggest theme i saw in that mess of details is mix mix mix it's a mix of language it's a mix of identities it's a mix of genres so i'm trying to use one thing to remember many it's a mix of things if that's all i can get for now that'll do passages about these autobiographies they're innovative because they were a mix of things i'm compressing hey mom the flex is going great i just chunked the first two paragraphs down to one sentence so yeah chilling this wall of text is paragraph three i'll call you later todd todd can't save you guys you need to pause the recording and read this paragraph [Music] we're going to do this whenever we start any paragraph but especially when we start a monster paragraph we want to remind ourself of where we're at big picture because we might not even need to engage with this paragraph too much we're doing a highlight noteworthy we think based on three autobiographies and we've already heard what the author thinks is special they're like an innovative mix of things so this topic sentence is just talking about one of the three autobiographies it's definitely smaller than what any big point we've already heard at this point i would just be like all right are they emphasizing a mix and yeah they're saying it juxtaposes some narrative with some poetry it's a mix of genres the next sentence is talking about another one of the autobiographies i'm even more convinced this is just a huge paragraph of details that aren't the big picture is this one a mix of something a cha-ching it's characterized by a mixture of genres now that wording an important difference should stick out and make us think is there a new thing that i need to add to my like big picture that it departs from chronological ordering but i'm reminding myself this is only one of the three writers that's not a commonality and this just is like according to one critic nope too small now i'm seeing that we're dealing with our third author so again snoozeville cruise control is are we talking about a mix i'm assuming are they all mix and stuff here it actually emphasizes that it's departing even further from conventions which is more the innovative adjective but it's part mom part daughter so it's a mix of authors mix of identities there's a lot of more text for this one and the author gets into a classic concession main point so the concession is like i know this may seem bad but in reality it's good it's a mix ever heard that word before click link so my big picture let me reinforce it's these latina autobiographies in the 80s they were an innovative mix of language pause read the last paragraph we might expect to hear an author's summary or takeaway here and this is definitely now about all three authors about the collection so these plural pronouns it sounds like the authors summon up what we should know they've revolutionized autobiography that is strong praise that would justify a strong attitude they've made it more suitable to them they've customized it and they're sort of a voice that has been too silenced lsat authors love to platform something that's been overlooked all right so i want to add a little bit of that to my big picture yes it's an innovative mix but it's also cool that it's like customized to their unique voice final word the latina autobiographies of the late 80s were an innovative mix that were customized to their unique voice all right we're doing a main point question what's our framework highlight noteworthy i need the thing that we were talking about and what was noteworthy about them go ahead and pause the recording and try this question yourselves back one thing you want to look for is for the subject noun to match the main topic so we want it to match autobiographies this is saying writers who formally wrote mostly poetry okay we do talk about poetry and fiction but the autobiographers are just a different thing later that decade those aren't the same group so i can't say our autobiographers wrote mostly poetry so the subject is just wrong we're getting rid of a all right does b talk about autobiographers boom in the late 80s i'm loving you b did they set aside standard conventions i wanted an innovative mix i know they said conventions in the third paragraph but that's not a meaningful place what about the last paragraph set aside conventions they weren't going to conform to parameters that's kind of like setting aside conventions the second part matches to make it more suitable matches to make it more amenable it's playing the old game show answer versus passage we're gonna say one thing in the passage and then use some weird ass synonyms to say it a different way the answer they set aside conventions no they refused to conform to existing generic parameters he said it was to make it more suitable but she said more amenable he says it's to express their personal histories but she says it's to express their own experiences what a miserable thing you guys have created for us to do b's correct what about c great diversity of style sounds like mix i'm liking this recent is it recent late 80s this was test 65 which was december 2011. people would have been thinking 30 years ago i don't think recent really counts traditional and non-traditional i don't remember those modifiers at all if i look back here it's actually you know a random aside they confront traditional boundaries but that's the only time those words come up get out of here see recent traditional this one's talking about latina writers not autobiographers but the opening modifier is talking about autobiography let's keep reading was the big idea that they showed non-fiction can co-exist with other genres i don't know they did talk about mixing genres but it's like you know it's just multi-generic there's no emphasis there about non-fiction with other stuff here it's saying they revolutionized autobiography which is a specific type of non-fiction but it's not emphasizing they combine non-fiction with other things wrong emphasis he's talking about latina authors and recent i'm already not liking it they prompted some literary critics what the central point had nothing to do with them affecting other people critics who specialize in biography so the big parts of the passage are the beginning and the end when you see language that's coming from the middle you're like alright haystack meet needle needle this is haystack wait are you telling me that from that first encounter they went on to find love guys so b is the correct answer once again think about how it relates back to our framework we knew the main topic was these three autobiographies and what were the cool details well they were innovative they set aside conventions and they customized it to their unique voice in addition to these five frameworks that kind of dominate reading comp there's a couple others explain why something puzzling has happened or provide an example of a general claim let's do a little lightning round before we get out of here two more passages read the first couple paragraphs try to get me my topic my framework my author here's a reminder of what the common frameworks are welcome back so the topic is a painter sam gilliam so we're in humanities which means we're biased towards highlight noteworthy are we saying that he's important or interesting we're saying he's one of the foremost painters this is an important development it's highlight noteworthy or at least i assume from the first paragraph okay let's create a space in our head the topic is sam gilliam he's a black painter from dc in the like 50s 60s 70s trying to really just make sure i answer the lead questions why are we talking about sam gilliam that's what the main point will be [Music] why is he noteworthy i mean we said he's one of the foremost painters an important development we're talking about two different things he's important in washington color school and color field if we peak ahead looks like color fields more important let's dig into that one okay so what's the essence of color field well it evolved from complex and minimally representational abstractions good god remember this is the stuff we care about we have to slow down and figure out some of these artsy fartsy ideas so it evolved from complex to simple from barely representational to totally non-representational oppositional pairs are easier to remember but what if you're like i don't even know what representational non-representational means ask yourself some questions what does this represent a diamond a mountain people you try uh flamingo flower leaf shapes feelings i don't know what those represent wait a sec non-representational we got our mental picture let's pause with this first sentence and relate it to our framework this is saying that he was rebelling against what his peers were doing they were doing strictly representational like clear as day their message no subtlety no ambiguity they would do like a collage a straightforward literal approach they would just show you a painted figure put a political slogan up there he's like come on guys that's like too blunt let's be a little more expressive let's add some room where we're just sort of evocative of the mood so he was still interested in conveying the african-american experience but he was unique and that's why we're writing about him because he wanted to do it in a moody non-representational way let's use that oppositional pair the other black artists were doing literal protest art but sam gilliam instead of doing that did non-representational moody art we did it let's try one more passage pause and read these two paragraphs topic framework author here are the common frameworks have at it welcome back this passage is about like prodigies and the early clue is some people believe that you must have innate talent to be this sort of prodigy what we see some people believe we think well the author's either going to push back or some other point of view but we see certain psychologists have supported this view all right so now we have an entire paragraph saying you gotta have innate talent they have noted they have found evidence we know that this is probably gonna pivot into either the other side of a debate or the author pushing back so let's create some space side a elite performers gotta have innate talent and here's a really important move you you predict the other point of view they're gonna say no uh you don't need innate talent anybody can beat lebron james if you work hard enough so do we pivot into a new point of view oh snap where my dance is at when you see your parents if you got a damn then you should give it pivots tend to show you what kind of framework you should go to pivots we are going against this old thing where we thought it was innate talent there's some new thing that says it's not innate talent sure enough yeah there's a payoff line there exceptional performance acquired not innate we did it y'all we predicted it we were listening for it we were thirsty for that it's not innate it's acquired we've got the old we've got the new we're probably all set when we see the next sentence begin for example it's just supporting we done all right let's encode it the old was that like you needed innate talent to be a superstar the new one is it's mainly acquired skills keep asking yourself questions early on what are the clues what framework if you see a butt however recently slow down there's your framework and once you pick one remind yourself of what the big ideas are that you're looking out for we're going to now move on into the question type part of the experience we've talked about a lot of strategies for how to better absorb the passage with our next lesson we're going to start getting into the various question types and trying to get more correct answers if you want to practice these frameworks we only have three tests available on the free plan at lsat lab but you would still be able to sort all the reading comp passages with our question bank if you want to pull up a list for yourself of old new or problem solution passages and practice on your own hey kids you want to watch some lsat lab [Music] thanks for watching check out some of our other youtube videos and we'll see you around