one OSI model a seven layer conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or Computing system into distinct layers it helps in understanding how different network protocols interact and work together two tcpip model a four- layer reference model that describes the protocols used for internet communication it simplifies the complex structure of network communication into more understandable layers three Lan local area network a network infrastructure that provides connectivity between devices in proximity such as within a building or campus it allows for fast data transfer and resource sharing 41 wide area network a network that spans a large geographical area connecting multiple lanss WS are used to connect remote offices and users to centralized resources five router a hardware device designed to receive analyze and forward data packets between computer networks routers use IP P addresses to determine the best path for data transfer six switch a device that filters and forwards data packets within a Ln based on Mac addresses unlike hubs switches operate at layer 2 data link of the OSI model and are more efficient seven Hub a basic networking device that broadcasts data to all devices in a lan it operates at layer 1 physical of the OSI model and lacks the intelligence of switches eight firewall a network security device or software that monitors filters and controls incoming and outgoing Network traffic based on predetermined security policies nine VPN virtual private Network a secure encrypted connection over the Internet that allows for private data transfer vpns are used to access remote Network securely a 10 DHCP Dynamic host configuration protocol a network protocol that dynamically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network ensuring they have a unique address 11 DNS domain name system A hierarchical system that translates userfriendly domain names like ww example.com into IP addresses making web navigation easier sh IP address a unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network used for identification and communication it's like a home address for devices 13 subnet mask a 32-bit number used to segment an IP address into Network and host portions it helps an IP address management and traffic routing 14 Gateway a device or software that connects two networks and serves as a translation Point allowing data to flow between them 15 Mac address a unique 12 character identifier like Ezra 1 a 2B 3C 4D 5e assigned to network interfaces it operates at the data link layer and is used for local communication 16 topology the physical or logical arrangement of devices in a network common topologies include star ring and bus s 17 ethernet a widely used Ln technology that connects devices using electrical or Optical signals it operates at both the physical and data link layers wiffi a wireless networking technology that lets devices connect to a network without physical cables using radio waves Nat Network address translation a method that allows private IP addresses to be translated into a single public IP address facilitating internet access for multiple devices using a single public IP 20 port a virtual endpoint in a network used for data communication different services use specific port numbers for communication 21 TCP transmission control protocol a reliable connection oriented protocol that ensures data Integrity during transmission it's used for applications where data accuracy is crucial 22 UDP user datagram protocol a connectionless protocol that quickly transmits data without error checking it's suitable for applications like streaming where where speed is more important than accuracy 23 packet a unit of data formatted for transmission across a network packets contain both data and control information to ensure accurate delivery 24 frame a data packet specific to the data link layer containing source and destination Mac addresses and data 25 MTU maximum transmission unit the largest data packet size that can be transmitted over a network it ensures efficient data transfer by optimizing packet size 26 ping a diagnostic tool used to test network connectivity it sends a request to a specific IP address and waits for a reply measuring the roundtrip time 27 Tracer route a tool that tracks the path of a packet through a network showing all the intermediate hops between the source and destination 28 ARP address resolution protocol a protocol that Maps 32-bit IP addresses to Mac addresses ensuring data is delivered to the correct device on a local network 20 9 proxy server an intermediary server that separates end users from the websites they browse providing security content filtering and caching 30 SSID service set identifier a unique name assigned to a Wi-Fi network it differentiates one wireless network from another and is broadcasted by wireless routers 31 weap wired equivalent privacy an early and insecure encryption protocol for Wi-Fi it's now considered obsolete due to vulnerabilities 32 WPA Wi-Fi protected access a security protocol developed to fix flaws in WP it provides stronger data protection by using Advanced encryption methods 33 WPA 2 an enhancement of WPA offering even stronger data protection by introducing the AES encryption standard 34 WPA 3 the latest and most secure version of the Wi-Fi protected access protocol offering improved security features and encryption 35 qos quality of Serv service a set of Technologies prioritizing different types of data traffic ensuring that critical data gets the bandwidth it needs 36 Poe power over ethernet a technology that allows ethernet cables to carry data and electrical power reducing the need for separate power sources 7 VLAN virtual local area network a logical subgroup within a physical Network allowing devices to be grouped even if they're not on the same physical switch 38 SNMP simple Network management protocol a protocol that monitors and manages network devices like routers switches and servers 39 STP spanning tree protocol a network protocol that prevents Loops in Ethernet networks by creating a loop-free logical topology the UTP unshielded twisted pair a copper cabling and telecommunication and computer networks it consists of pairs of Twisted wires without additional shielding 41 FTP file transfer protocol a standard Network protocol that transfers files between a client and server on a computer network 42 HTTP hypertext transfer protocol the foundation of data communication on the worldwide web used to transfer web pages on the internet 43 htps HTTP secure a secure version of HTTP using encryption to protect data during transfer point four SMTP simple mail transfer protocol a protocol used to send and receive email over the Internet 45 iMat internet message access protocol a protocol used by email clients to retrieve messages from a mail server six po3 post office protocol 3 an older protocol used by email clients to download messages from a mail server 7 RJ45 a standard connector used for ethernet cabling 48 fiber optic a type of cabling that uses light to transmit data at high speeds over long distances nine bandwidth the maximum rate of data transfer across a network 50 latency the time it takes for a packet to travel from the source to the destination 51 Jitter the variation in latency over time 52 modem a device that modulates and demodulates analog signals for digital data transmission 53 Nick network interface card a hardware component that connects a computer to a network 54 csma CD carrier sense multiple access with Collision detection a network protocol used in Ethernet networks to make manage data transmission and avoid collisions 55 csmac CA carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance a network protocol used in Wi-Fi networks to avoid data collisions 56 collision domain a network segment where only one device can transmit 57 broadcast domain a network segment where a broadcast message can reach all devices 58 tunneling the process of encapsulating one data packet within another to transmit over a network 59 9 load balancer a device or software that distributes incoming Network traffic across multiple servers to ensure optimal resource utilization 60 redundancy the duplication of critical components to ensure continued service in case of failures F failover the automatic switching to a backup system in case of a failure 62 patch panel a panel where network cables are connected allowing for easier management and organization 63 rack a frame used to House Network equipment 64 backbone the main Network line that carries data traffic 65 node any device connected to a network such as computers printers or switches tick peer-to-peer P2P a decentralized network model where all devices have equal capabilities and responsibilities 67 client server a network model where clients request services and servers provide them 68 multicast the transmission of data to a specific group of devices the unicast the transmission of data to a single device 70 broadcast the transmission of data to all devices in a network 71 Network topology the arrangement and interconnection of devices in a network 72 circuit switching a type of communication where a dedicated communication path is established between two devices 73 packet switching a type of communication where data is broken into packets and transmitted over a shared network event4 mesh topology a network to to ology where every device is connected to every other device 75 star topology a network topology where all devices are connected to a central device 76 ring topology a network topology where devices are connected in a circular fashion 77 bus topology a network topology where all devices share a single communication line 78 hybrid topology a combination of two or more different types of topologies 79 full duplex a communication mode where data can be transmitted and received simultaneously 80 half duplex a communication mode where data can be transmitted or received but not at the same time 81 baseband a transmission method where the entire bandwidth of a medium is used for a single signal 82 Broadband a transmission method where multiple signals share the bandwidth of a medium 83 crossover cable a type of Ethernet cable used to connect two similar devices directly ad4 straight through cable a type of Ethernet cable used to connect two different types of devices 85 rollover cable a type of cable used to connect a computer to a router or switch console Port 86 patch cable a short cable used to connect two devices 87 network protocol a set of rules and conventions for communication between devices on a network 88 subnetting the process of dividing an IP network into subnetworks to improve performance and security 89 CDR classless interdomain routing a method used to allocate IP addresses and root IP packets 90 ipv4 the fourth version of the Internet Protocol using 32-bit addresses 91 IPv6 the sixth version of the Internet Protocol using 128bit addresses 92 AP automatic private IP addressing a feature in windows-based operating systems for automatic IP address assignment when no DHCP server is available 93 loop back address an IP address add used for testing typically 12701 for ipv4 94 private IP address an IP address that is reserved for internal use within a network and not routable on the public internet 95 public IP address an IP address that is unique across the entire internet 96 static IP address an IP address that is manually assigned and does not change 97 Dynamic IP address an IP address that is automatically assigned by a DHCP server and can change over time 98 domain a distinct subset of the internet with addresses sharing a common suffix 99 TLD top level domain the last segment of a domain name such as or.org 100 URL uniform resource locator a reference or address used to access resources on the internet