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So my name is Ritesha and that's how you start the session. I just need to introduce. Okay, now the pressure has increased. But anyway, so we'll start with the analysis of Indian society. Now, before we start with the analysis, you have gone through the paper.
There are some of you who might have written also, and there might be some of you who have not written, but have gone through the paper. See, if I have to just do the overall analysis, I would never say that the paper was easy or difficult. that is unnecessary putting pressure on the aspirant.
If you are able to answer, it is easy. If you are not able to answer, then it is difficult. So let's not categorize as easy or difficult. One observation, the questions have significantly increased.
To be very honest, there were 9 questions from society. There were 5 questions from geography. But we have shifted 2 questions in geography. That is one is migration, question number five, and question number seven with respect to demographic winter. So we have incorporated that as a part of human geography and we have shifted it in the geography portion.
So even after shifting, there are seven questions from society. Usually the trend is six questions from history, eight questions from geography and six questions from society. But this year the trend has changed. But. But there we need to understand one thing, we should never see society as a separate section.
There is another section involved that is social justice. which is there in GS paper 2. So if you notice, this year in GS paper 2, there are only two questions from social justice. That's because remaining two has shifted to GS paper 1. So overall, the weightage remains the same.
The only difference is the questions on social justice has been asked in GS paper 1. The question with respect to NGOs have been asked in GS paper 1 rather than being asked in GS paper 2. So how... that is how the papers are made so you can't say that I was prepared for the evening paper but I won't be able to write the answer in the morning so that should not be the thing if you are prepared you are prepared with it so first observation if I just go by GS paper 1 there are 7 questions from society the overall weightage has increased but if you ask me to tell you that overall what is my observation about the paper one thing about the paper that I have observed is comparatively it is more doable as compared to previous two three years because previous two three years the concepts asked were very specific and if you do not know that specific concept then it becomes a challenge for example if you do not know what is the meaning of neoliberal economy then automatically your answer would be wrong if you do not know what are sects if you do not know cryptocurrency, if you do not know gig economy, then answering those questions can become a challenge. This year paper comparatively to previous year was more doable, but that does not guarantee that we can fetch marks. These two things are very different.
One paper seems to be doable and second whether you are fetching marks or not. So my third observation is that you have to practice answer writing. In every class I have been telling the students that your templates should be ready. Today I am not here to discuss what more needs to be written. Because there is no end to what more.
I am here largely to discuss if this is the question, whatever content is available to us in the classroom, then how that content has to be utilized in order to write a decent answer. That has to be. And more refined answers I am already in.
as usual as i usually give the answers for the previous year paper so this year also i'm providing you the answers that is a different thing but given the specific time limit how to improve upon the presentation and with whatever content is available to us how we can write a decent answer which can fetch you decent marks because again this year society becomes the deciding factor If you do not write decent answers to society questions, crossing 100 mark limit in GS paper 1 will become a challenge. Now, the fourth observation, that is basically that if you look at the broad themes which has been asked this year, it remains the same. I have always told women issue is their favorite topic.
Either they'll ask you the essay or they will ask you the question in GS. That has happened. They haven't asked you the essay, they have asked you the question.
GS question. So women is their specific topic. Second is the question on marginalized community. Although we always tell that the chances of asking the question, for example, tribals is very high.
For example, person with disability is very high. So now rather than asking a specific question, they asked you a general question. That with an intention of ensuring equity and social justice, affirmative actions have been taken but they are not giving you the desired result do you understand that the questions difficulty level has reduced now you don't have to write the answer with respect to one marginalized community you can write the answer with respect to all the possible marginalized community so you didn't need very specific content what you required was the headings if you have the broad headings you have the broad template you can easily answer this Question. Did you get my point? Similarly, the question on regionalism.
Regionalism, communalism, secularism. That is their topic. One or the other topic will ask a question some year.
Either it will be regionalism or it will be communalism or it will be secularism. This year they have asked secularism in GS paper too. So this will keep shifting but the question would be asked. is it making sense?
Similarly globalization, urbanization, their favorite topic. Every year you get a question. Diversity is their favorite topic.
Every year you get a question. Now there are two topics which I always say in the class is very important that is caste and religion. Now how they ask the question on caste and religion that may change but you will realize the answer more or less remains the same.
That we will show just now. Is this making sense for everyone? So on this note, we will start with our discussion. We'll start with the 10 markers to be very precise. The first 10 marker that we have, distinguish between gender equality, equity and women's empowerment.
That's first question. Why is it important to take gender concerns into account in program design and implementation? It's a 10 marker.
The first thing that we do, in any question which has subparts is basically to create in your subconscious mind how much marks you will allocate. You can allocate 4 is to 6. You can allocate 5 and 5. You can allocate 3 and 7. That's your choice because they have not defined how much marks to be allocated. And why do you do that?
That will tell you how much space you have to allocate for which subpart of the question. So now it is your choice. Is that making sense for everyone? Now before we proceed with this, whenever we discuss any answer, I have been saying this time and again, every answer has introduction, every answer has to have a linking statement, there will be a body and followed by conclusion. Now, why do I mention everyone knows that there is no rocket science?
Why do we do this is it gives you a clarity that there are different ways of writing the introduction. The first way is whatever is the keyword, define that. Let us suppose the keyword is marriage, or let us say it is something to do with caste, or let us say it is something to do with globalization.
I'm just giving you an example. So it can be started with the definition. Another important aspect with which you can start your answer is a premise. Premise basically means the background.
That based on which a particular question might be asked by UPSC. It does not mean that exactly you should know the reason. Why did they ask UPSC?
And we will not even read in that. That day, on this page, in this article, this news came, that's why they asked. It is possible that they never read that article. So the point here is we will not delve into that. We don't want to know when, what, why it happened.
So there might be some premise which according to you might be the reason why they have asked you the question. Or it can be you can establish the significance of the topic. That what is the significance of that topic and why that topic is important from the perspective of Indian society. If not this, then you can use a data, you can use any current example or the event.
There are different ways and if in your question there is a term given in the context, so in whichever context the question has been asked, that becomes your introduction. Sometimes in the question we say in the context. in the light, with respect to, in the backdrop of. So whichever context, respect, backdrop the question is asked, automatically that becomes your introduction.
That's how you can introduce the answer. I'm going to discuss this structure once and then I'll take up the questions. The second is the linking statement. See, for me, this is very important, especially when it is an analytical question. Otherwise, it is very difficult for us to maintain the...
coherence and the flow in the answer. The easier way out is either you give me a subheading which tells me exactly what you are going to write now or you give me some statement which if you ask me in simple words is nothing but paraphrasing the Question in simple words or in a crisp manner. What will happen with that? Your introduction will be linked to the demand of the question and the coherence will automatically flow. That is how you do it.
Then in the body, depending upon what are the parts, what are the dimensions, you will address. Now comes the question with respect to conclusion. Even if it is a 10 marker, introduction and conclusion specifically should be mentioned in your introduction. answer.
Otherwise it seems that the answer is not properly structured. Let's not commit that error. Now look at two things.
This year you will notice that the questions many a times are asked on the way forward only. For example, they have asked with respect to socio-economic development issues, there has to be a collaboration. Did you get my point?
They have already answered that there has to be the collaboration. In this case, you cannot give a way forward. The question itself is on the way forward. So here at Max, what you can do is, Draw the overall inference. That if this collaboration happens successfully, it will help us to address the socio-economic issues.
At the same time, it will also enable us to achieve sustainable development goals. This is my inference. After writing my entire answer, what is my inference? That is one way of doing it. Other way, suppose if something like this again comes.
So in this case, you can mention the efforts of government. Again let us suppose there is some question which is talking about the way forward. Already it is given that what needs to be done.
So here you don't give further way forward. You tell that fine we agree to this and keeping that in mind the government is making certain efforts. But let us suppose the question is asked on the problem. For example despite the policies for affirmative action the result is not being I mean desired.
In that case it becomes a... So depending upon the nature of the question, your conclusion undergoes a change. Is it making sense?
And hardly it will seem like, ma'am, you're writing this too in one line. You just have to show the other person, look, I have written my conclusion. Because anyway that's not been asked in the question. That is something which you are adding from your site in order to give a proper structure to your answer.
Is this very clear for everyone? Let's start with the questions. Now the first part of the question says distinguish.
I have to introduce my answer. I was thinking what is the minimum possible introduction which I can give. So I thought, let's establish the significance of the three topics.
That what is gender equality, equity and women empowerment? What are they going to ensure and why they are important in our society? Because this will ensure fairness, justice, autonomy in the society. It's not necessary to have fairness, justice, you can write whatever you want. We have studied so much ethics, whether something else comes or not, these terms will come to everyone.
So autonomy, fairness and... Justice would be established. That is why these three topics are important.
Now here I thought, the paper is so simple. It is not so distinguished. How should I add? In fact, I remember, in one class I must have said, that one of my friends told me, just do something, which gives you that one extra mark. And people do have a confusion, that was in seven minutes.
How can you do that one thing, which can add some extra mark? If you remember, in every class I tell you, Compare, contrast, distinguish. There has to be a tabular representation. Make a table. There are three concepts here.
Gender equality, equity and empowerment. And whenever you make a table, you should have the parameters based on which you are going to distinguish. I have decided in my mind, five marker for the first question, five marker for the second question. That's my choice.
You can totally differ. If I have to distinguish three concepts, what are the two basic things that you will do in order to distinguish? Explain the concept, that is one.
And to justify this, what will you do? See, you know the answer. So table just requires two things.
One, you give the definition of all the three. And then you give an example to justify your definition. That's what... completes your distinguishing feature just by giving the definition you will not be able to distinguish you are defining you are not distinguishing you have to give example to justify your argument so when you have to distinguish very briefly we have added three points no need to add more points just start with the definition now is there anyone in the class who has not studied polity? Do you know equality and equity?
So equality is nothing but equal treatment with respect to right, responsibility and opportunity and what is equity? Fair treatment keeping in mind the historical and social inequalities or injustice and women empowerment is the definition of UN, don't know how many times I have done it. Sense of self, worth, now UN people must be saying you only teach.
So sense of self-worth, access to resources, autonomy, control over your life, leadership skill. Now you were supposed to give one example. So equality is equal pay for both men and women.
Equity is special provisions for women. And empowerment, let us say some training program in order to develop that leadership skill so that they can rise in the hierarchy of the organization. Now did you understand what is distinguished?
that one extra mark is nothing but a table or let us say that one extra mark is nothing but an example and that is how you write how to distinguish between three equality equity and empowerment is that very clear now let's move to the next part why is it important to incorporate gender concerns now if you remember i'll tell you one thing We link to tell you that whatever you have studied, can be managed with that. We study a topic called stratification. And we said gender is the basis of stratification. So can I say, gender based stratification is one of the features of Indian society.
And that's what makes incorporating gender concerns absolutely indispensable. Because based on gender some people have better access to resource and opportunity as compared to others. And in this context, it can be women also, it can be transgender as well. So in the whole answer, do mention transgender somewhere. To give an impression that with respect to gender, you are not only considering women, you are also talking about the transgenders.
Is this making sense? Now we have to talk about what is the significance of incorporating gender concern? You will give the answer.
How will you give? There are many classes where I always said that prospect, implication, how do we study? Individual level, societal level, national level. Now see if the answer came to your mind or not.
If gender concerns are in policy design, what would be the benefit at the individual level? potential would be harnessed. So basically at individual level, let us suppose, there will be reduction in alienation because the opportunities would be given to realize your complete potential.
It will ensure the individual's empowerment and also it will ensure that poverty has been alleviated. Can you write? Similarly, what will happen at societal level?
indicators, social indicators of the society will improve there are some pathologies which are existing for example patriarchy gender inequality that can be addressed there exist prejudices, stereotypes with respect to let us say transgenders that can also be corrected now what will happen at national level? better economic growth, what else will happen? Female labour force participation will increase, that will lead to economic growth.
I had told in a class that there are four points at the national level. There is economic growth, due to which demographic dividend is received, due to which sustainable development goals are achieved, and overall inclusive growth is ensured. Is it making sense? Who doesn't know this answer?
The point here is, if headings are remembered, then answer writing becomes a cakewalk. Is it making sense? So here another diagram is put.
Why is it important to incorporate gender concerns? Because it has prospects at individual level, societal level and national level. And then you can add the points here. Is it making sense for everyone? That's one way of writing.
It is not the only way of writing. You can again start with, for example, you didn't think about it. So, overall, the points you gave, write them down.
Economic growth, poverty, eradication, social, stability, these are general points. Why do I say to write the heading? Points will never repeat.
It won't be difficult for you to write. If you know that you have to write two points at individual level, I have to write two points at societal level, I have to write two points at national level. The pressure on your thought process will automatically reduce.
Always prepare the templates. This I have been saying since ages. And it will come very handy, especially in this year's paper.
Then, grassroot level governance. I remember one example of Ghat Patila, with respect to Swachh Bharat mission. There was Malbika.
Khatua, she was the BDO officer. And how she ensured successful implementation of Swachh Bharat mission. So not only it will help you economically, socially, but also politically and administratively. So now the second template is made.
If you don't want to do individual, societal, national, then social, political, economical, administrative. Again your points are ready. Is that very clear for everyone?
Now notice one thing in this writing pattern. This writing pattern is known as KEE. You write the keyword, you explain, you give example.
It has two advantages. If you write the keyword, it doesn't look like as if you have written bullet points. It seems that there are small paragraphs which are written. So that casual attitude in answer writing, that is now looking more academic. So this is KEE.
And once you write the keyword, There is no need to read the explanation. Just by writing the keyword or reading the keyword, the marks can be given. And the moment you write example, the credibility to your argument has already been established.
I am not saying what happens in UPSC. I am telling you my personal experience. When I look at the script and if it is written like this, I read just two things.
One is the keyword, other is the example. And if it is making sense with whatever the demand of the question. the marks are allotted and more marks are given because you have made my work easier reading your answer now is comfortable because just by reading the keyword i exactly know what you have written and finally we can conclude already diya hua tha that how it is important kyunki otherwise ham way forward kya dete gender concern should be incorporated that is the question so now you have to mention what government has done in order to incorporate gender concerns in policy design and implementation.
So here you have written about the constitutional provision. You could have written some statutory act. You could have written some policy that is totally dependent on you.
But write some government effort which has been done in order to incorporate gender concerns in policy design and implementation. Is the first answer clear for everyone? Will everyone be able to write the answer?
Next question. Inter-caste marriages between castes which have socio-economic parity have increased to some extent. That's the key word in the question. But this is less true of inter-religious marriages discussed.
I still remember, caste may, there is a statement which we discuss that caste has certain attributes. One of the attributes is caste endogamy. which is based on the principle of purity and pollution.
Then we said, Andhra Bete made a statement, India's destiny is not cast in stone. That means cast in our context is losing the significance. And cast is losing the significance, for example, due to industrialization, urbanization, there is secular pattern of living, there is modern value system.
As a result, Rather than being concerned about the ritual hierarchy, we are more concerned about the secular hierarchy. It means, if you belong to the same caste, but that person is not economically stable, you would not prefer to get married into that community. So in societies where education, economic status, secular hierarchy is more preferable, the chances of inter-caste marriages are very high.
So that was the observation of Andre. and I told that in one of the Hindu newspaper years back this article was given and the very next day Gayle Omvidit refuted the article. Sir where is intercaste marriages happening?
It is only to some extent. So hardly if you go by NFHS report it still says 12.6. If I quote Indian Human Development Survey then only 5% of the marriages are intercaste. Remaining 95% of the sample size they prefer to marry within their sub-caste, not even caste, within their sub-caste. So basically inter-caste marriages have increased but only to very some extent.
So there were two parts to this question. So in such questions, wherever there is about increase, decrease, it is always advisable to start with the data. They still gave 2.6% is inter-religious.
Pew Research Centre's report says only 1% of the marriages are inter-faith. So basically inter-faith marriages are not happening. Such answers, you can write anything.
Now suppose someone has started with the definition of caste. Is there any relevance? No. In this question, you have to decide that given those ways of introducing, which is the best way to introduce?
And the best way to introduce is a data. And it's not like you don't have data. You've already studied the data. So once you have mentioned the data, then we are going to talk about the reasons which are responsible for increase in inter-caste marriages. And there is no rocket science in this.
Urbanization happened. Secular pattern of living came. People were not concerned about each other's caste.
So if you have socio-economic parity, the chances of inter-caste marriages is very high. Second most important factor, not only urbanization, the attitude is also undergoing a change. Youth is becoming more secularized.
They are becoming more secularized with respect to three things. One is marriage, second is accommodation, and third is commensality. Means, we don't see who we are eating with while eating.
We don't see who we are eating with while sitting in a PG hostel class. And if you have the socio-economic parity, then you also don't think about the caste of the person when you are choosing to get married. So there is change in the attitude which is also happening. Third, more than ritual hierarchy, it is the secular hierarchy which is becoming more prevalent.
And most importantly, government is also encouraging inter-caste marriages. Because as our father of constitution Dr. B.R. Ambedkar said that if you want to dilute the control of caste in context of Indian society one of the means can be encouraging inter-caste marriages. So various government schemes are there which actually gives you monetary incentive if you indulge in inter-caste marriages.
Overall development there are some areas which are socio-economically developed and there the potential of inter-caste marriages is there. But again I'll say it is a very rare phenomenon because even educated people prefer to get married within their own caste. So only to some extent this has happened. But now tell me why interfaith marriages are not happening? Completing the syllabus without proper knowledge of current affairs will not take you far in the UPSC civil services examination.
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Sacred aspect of it. Okay. There exists religion based diversity but that doesn't mean that caste diversity exists. But there is no familiarity.
As a Hindu, I know who is of the Shakti sect, who is Vaishnava, who is Shaiv. But for a Muslim or Christian... Absolutely. Lack of cultural integration which results into development of stereotypes.
Because we are not aware about each other's culture, there exist some stereotypes and prejudices which encourages conflict between different religious community. Brilliantly answer. See, you know the answer.
I'm just telling you, you know the answer. Any other point that you want to add? Exactly, ghettoization.
There is a fear of social ostracization, social exclusion. That is also one of the major aspects. Also it can be mentioned that passage of anti-conversion laws in some of the states.
That one for the purpose of marry cannot convert to other religion. That is also discouraging interfaith marriages. But most important is the legal aspect, that is special marriage act. Under which if you want to get married, you have to notify your marriage one month in advance.
You have to publish that notice. And since the period given is 30 days, there is a possibility that you might be subjected to harassment or disapproval by that section of the community which is not agreeing to interfaith marriages. Is that very clear?
So I will tell you a normal thing. Sometimes you get a notification and these days they come as reels. So there was some stand-up comedian. So he was addressing crowd work. That's a term that is used if you've heard.
So there was, I don't remember the name, but that person asked, is there anyone from intercaste or interfaith marriage? So there were two people, so they said yes, interfaith marriage. So then he asked, was there any problem? So they said, no, not much.
They said there must have been some threats. So there was people said, no, nothing like that happened. It seemed like it, but nothing like that happened.
So he actually got a very shocking expression that how is this possible? Then he slowly asks, you have become rich. So I want to say a point, I will not say that UPSC must have asked this question after seeing this reel, that wherever there is socio-economic parity, the chances of it...
So I am telling you one thing, society questions are made about society. That's your society. You just have to observe and you have to write the answer.
But did you get the point what we are trying to say? Is this question answerable for all of us? Okay?
Excuse me, ma'am. Yes. Ma'am, like you mentioned in the question, only to a certain extent intercaste. So can we incorporate this nuance too?
Yes, that's why we gave data. Because there are honor killings due to intercaste. So can we mention this too? Exactly, that's why we will tell. It is only to a certain extent.
We will give data here. We will address that these are the factors that inter-caste marriages have increased. However, it is a rare phenomenon because caste notions based on purity and pollution is still holding relevance.
Absolutely. You can write this much and leave it. Okay. And if you want to give a manifestation, then you can write in brackets.
For example, caste-based ostracization or to an extreme limit, it can also take a form of honour killing. That's it. Is it clear? Okay. Let's go.
Next question. Yes. You can mention anything. It's a 10-number question.
Why are you taking the life out of the question? It's just a 10 marker. You just have to write one and a half sides.
On a very serious note, write what is absolutely important. And then if the space is still left, then add more content to it. Is it making sense for everyone? Next.
In dealing with socio-economic issues of development, what kind of collaboration between government, NGOs and private sector would be most productive? Ideally, the question is from GS paper 2. It falls under the ambit of governance. But even if they have asked 2 hours ago, it shouldn't make much difference. So we still should be able to answer.
Now when I looked at the question, I again saw the first thing which comes to my mind, what is the most apt way of introducing? To be very honest, that's the first thing which strikes. The moment I saw in dealing with socio-economic issues of development, I remembered I have some data available. Whether it is data with respect to poverty, it is data with respect to inequality, it is data with respect to gender aspect, or it is, let us say, with respect to rural-urban divide.
What are socio-economic issues? Class-based, region-based, gender based, these are the issues broadly so do I have some data to introduce my answer and you definitely will have data don't you know how much poverty is there at the moment don't you know inequality is on the rise Oxfam report says don't you remember global gender gap report India's ranking or haven't you studied latest report of ASAR so you have the data with you make sure you introduce the answer with the data otherwise nothing else is left How will you explain socio-economic issues of development? Then you will keep writing.
The best way is user data. Here you can do one more thing. You can make a table. Write on one side of the table, poverty, inequality, rural-urban divide, gender inequality and on the other side, give data. Visibility of your answer increases.
That's the only thing. There is no other reason to make that table. But you can make a table here. Now it says, what is the relation between the three? When he said collaboration, actually this diagram came to my mind.
That I have to show the collaboration of three things, now it was not possible in this. Here you would have marked it and here you would have written overall development. Because when all three will collaborate, ultimately what you will get is development. So that could have been added. Now I was thinking how to attempt, I am telling you my psyche while I was attempting this question.
First thing I thought if these three have to collaborate that means they have to use their strength. What can the government provide me? Resource, policies, broader infrastructure.
What can the private sector give? It can give jobs, investment, technology, skill development, and market-based solutions. What will the NGO give me? Grassroot mobilisation, monitoring of the implementation of policies, accountability, capacity building of the local people.
So I took the strength of all three. Now the first thing that came to my mind was, do I have an example to justify my point? So then I thought, let us talk about, let us say, I am just giving you an example, Swachh Bharat Mission.
Who gave the framework of Swachh Bharat Mission? Government. There are many private companies, which are supporting, for example, Hindustan Unilever.
So their Domex Toilet Academy concept is, what happens in that, they are basically contributing in establishing the toilets and improving the sanitation in the society. Do I have any example of NGO? Sulabh International. So that example justifies my point.
Similarly, let us say, Potion Abhiyan. The framework has been provided by government. There are various private companies, for example, Nestle.
They have a project called Jagriti Project. In that, they provide food, nutritional supplements to pregnant women and lactating mothers. And if we talk about any NGO, like Potion Abhyan dealing with children, then for example, Care India, etc., the NGOs, they are working for the upliftment of the children.
So again, you have an example which justifies this. Now comes the question, where will we get this example? And how will we know that we have to prepare this example? So always remember, I told you, this is from paper 2. In paper 2, whenever you prepare, we always say, you prepare constitutional provision. You prepare statutory act, you prepare the policies, you prepare the agency.
At the same time, you also prepare innovative examples. So in innovative example, SHG groups, civil society initiative, NGOs if they are working, private sector contribution. That has to be prepared.
But to prepare for everyone? Absolutely not. How much will you prepare?
There are some basic topics. Health, education. Skill development, sanitation, these are basic topics which have to be prepared.
And where these topics fall? In the ambit of GS paper 2. So you just have to prepare with respect to health, education, skill development. Is social infrastructure done?
Then you have sanitation. These are basic examples which you anyway prepare. You just have to know that where it has to be written.
Is it making sense? Okay. So now you understand what we are talking about here? Is it? the diagram making sense here why we have incorporated the diagram but let's go back to the question again what kind of collaboration many example they can but idea what kind of collaboration but still i have to write something i'm generally asking you what kind of collaboration will you prefer can you tell me what was the basic idea behind that collaboration Data sharing is a common vision and by doing an interdisciplinary approach, data sharing can be done.
I'll take this point. Anything else? Skill development.
Actually, the private sector can help you in developing the skills. Skill development point. How else can we collaborate?
Public-private partnership. That becomes another point. What else? Resource mobilization, absolutely.
NGOs can also help you in resource mobilization and not only resource mobilization, engagement of the community. See, you guys have the answer. This is the answer. This is not a joke. Excuse me ma'am.
Yes. Ma'am, like government can promote the ease of doing business, this will develop the private sector. The policies of the government.
And like the report of AASER. First NGO, absolutely. Now on its basis, government can bring legislation.
Absolutely, yes. And can provide funds to NGOs. Absolutely.
So you have resource mobilization. Somebody talked about data, I guess. Data sharing. You are actually giving the example of the point. Somebody said data sharing.
So, Pratham NGO conducting the survey, providing the data and data-based or evidence-based policy making. So, chances of success of policy would be very high. Is that very clear? So, this is how public-private partnership. You can have a common vision.
Somebody talked about skill development. That is nothing but capacity building. Then mobilization of the resources. then community, engagement and overall promoting what is known as sustainability. Is it making sense for everyone?
Is it clear? But you have to notice everything. Whatever point you give, it's example.
I have added some examples here which I was discussing. Swachh Bharat, mission. Second, I think portion abhyan will be done.
There is one more example which I have added. You can add any example that you want. Let us say Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas. You can also add educational example. You can also add infrastructural example.
That's totally your call. But if you get stuck somewhere, how do you think of an example? Health, education, skill development, sanitation.
It comes very handy. That is actually the most important intervention which is required. Is it making sense for everyone? And finally, I told you, this question is the only way forward. that collaboration is required.
So you just write the inference that if this collaboration takes place then chances of achievement of sustainable development goals would be very high. Absolutely yes. You can start with the data, you can start with any chart, you can start with any diagram.
In fact try to make every answer different from what you have written. And if you feel that it's easy to say now, you don't remember in the exam, listen to this and say, I'm tired. I'm so tired, Baba. Listen to this.
What I'm just trying to tell you here is, for so many years we've been saying, to prepare from the beginning. If the question is like this, we'll start with data. If it's like this, we'll start with diagram. If it's like this, then we'll make table. So then practice.
Daily weekly test, mini test. mock tests, abhyas, why do they do all that? That's why they do it. And then you can't say, ma'am it's easy to say, it's not possible.
So if it's not possible, then the selection is of those who are doing it. Fact of the matter. You pick up the topper script and see. If you haven't done this and still there is selection, then mostly it won't be visible.
It won't happen. But if you look at the topper script, you will realise that broadly you... You have to be different from the people. Otherwise, if you look at the questions, they are not that difficult that you can't answer.
Is it making sense? Can we proceed? We discuss the first thing in regionalism.
When we make a flow chart of regionalism, then we talk about regional diversity and what are the problems associated with regionalism. Anyway, What is regional disparity? How does it differ from diversity?
How serious is the issue of regional disparity in India? Again, I'll say it's a 15 marker. Create the marks division in your mind. That how much you have to write, where. Now see, if you notice, it has three parts.
It is a 15 marker. That does not mean that unnecessarily you will elaborate a lot on regional disparity or diversity. But still you have to write a considerable portion.
So you have to define what is regional disparity. You have to talk about that unequal distribution. Wealth, opportunity, resources, development, that is what results into disparity.
And we clearly know, no two regions can be equally same. There will always be a difference. There is some region where you have better infrastructure, better job, opportunity, high standard of living. Whereas there are some sectors or some region where you will find poverty, lack of basic infrastructure, poor prospects of jobs.
And that is what creates the imbalance or inequality. Now you will think, how do I remember this? So the whole migration is on this. that two regions are not equally developed. There is some region which is destination, there is some region which are source.
And the basic reason why some are destination and some are source is there exists disparity. Is it making sense? Give examples.
Which are source regions and which are destination regions? Now how it is different from diversity? So when we start the topic of diversity, the first thing that we study, diversity refers to collective differences.
which marks one group different from another. It can be based on language, it can be based on caste, religion, ethnicity, region, it can be any factor. But the basic difference, here it is asked, how does it differ? So, differ has to be told that disparity is a negatively connoted term. Diversity is a positively connoted term.
Diversity shows the richness of the culture. It shows the variety in the heritage whereas disparity shows inequality and imbalance. Is that very clear?
Here comes one more point and we will link it in the last question. That diversity per se is not the problem because diversity is a positively connoted term. It actually displays the rich tapestry of our Indian cultural heritage. But when along with diversity there is disparity.
then diversity is used as a basis to mobilize the masses. So, the same thing again, the biggest brother is the biggest money. So, the point here is, that is regional disparity and how it differs from diversity.
Now, you need to tell me, was there anything difficult in this? Was there anything that you couldn't write? Look, you will have to take society classes for that. Or if you are doing society yourself, then if you have studied regionalism, you will understand the definitions.
How serious is the issue? What is written here? Data, start with data Tell the severity But don't stop here Tell the consequences too I have told you by giving data, now think where can we give data?
Have you studied economics? Do you study infrastructure in economics? Do you study highway connectivity? Economic development, state-wise, region-wise, what's happening, you read all this. But now if you ask a question in society, how will you use your brain?
In society, regionalism has different manifestations. Interstate, intrastate, suprastate. Okay, pick one example from all three.
Suprastate. Southern states are contributing more to the GDP of India as compared to the northern states. So, did you see suprastate?
Similarly, if I talk about the highway, the infrastructural gap, entire Maharashtra has more highways as compared to all the northeastern states if combined together. So again, there is a supra state, a group of state is involved. And because highways are not developed that much, there is lack of proper delivery of services and goods, which is responsible for underdevelopment of northeastern region.
Is it making sense? Similarly, you can talk about health and education. Similarly, you can talk about urban-rural divide. So, urban-rural divide can be an example of intra-state. Similarly, you can also have examples of sub-regionalism.
Like, demand for Vidarbha, demand for Saurashtra, demand for Bordoland. There are different demands which are emerging. So, this is just giving us data, giving us examples.
This is not telling us severity. It is not telling us severity. Severity will be known when, based on this, there are three factors. Economic consequences.
Social consequences and political consequences. Then your answer is completed. Think for yourself, what political consequences will there be? Exactly, demand for separate state, more autonomy.
Sometimes it can also result into threatening, exactly, cessation. Threatening the territorial integrity of the country. There can also be social unrest.
Internal security challenges can also be created. and most importantly skewed migration will always remain. Migration is not a problem. The problem is there exists regional disparity. So whichever region is growing, the entire crowd is migrating to that region.
So no matter how much this region develops, the population pressure is always there. So if there is a problem of skewed migration, then chances of the sun of soil are high, chances of natives versus migrants are high, then most importantly, the governance cannot be proper. Because if the population pressure builds up, no matter how much developed your infrastructure is, efficient service delivery cannot be ensured. So when it says how serious is the issue, then tell me political seriousness, administrative seriousness, economic seriousness, social seriousness.
Then your answer is completed. So now, because this is a question on the topic, it is important to give a way forward. Is it making sense for everyone? One second.
Just give me one minute. What is regional disparity? What is diversity?
But it is important to give one last line because they asked how disparity differs from diversity. So that is my last observation. Diversity is about variety and richness.
Disparity is focusing more on inequality and imbalance. Once I am done with this seriousness of the disparity, you have economic disparity, you have Infrastructural disparity, not only infrastructure with respect to roads, health and education, urban-rural divide within the state, sub-regionalism. But we will not stop here.
How serious is the issue? Political consequences, economic consequences, social consequences. So finally, India has made efforts to address these issues. You can mention some of the government efforts which have been.
made however if the structural issue and uneven implementation is not addressed the problem will continue to persist is it making sense for everyone it's a 15 marker there is nothing written which you can't write in fact I wanted to put a term here that is virtuous cycle versus vicious cycle this gap keeps increasing this region is developed so it is attracting more investment this is further developing so this is becoming virtuous cycle This region is not developed and as a result it is further getting trapped in the web of underdevelopment. This is nothing but vicious cycle. The gap between the regions are increasing. And if that happens it has political, economic, social implication. Are the points clear for everyone?
Can you answer these topics? No. The question of cultural diversity and socio-economic marginality is in that.
Yes. There we will address that. We won't write here. Otherwise, it will spread.
We won't be able to collect it. Can we take corporate and federalism? Yes.
This angle has a different dimension. See, if you add, it would not be wrong. But it is asked in GS paper 1. Let's not add. Unnecessary.
See, the question if is asked in a certain paper, That means the paper setter is expecting answer from certain perspective. That's the only thing. Okay.
Yes. Next question. Somebody was asking me something.
You read this question. Somebody was asking. Yes. Can it be said that in an extreme level it can lead to civil war? Yes, you can write it.
Write it. There is nothing wrong in writing. Just give an example.
Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by the Constitution comment. Again, this is a question for GS paper 2, but asked in GS paper 1. Trust me, this is easier to answer. Suppose, how did they often ask with respect to tribals? They asked what are the constitutional provisions with respect to welfare of the tribals. The next year they asked what are the legal provisions with respect to the welfare and empowerment of tribals.
That's a very specific question. See there is no specificity here. And it's from your syllabus. Syllabus has a topic social empowerment.
So it is talking about equity and social justice. If we see here, it's a simple answer. Leave this question. We have to reframe the question in our mind. Despite government efforts.
The empowerment of marginalized sections is still a distant reality. So now you have to tell us who are marginalized? What are the government efforts? What are the lacunas in those efforts?
What needs to be done? Now the question is easy. You read any marginalized section, how do you read it? Their problems, government efforts, lacunas, way forward. That is the question.
The good thing is they have not asked you one specific section. They are in general asking you the question. So we can start with what are the constitutional provisions with respect to ensuring equity and social justice.
So in order to provide those opportunities, Government has taken certain initiative. Then put a diagram. Now how do we make a diagram?
Let's talk about constitutional provision. We talk about policies. We talk about statutory provision. We talk about agencies. So there are commissions.
We read in these headings. Whether it's a child, a person with disability, Dalit, tribes, women. This is how you prepare. These are nothing but government efforts. Now you answer me.
This Despite these government efforts, why social justice and equity is not being ensured? What are the lacunas? One by one, raise your hand and give me the lacunas.
Corruption, okay, we call it bureaucratic apathy, misappropriation of funds, lack of accountability, we put everything in one place. We'll take this point. What else? Lack of awareness that these provisions are available for them. Okay, we'll take this point.
But I'm sorry, I can't hear anything. They are usurping all the benefits. Absolutely brilliant.
Class within community concept. Whether it's caste or tribes. Certain sections are usurping or cornering all the benefits.
So which has further widened the divide. Any more point? Red tape, this is where corruption, red tapism, misappropriation of funds come in. They put the administrative people in one place.
Okay? So that point came in one place. That's why I always say, always make a heading.
Because then what will happen is, the points you are giving, they will seem so many. But they are mostly related to the same thing. So administrative inefficiency or laxity on the part of administration, do it. And put all these points in it. Anything else?
Social pathologies in the society, whether it is stigma, prejudices, patriarchy, casteism, brilliant. We can use this point. What else? The people, they are not working themselves.
They are taking those benefits as granted. Absolutely yes. Passive recipient of the benefits rather than actively participating.
We'll take that point. Anyone else? One size fits all. Absolutely yes.
One size fits all. approach. So very centralized top-down inclusion exclusion errors all those points can be written.
This is the answer. You are so intelligent. You are so ready.
So there are implementation gaps. Bureaucratic, inefficiency, corruption, lack of accountability, social exclusion and stigma. Still the benefits are available. But you must have heard that news that casteism exists. The children from lower caste are not allowed to sit with the children of upper caste.
Sometimes there is a prejudiced attitude. In fact, I tell a survey in class, National Sample Survey Organization, which said many a times the dropout rate among the SC, ST children is very high. And that is because of the prejudiced attitude of the education system. Then economic disparity. Someone had said, benefits have been cornered.
So you can even write the report of Justice Rohini panel, that 1% of OBC have cornered the SC. 50% of benefits whereas 20% has not received even a single benefit so the concept of creamy layer then we can talk about the barriers in effective representation one of the reason is higher rung jobs may the people from the marginalized sections are not represented and I clearly remember hum baat karte hain jab women padhte hain to hum baat karte ki ek Deloitte study aayi thi jisme 4.7 percent of the CEOs are only women in India remaining all are men similarly women's representation with respect to Parliament or lawmaking body or the representation of SC ST in higher rung of jobs the data which you remember because it is on the marginalised section you remember women's data, you remember transgender's data, you remember SC ST data whatever data it is, write any one data then somebody talked about social pathologies so you have patriarchy you also have social attitude and stigma Then if you want to write the healthcare access separately, you can write it. That's totally your call. Remember health, education, that remains an important point. Once we have done this, then finally in this question, you have to suggest the way forward.
Subcategorization is the need of the hour. You have to promote social inclusion. You have to strengthen the implementation. You have to correct the stereotypes and prejudices which are existing. You have to provide skill development, vocational training.
You have to provide the right tools. but whatever comes to your mind. Because this is not a question.
Two or three way forward, whatever comes to your mind. So basically, the challenges you have written, related to that, some two or three way forwards can be written in order to sum up your answer or to conclude your answer. Is it making sense? Is this question clear for everyone?
OK. Okay, this is an interesting question. Globalization has increased urban migration by skilled, young, unmarried women from various classes.
Full stop. How has this trend impacted upon their personal freedom and relationship with family? First, we have to do something about the statement. After that statement, there is no keyword. There is no tail word, comment, discuss, elaborate.
Consider that statement as given true. And based on that statement you have to answer the question. How can we start this statement? How would you like to introduce such question? Based on data?
You will not find much data. Mostly the migration which is taking place and if it is women specific migration because there is feminization of migration the reason is marriage. But the question is about don't give data. Data will be wrong giving context. So here you have to use presence of mind.
What is presence of mind? You don't have data so will you write? So the point here is that When there is no such thing, then will they write? So it is always advisable in such cases, talk about the context. Context is this only, how globalization has created opportunity for empowerment and that's the reason.
Globalization results into urbanization. Urbanization is characterized by urbanism. Urbanism talks about heterogeneity, anonymity, individualism, better prospect for education and economic empowerment.
These situation has created ground. For educated, young, skilled, unmarried women to move to urban area. And we study all these things in class.
Now you have to divide your body of the question into two parts. The first is how it impacts the personal freedom. And second, how it impacts the family relationship. Now tell me.
Give me the answer quickly. Okay. We won't start from here. First thing is how it is impacting your personal freedom. So we have to talk of...
Yes, exactly. Financial independence. Anything else?
Absolutely. So autonomy with respect to choice of partner. That can be one of the points. What else? Yes, okay.
So that will come in that. So anything else? Look, I will tell you. You are making one more mistake.
When you sit to think about a point, you literally think about a point. Why don't you think about a heading? Personal freedom can include economic freedom, social freedom, cultural freedom, freedom with respect to identity, freedom with respect to status, both in the society as well as family. Think about a heading and the answer will come automatically. Social, political, economic, cultural.
freedom. Now the points you are giving will come in this heading. Don't write the heading but at least think about the heading in your subconscious mind. Writing the points becomes easier. Is it making sense for everyone?
Yes, somebody was giving me some more points. Yes, absolutely. There is more awareness.
You can actually invest your earning on your own lifestyle, on your betterment whether it is health, education, mental health. Absolutely we can talk about this. Anything else? Absolutely. If you talk about a relationship with your family, then here you both...
You can talk to them. Family relationships improve and somewhere there is a cultural clash. How can family relationships improve? Family does take pride. If the daughters are doing well.
But then there is a constant anxiety. Because ultimately the objective is to get married and give birth to a male child. We are still in patriarchal society. So I hope the sarcasm is understood.
Don't take it in a literal sense. But you have to write it. So there is always that... kind of ambiguity which exists.
On the other hand you are challenging the hierarchy. In fact I remember when we read about family we write a statement that sex and age are the main ordering principle of family hierarchy. Eldest male maximum power, youngest female least power.
But when women becomes empowered she has access to education, she has access to economic growth and opportunity. she is able to break this hierarchy. So the dynamics within the family changes.
The status of girl in the family improves. But at the same time, it again creates a situation of clash. Because you expect gender stereotype.
You expect your girls to be submissive, docile. They are observing what is known as familial piety. So which they are not doing.
So then there is a situation of cultural clash. So whatever points you write, In that, we have to write both the sides of the coin. How it is improving and how it is declining.
And then we can give the follow up argument. Is that clear? Let's quickly have a look.
Globalization has cultivated service oriented urban economies which is providing you opportunities in different sectors. Because of which it is attracting young women to migrate to urban areas to get access to economic as well as educational programs. Instead of writing this, I would have anyway preferred Globalization, urbanization, urbanism Characteristic feature of urbanism Which is attracting young women to migrate That is easier to remember Then, patriarchal bargain would be challenged You want to say that?
No, patriarchal bargain is not in favor of women Then the concept will change Patriarchal Bargain concept would be challenged. Because now women is fighting for her rights rather than agreeing or striking a bargain. Where is she striking a bargain?
She would be more empowered. Okay? Yes, absolutely. Can you write? But here if you talk about there would be a pressure for dual burden.
Here there will be clash. She wants to work outside but there would be a pressure for dual burden and it is not just in the marital state even prior to marriage also women is expected to perform the domestic chores individual migration ki baat ho raha hai dual burden ho sakta hai expectation to hoti hai ki whenever you are there you're doing the household chores that is always a matter of concern they would not be knowing how to perform that dual burden. So that yes. Okay.
So now there would be higher autonomy, freedom of opportunity and growth, financial independence, freedom to choose a life partner. The overall purpose, the chances of intercaste marriages are very high in context of urban women. Then you are breaking the traditional gender roles, urban anonymity. I told you urbanism. It is characterized by urban anonymity and because of which you would not be put under that scrutiny of kinship network.
If you live in your area, you have to write your own experience in the answer. The girls just have to write. If you are in your area, everyone knows everyone.
If you belong to a small town or a small city, you can go anywhere. Guys, just to relax. So, then a stand-up comedy video came. Both of them said, that relatives sometimes tell you about yourself immediately so they called our house and said that your girl is riding a bike with different guys they didn't understand that it was a facility of Rapido which she was availing sometimes I feel these stand up comics make so much sense they are so relevant because they are just talking about the society so what we are saying is that no one cares about urban area Are you really with different guys or are you taking rapido's facility? So the point here is anonymity.
No, on a very serious note, it is anonymity. Are you understanding what we are trying to say? So that constant scrutiny, where is it going?
What is she doing? Till when? The constant scrutiny that is not there. And we will take it in this lighter note.
We will not take it with the same point that then that safety, security is a different topic. It is not coming in this question now. Is it making sense for everyone?
Then formation of cosmopolitan identity. This is an important concept. Whenever we study family or women, we always say that women does not have an individual identity.
Her identity is traced based on the family she belongs to. So you will never listen about women. She will always be upper caste, lower caste, tribal or belonging to a particular ethnicity or religion.
So women herself doesn't have that identity. But when she comes to urban area, it is driven by cosmopolitan identity. So she is given that opportunity to shape her identity which is separated from what is the identity from the family. So that too is a manifestation of freedom. So again, you can use these concepts to write the answer.
Then, impact on relationship with the family. So usually we have to talk about, okay, we will take care of one thing. Here, if normally relationship with family happens, then we talk about relationship with the spouse, relationship with the children, relationship with the parents and extended family. But she is unmarried in the question.
So now we will be talking about only two types. One with the parents and second with the extended family. Then you can talk about the positive impact or the negative impact.
It is not necessary that you write all these divisions in the answer. Create that in your subconscious mind and start writing the points. Points will come automatically.
You do it. Always try to create the templates. Writing the answer becomes easier.
So separation and distance will come in the relationship. That out of sight, out of mind thing. It happens. Sometimes, it doesn't happen for long.
So, there's an emotional bond attachment. It doesn't happen with everyone, but there is a possibility. Change in family dynamics, we have already talked about.
Cultural clash, we have already discussed. Evolving relationship with parents, where on one hand, they are really proud of you. But then there is a constant pressure, anxiety.
Because everyone is asking, when are you marrying that girl? So, that constant pressure is always there. And more educated, empowered girl, chance... Again, don't discourage.
just giving observations. Chances to find a decent partner becomes all the more challenging. Because ultimately it's a patriarchal society.
But it doesn't mean that you don't learn education and don't get empowered. Okay? You must do that.
That is the first thing which needs to be done. And finally, conclude. Praise it.
Globalization, urbanization has empowered a lot. It has given the opportunity of freedom. Okay? So write that.
overall inference to be very precise. We'll take the last question. Critically analyse the proposition that there is high correlation between India's cultural diversity and socio-economic marginalities. If you ask me, they have actually defined critical analysis as critical analyse keyword means that you have to establish a correlation between the main topics. So if the question is critically analyzed, you first define the topics.
What is cultural diversity? What do you mean by socio-economic marginality? Then you establish a correlation.
How does cultural diversity lead to marginality? And then you give a reverse argument where cultural diversity not always contributes to marginality. And then you can write a concluding remark.
Is it making sense for everyone? So let's start with this. Just define India's cultural diversity.
You read this so many times. India is linguistically diverse, religiously diverse, ethnically diverse, geographically diverse. So India characterized by rich tapestry of these diversities.
But always remember, since diversity is a very close component of our identity, the basis of diversity, it is always a source of conflict as well as cohesion in the society. So many a times the cultural diversity may create the problem of governance, challenges or social cohesion in the society. At the same time, what do you mean by socio-economic marginality? So in context of India, if we talk about it, I talk about the concept of intersectionality. Caste, class, gender, ethnicity.
These are often linked with socio-economic marginality. So India, it is often linked. For example...
the chances of lower caste or marginalized section not having proper access to basic resources and being trapped in poverty is very high. So that means there exists a correlation. Now when we want to talk about it, while establishing the correlation, you just remember, what is the broad diversity? Religious, language, caste, ethnicity or tribe.
Show in all four parts, how socio-economic marginalization is there. For example, religious discrimination. Can we put the report of the Sachchar committee? Religious minorities, it has already proven, they are backward as compared to others.
Similarly, with respect to linguistic barriers, if you have studied language as a basis of diversity, you would be knowing that our linguistic reorganization of states happened. How many states were created? 14 states and 6 centrally administered territories. What is the status or extent of linguistic diversity in India?
125 major languages and 1652 dialects which are spoken. So even after linguistic reorganization of states, within one state, there are multiple languages which are spoken. And often it happens that education, jobs, they are not being provided in the language which you speak. So it creates what is known as communication barrier. That's why even today, linguistic demand for separate state is still existing.
Because language is an essential component when it comes down to your livelihood as well as your culture. Is it making sense for everyone? Is it clear till here?
Third is caste-based exclusion. Everyone knows caste-based exclusion. If you talk about All India Survey for Higher Education, gross enrollment rate among SEs is low as compared to the national average. Or the rate of... dropouts among the SC students is high as compared to others.
So somewhere caste-based exclusion is existing. Similarly with respect to tribal alienation. So whether it is dilution of their culture, whether it is their literacy, whether it is their health or it is development-led displacement, there exists marginalization.
And these are nothing but how there exists a correlation between cultural diversity and socio-economic marginality. Is it making sense? But then there is a flip side.
It is the same diversity which can actually act as a source of income generation. For example, tourism. For example, economic growth.
For example, placing the youth of India at an advantageous position because there is multilingual capacity. So that is how you have to show that not all this diversity or... the minority groups are on the other side of the spectrum.
There are some who are doing well. For example, with respect to religious minority also, there are some communities which are faring well. For example, Jain. For example, Parsis.
They have shown a considerable economic growth. Similarly, with respect to the competitive advantage, if you are multilingual. Similarly, we can talk about the government initiatives which have been taken. For example, to ensure the welfare of these sections of the society or religious tourism as an economic driver.
Now, here you can add as many points as you want to write. For example, the Great Hornbill Festival of Nagaland, how it generates the potential for economic growth and tourism. Similarly, the pilgrimage site. Similarly, there are some states which are actually doing well because of this diverse culture and tourism.
handicraft and cultural industry. So how it is contra... this diversity per se is not a threat. Only when it is misused by the fringe elements that it becomes the basis of discontentment in the society. So diversity per se is not responsible for socio-economic disparity.
But yes, having said that, there exists a correlation. Is it making sense for everyone? Are the answers clear?
Are the writing portion clear for everyone? How we are supposed to write the answers? Just remember one thing.
Whatever you discuss, you study. One last observation. When we are studying society, whenever, wherever you study or in the classroom, finish your society.
Once it is done, you have practiced all the answer writing. Then whenever you revise society, revise it at one go. Revise society, revise social justice in one go, let us say 5 to 7. days and then appear for a test.
Because sometimes the answer to the question will be related to the first lecture. Some points you will get from the last lecture, somewhere it would be given. So until and unless society cannot be prepared in silos.
There has to be an integrated effort. But one observation you have to tell me, were the questions doable? Were you understanding the demand of the question?
Have you understood the importance of structuring the answer? Did you understand how to incorporate examples and diagrams? So, is this a possibility that you can answer these questions?
Now, after this discussion, this will be uploaded, that's not important. What is important is, when you go back home, if you have time, because you guys are very busy. So whenever you get time, I would advise that when you attend the discussion, within a day or two, attempt the questions on your own.
Jitni knowledge hai, jitna padha hai. Based on that, try to attempt the questions on your own. There is no model answer, there is no best answer. You just have to write an answer which is contextually correct, which is answering all the sub-parts and it is not wrong.
And it is well substantiated. That's it. Koi model answer nahi hota. So this answer is not that you have to write this and write like this. You can think about something else.
But try to attempt the questions. Okay. So on this note, I conclude the discussion from my side. Now we can take 5 minutes break and then geography faculty will join us. Okay.