Overview
This lecture covers the history, destruction, and lasting legacy of Black Wall Street in Tulsa, focusing on its economic achievements, the 1921 massacre, the aftermath, and ongoing challenges and resilience of the Black community.
The Rise of Black Wall Street
- Greenwood, Tulsa, became known as Black Wall Street for its prosperous Black-owned businesses by 1920.
- The community established restaurants, theaters, law offices, and hotels, attracting Black migration seeking prosperity.
- Black Wall Street demonstrated economic power and independence, which some White leaders found threatening.
The 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre
- A White mob, with government and police support, attacked Greenwood, burning homes and businesses, and killing hundreds.
- Machine guns, bombs dropped from planes, and arson were used to destroy over 1,000 homes and 300 businesses.
- Around 10,000 Black residents were left homeless, and thousands were interned in camps.
- Survivors faced theft and the loss of accumulated wealth, with insurance claims denied due to the event being labeled a “riot.”
Aftermath and Long-term Impact
- The massacre resulted in at least $26 million (2021 value) in destroyed Black wealth.
- Systemic efforts, including city ordinances and zoning laws, hindered Greenwood’s rebuilding.
- Losses included homeownership, business opportunities, and generational wealth, causing lasting trauma and economic setbacks.
- The story was suppressed for decades, with survivors silenced by fear and lack of justice.
Resilience and Rebuilding
- Some Black residents and lawyers fought restrictive policies, partially rebuilding Greenwood.
- The community reached new heights by 1942, despite continued racism and later setbacks from integration and urban renewal.
- Urban renewal projects and highway construction further damaged the community and erased businesses.
Ongoing Struggles and Modern Reflections
- Efforts for reparations and accountability continue, but survivors and descendants have not been compensated.
- Black business owners today face challenges of gentrification, lack of access to capital, and erasure of Black spaces.
- The story of Greenwood inspires new generations to pursue economic empowerment and community service.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Black Wall Street — The prosperous Black business district in Greenwood, Tulsa, before 1921.
- Tulsa Race Massacre — The 1921 violent destruction of Greenwood by a White mob.
- Urban Renewal — Government policies that led to the destruction and displacement of Black communities, often for highways.
- Generational Wealth — Assets passed down through generations, aiding long-term economic security.
- Reparations — Compensation demanded for past injustices, such as the destruction of Black Wall Street.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Research the history of Black Wall Street and the Tulsa Race Massacre.
- Reflect on generational wealth and its impact.
- Consider the effects of urban renewal on marginalized communities.
- Prepare for a discussion on resilience and ongoing challenges in Black entrepreneurship.