good morning we have a lot to cover this morning so we want to get started first I'm getting many emails regarding 131 1 a and they're wondering what to do with the last lecture because they can have typed up all of the other lectures but the last lecture what you do is just write in hand when you're finished so you turn it in on Friday right after the lecture is that okay I can see some of you still look puzzled is that clear fine good well let's continue with the female reproductive system and we worked our way down to the Volva which is the external genitalia for the female and we'll have the Mons pubis and if we put the mons pubis in here it will develop it represents a superficial fat pad over the pubic symphysis the mons pubis is a superficial fat pad over the pubic symphysis which you remember from our bone lectures and then we'll have the laia Majora the large lips labia [Music] majora and these represent folds of skin folds of skin with their fat in the [Music] folds muscle glands and connective tissue and inside we'll have the clitterus which represents two erectile bodies two ere rectile bodies but they create a single projection and this Cal tissue upon stimulation then will increase the dimensions of the clitoris so it increases Dimensions with stimulation what is the homologue in the male the penis yes homolog in male but she has no urethra in clitoris now coming from the clitoris then we have the labia minora labia minora I forgot to put a a hair hair on the Majora also has hair because salbia minora has no hair but these will be folds of skin with glands the labia are to protect then both sets Le up will protect the clitoris the urethra which is just posterior we'll put a u and the vagina protect the clitoris urethra and vagina so that gives a very brief introduction to the external genitalia of the female with that another brief introduction to the breast the breast will cover over the second to sixth rib it's over we'll do just put sits over second to sixth rib it is attached to the fascia of what muscle petris major attached to fascia of pectoralis major now it has connective tissue surrounding and connective tissue partitions forming loes so this would be can't do it upside down it's a lobe and within the lobe will be secretory glands from cells which are called Alvi we've encountered them before so we'd see the alv cells here forming into a duck system and the duck converges at the nipple these represent Alvi and we could do them and color and the Ducks then coming to the nipple the size of the breast and its shape is due not to the glandular material but due to what fat that gives the size quite interesting isn't it you can have a fairly flat breast and have lots of glandular material and be able to nurse your child it's not due to the fat all right let's now then look at the male reproductive system so the primary sexual organ for the male reproductive system is the test primary sex organ equals a test that's singular plural testes and these then are the gonads for the male just to give the terminology because it's used EXT inter changeably and the purpose of the test is then the function to form sperm and produce testosterone so where are they they're housed in the scrotum which is a skin pouch [Music] housed in scrotum which equals a skin pouch as we've said previously that they prefer a cooler temperature to the body what's your body temperature on the average 986 do you know your body temperature no have you ever had it taken some have some haven't 986 that sort of average body temp and the test is prefer it 3 Dees cooler 956 for test has anybody found out why for us yet why they prefer it cold what if it gets too cold have a safety valve they have the cremasteric muscle to draw the test up to the body if too cold like this morning [Laughter] well I put on my wool coat for the first time I was really cold after swimming we swim at six o'clock and it's so freezing anyhow we're talking about the cremasteric muscle if too cold cremasteric muscle contracts and raises test is to body wall so now let's begin with the structure first we have to get some stem cells so roughly they say that about 1,200 stem cells are formed in the embryo for destined for forming the testes what will be forming these stem cells the same structure that formed the OVA what was it the Yol sack right formed by the Yol sack and they will then migrate to the site of the test formation they're names for all of these I'm not giving I'm giving you the general principles here and there these stem cells will start the development of the sperm and the sperm are going to develop in the so-called seminiferous tubules we'll first show us the structure of sperm of uh test we'll again have CT capsule and we'll divide into lobules we have CT partitions again and this will be a lobal there'll be hundreds of lobules in the test and each will contain two or three seminiferous tubules so we've got seminiferous tubules coming up [Music] seminiferous tubules and their purpose then is to form sperm from the stem cells to start with and forming sperm is referred to as spermatogenesis spermatogenesis equals sper mat Genesis formation of and the sperm will whoops be called what spermatazoa so let's look then at a cross-section from one of our seminiferous tubules here and we'll see the terminal epithelium around it coming up from the Baseline germinal cells they'll be changing their characteristics as they're forming the sperm and eventually you'll have a sperm just different developmental stages you have sper one 2 spermato gonia and so forth each one has a name coming up but I just wanted you to know the principle of developing from the Baseline to form sperm and also Within in the germinal epithelium we have what are called the CI cells Seri cells after Mr CI so it's capitalized and they extend from the base of the tubule all the way up this will be our CI cell and they will be supplying nutrients and maintaining the hormonal level for these developing sperm they form What's called the blood test barrier we've had a blood brain barrier now we have a blood tesus barrier because the internal midle U for the seminiferous tubule is different from the surrounding tissue so it's important to have the CI cell monitor such hormones monitors concentration of Androgen and estrogen in the development of the sperm so that gives you an idea of what's going on to develop our sperm let's be sure I've caught it all because I don't want to Short Change yes also the CI cells then since these developing sperm will have sperm cells will have cytoplasm but by the time you get up to where their final stage as sperm only the cytoplasm is shed and the CI cells then will fosti the castoff cytoplasm cly cell fosti cast off cytoplasm so now we have a sperm what are the basic structures in the sperm fairly clearcut we have a head a body and a tail so this is our head what's matter does he look funny all right head body tail so what is the head representing from the cell it's the nucleus and it will be carrying 23 chromosomes 23 chromosomes the body what does it have mitochondria it has spiral mitochondria the mondria then will provide the energy for the movement of the tail provides energy for movement of tail and then we have the tail which will Propel excuse me Propel the sperm how fast do you think it propels it goes about three millimet in an hour as we say not too Swift now in addition the head has a component I don't have any red shock I can make it green for Christmas this is called the acrosome acrosome why do we need an acrosome it contains the enzyme to allow the sperm to penetrate the ovam so it contains enzyme for sperm to penetrate the ovam so remarkable little structure isn't it now what is the hormonal regulation of the testes we've had it but we'll put it in again hormonal regulation of test or testes if you like so we have the seminiferous tubules that constitute our testes so we have lots of sections of these and we have interstitial cells interstitial between the seminiferous tubules out here in the connective tissue bed so forth these are interstitial cells so what hormone will be acting on the seminiferous tubules from the anterior pituitary FSH and the tubules then will produce sperm and ceri cells what do we have acting on the interstitial cells LH and what will the interstitial cells then be producing testosterone so you have both the main functions of the test is testosterone testosterone becomes active very active at the time of puberty to make the masculine changes in the body just a few of those well first testosterone can be acting at the larynx you've now learned the thyroid cartilage increases in size because the vocal cords are post within it and therefore ch changes the voice can be acting on the prostate gland to become active with its secretions which we'll see in a moment and the seminal vesicles will be activated all of these are going to be forming the seamen but those are examples other than the major body body changes all right so with this let's now look at our duck system it will take the [Music] sperm through the duck Series so the Ducks first one will be the epididimo epid what in the world does epid dimus mean what's Epi upon what's dimus test this so if we have our test here and we're producing all these sperm coming up they'll come into there are lots of names for all the Ducks here which you'll get in your Advanced courses but we're going to just take them to condense into the epidemis which will be sitting wound here on top of the tesus how long is your epidemis it's 20 feet rather amazing who wants to help me will you help me come on if I te if I throw it out to you can you wind it up and throw it back it's easier if we do it right up here because then one can see look at you just you w't do it sure you will one at each end but I just think it gives you some visual perspective of this epidemis which is one round up on this 1 and A2 inch test isn't that amazing why do we have an epidemis to store the sperm and allow them to mature but isn't that amazing all of that I mean what other structure did we have that was roughly this long small intestine right and here we are this little epidemis down on that little test amazing thank you so much yes they deserve a hand they voluntary well I appreciate it because I think it illustrates one good site will last a lifetime right you'll think differently about your epidi all right so they're being stored here and they're being nourished and their next tube that they're going to go into will be the vast difference you'll also see ductus difference Vass is vessel ductus duct ductus same thing and this tube will only be about 18 in long this was 20 feet this is 18 in and it's a strong muscular tube that will contract when one wants to ejaculate and help move the sperm along contracts with ejaculation so now we're ready to come closer to our goal which is the m urethra to get these in position to leave the body so let's look at the urinary bladder and the urethra and the which gland are we putting in here prostate gland good now on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder are the seminol vesicles and they sit like this these represent seminal vesicles and here comes our vast difference which will join with the duct from the semal vesicles duct from seminal vesicles and will form the ejaculatory duct which will penetrate the prostate and bring the contents into the Ure ethra so in blue we have the ejaculatory duct and obviously you'll have the same on the opposite side Mass Defence coming in joining seminal vesicles and forming an ejaculatory duct so now you can understand the relationship of the internal sphincter to the entrance of the sperm into the urethra because our internal sphincter was up here between the prostate and the bladder so when sperm are coming in here this sphincter closes off and won't allow urine to go in so this is the internal sphincter all right so that gets our duck system back into the ejaculatory duct to make it complete enters the prostatic urethra just to give it more definition we had given the various components of the urethra all right so that's our two of our duct systems we've mentioned two of the glands the prostate and the seminal vesicles let's see what happens with the secretion from the seminal vesicles or glands seminal vesicles they'll account for about 60% of the seamen 60% of seamen and they contain in the secretion a sugar the fructose sugar fructose to nourish the sperm now they've left the epidemis they're out on their own then we have the prostate land and it has a wide range for its contribution some 15 to 30% of Sean and it will have an acid secretion and the purpose of the acid secretion is to activate the sperm so it's really on its own acid secretion activates sperm so it doesn't become active till it gets into the final duct system here then we have the how big is a prostate prostate is Walnut size how big is a Tes this literature tells us one and a half test is one and a half Ines long by one inch wide but there's tremendous variation in size much variation in size so we're just putting this down at Walnut size most people know a walnut thank you and what is it secreting then it's got its acid secretion it's activating sperm our next gland will be the bulbo urethal glands bulbo ureal gland and they are piz little fellas where are they found they're in the Eur genal diaphragm if you recall where our urogenital diaphragm was was inferior to the prostate we can just put it in we had the eurogen diaphragm which was skeletal muscle your external sphincter this was urogenital diaphragm and they will have these little p-shaped bulbo ureal glands they will they're secretion will neutralize the acid in the urethra neutralizes acid in urethra so you can see what the contents of Sean would be they say single ejaculation about 2.5 cc's to 6 cc's of semen in in ejaculation 2.5 cc's to six cc's of Sean but you now know what seman consists of it consists of sperm consists of the glandular secretions from these glands that we've been developing just now so let's review of if we can please all right you can tell that this is the germinal epithelium the outer line of the seminiferous tubule and we have the different stages of development here here's some sperm that have their heads in a CI cell CI cell would be coming here and the sperm then are going to be sloughed off into the Lumen and carried through the duck system in the next one and what do you see here here they have Red Hats what are they acrosomes right I didn't stain this one it's the way it came but you can see the development stages during spermatogenesis to eventually get a sperm in the next one and this is a cross-section through the epidemis where you'll have this tube all coiled up and it will have cyia on the uh epithelium providing the nutrient to nourish the sperm in the next one and this is in the uh vast deference where we're seeing cyia here in the next one and this is vast difference in a lower magnitude but you can see again the amount of smooth muscle surrounding it you don't see any other structure that has that much smooth muscle around a tube in the next one and then this is the penis we didn't quite get there we'll finish it next time where we have the corpora cavernosa penis these two cavernous bodies that are going to engorge with blood upon erection but we also have the Cora cavernosa urethra which will encorage with blood to a degree in the penis cross-section of a human penis in the next one and then this is the epithelium as we leave the duck system in the next one I no we'll skip let's stop because we've gone beyond so we'll try to finish up early next time so we can have review and uh Reed and Reed and repeat and repeat for you so you remember your Anatomy all right enjoy your afternoon for