okay everyone let's dig deeper into an event that begins in the creation period for the chicago people and then carries over into the migrant and that's the rise of the port video theos dictatorship in mexico in the late 19th century now keep in mind mexico is in a state of political turmoil in the years after the u.s mexico were in 1848 so in a way it's really no surprise to see the emergence of a brutal dictatorship in mexico when you have political vacuum fumes and there's something that you'll hear about more about the political science classes what usually results is either a military dictatorship or a personalist rule by one man vladimir putin russia is perfect example of this in modern times and this is the epitome of that in this period we're going to examine but how did we get to this point let's start by looking at an era called the restored republic in mexico what happened in 1867 is that mr juarez returned to the presidency after two civil wars in mexico reforma or war of the reform and then the french intervention brand that's when our friend maximilian was installed as emperor of mexico and this of course is when cinco de mayo took place in may 1862. now when i say our friend of course i'm joking nobody liked maximilian not even the conservatives who were supposed to be his allies so after he was executed on juarez's orders in 1867 waters tried to restore mexico by hoping that the united states model of economic liberalism could work for mexico the finance minister miguel de jada was in charge of trying to implement these policies and here's a classic portrait of the man often called benito but in 1871 when juarez tried to run for reelection he was already running into political opposition and chief among them was boyfriendo diaz who was actually one of the heroes of cinco de mayo diaz issued what's called a pronunciation which essentially was this way of saying don benito i call you all for being a dictator and violent liberalism and democracy this is a classic tool by wannabe dictators in latin america they use ideas like elections and democracy to denounce their opponents and gain popular support this is the essence of the idea of populism but the revolt failed uh diaz was arrested and juarez won the election anyway however after his death of a heart attack in 1872 the chief justice of the supreme court sebastian noted that and he actually began the process of attempting to modernize mexico especially when it came to things like building infrastructure uh like the railroads but leo's problem was that he wasn't juarez he didn't just have the charisma as uh as juarez meanwhile diaz began building up his support popular support by spreading rumors and lies about leto this this slide illustrates some of the tactics that diaz uh used uh so before the 1876 election diaz struck again with another balloon called the blonde and this time at work these built up an impressive coalition with regional war wars we'll meet some a bit later military men northern land owners from places like sonora and chihuahua and foreign capitalists especially americans and british and so thus began the boyfriend which would last for well over 30 years now what was the role in the united war the states united states certainly wanted to rebuild its economy and saw mexico in a more positive light and what helped was that the u.s the union at the time and mexico were essentially united in the same cause during the civil war in fact one could make the argument that cinco de mayo was more of a strategic victory for the united states instead of mexico but once the civil war did in 1865 and the us began its reconstruction phase policy makers and business people were focused on domestic issues and james blaine secretary of state to presidents james garfield and benjamin harrison argued for an annexation of trade instead of territory with latin america in other words the united states did not want to get involved into causing military and political over colonies like what the british were doing to places like india and since mexico had abundant natural resources as well see a bit later this map clearly illustrates how geography really shaped u.s interests in mexico now as for diaz himself ancestry minute later photos of him appear to show them wider than earlier portraits of him there are rumors that he used uh pancake makeup to appear quieter but that just goes to show you how the appearance of being lighter complected is more civilized and refined compared to print as a mestizo or or or indium but during this time as we see here in this life he did bring order and workable government and his agenda arrested on the policy of pano el palo now this next slide illustrates some of the material benefits of the portfolio particularly when it comes to infrastructure but i think the symbol of patel of the regime was the use of a realist police force and their policy of lalefuga where prisoners were shot trying to escape of course we all know what that means it was just an excuse to act with impunity toward opponents of the regime now as for the railroads this slide clearly illustrates many of the advances that were introduced by the american companies us advances in the railroads really accelerated after civil war for example yet the central pacific road and its work in california um with a large uh chinese workforce those men back then did the most dangerous jobs but it's only been in recent decades where the achievements of the chinese have been recognized all that expertise was brought to mexico so that by 1910 mexico now had over 12 000 miles of railroad track compared to about 400 back in 1876 however the impact of the railways changed the landscape of when it came to land distribution as this next slide illustrates for example by 1910 americans owned more than 22 percent of mexico's lands and the famous newspaper publisher william randolph first owned more than seven million acres but all this land concentration in the hands of foreigners had staggering effects as a dislike indicates but all this is part of this larger economic plan based on liberalism but when i mean liberalism i don't mean political liberalism i'm referring to economic liberalism which is predicated on features like free trade cash crops large land holdings and the infamous hacienda system diaz along with other dictators like houstobarus in guatemala allow heavy foreign investment in crops like sugar coffee hennigan which is the fiber cotton and other products one of the more infamous foreigners that took advantage of the favorable climate created by this was colonel william green washington copper mine and since the us was rapidly industrializing at the end of the 19th century especially the advent of electricity due to the work of people like thomas edison and george westinghouse the demand for copper was uh was expansive this next slide shows you just how extensive the ghana name operations were but there were some problems inherent in the system and by 1906 and 1907 things began to fall apart and this coincided with the general decline of the portfolio itself now besides green other american industrialists included people like daniel guggenheim who developed a successful mining company in monterey and edward doheny considered the founder of the old industries in southern california who founded the waseca petroleum company in 1907 and by the mid-1920s his company had outstripped railroads as the largest u.s investment in mexico and here we see a scene of an american built road through an oil field in amatlan in veracruz the other area at the heart of the burgeoning mexican oil industry now when it comes to the ideology of a state and this is something that the tutors do at all levels the puerto rico was no exception to give you some historical analogies hitler believed in the idea of layman's wrong or living space suggesting that the lands of presently poland in western russia were historically part of germans germany's national destiny then in argentina where the junta led by general vidilla came to power in 1976 they felt that they had an obligation to protect la patria or the fatherland from subversives communists and other enemies of the state for diaz he relied on abandoned advice called los sientificos led by this man jose limantour and they believed that mexico needed science progress and technology in order to advance but in order to achieve that diaz had to be ruthless actually had to be a mean and nasty and macho let me let me explain further the way the buddhist achieved progress was to be brutal toward its lower class populations and this mural by juan or gorman painted in the early 1970s at the musee de historia nacional at chipotle castle in mexico city shows diaz surrounded by his santificos his wife in the background with some peasants on their knees bowing before diaz and in the background you see impressive buildings designed to showcase mexico's march to progress but uh in this next life here's the other ideological background behind portfolio it's based on this idea of what's called french positivism which is an offshoot of the idea of social darwinism essentially it's a perverse way of survival of the fittest the expertise of american and european advisers will have mexico achieve progress and civilization but the indian and mestizo populations are too backward to be educated they are only good for their labor in a way what's happening in mexico was a repeat of the old colonial systems of encomienda and repardimiento in other words we're talking about forced labor so you get really brutal conditions in these haciendas and the oak agora mural gives you a sense of that but we'll see another detail from that mural in just a few minutes now over here is a goose cold the founder of the idea of positivism you know he looks a bit like napoleon here he reminds me of this old beer commercial in the 1970s where this guy dressed up as napoleon says i cannot wait for friday night i forgot what beer it was everybody it may have been schlitz or pepsi river enough to check on that but anyway enough of the silly stuff let's get back on with the with the program but you see diaz was trying to bring european sensibilities to mexico look at this photo of a former diplomat and how these ladies are dressed this is in mexico city around 1900. now look at this scene near chapultepec castle it almost looks like a scene from paris and over here is colonial roma also around 1900 now another part of mexico city with european sensibilities is paseo de la reforma which was designed at the end of the 1860s look how wide the avenue is but so many latin american cities uh such as mexico city and buenos aires were following this pattern at the end of the 19th century now when it came to really maintaining political and economic power the us have to rely on the state and local officials namely the governors and jeffers politicos and these guys all fall under the banner of los angeles meaning the wealthy land owners and the biggest supporters for diaz included the coral and families these guys have had extensive land holdings and many enterprises but of course they removed tens of thousands of land from the native populations and of course the law was on their side during the 1880s and 1890s the landlords of the ds regime forced peasants off their lands much like how the landlocked in california in the 1850s their perfect california populations like their lands we can see here how companies from los angeles and phoenix gobbled up millions of acres and anybody who did try to fight back like the yaki indians were first into slavery like conditions in veracruz they faced conditions not unlike what you see in the second panel from ladies or gorman you see the brutality evident here the mirandoma is flogging the poor worker and it looks like he's forced to sign a document to the hacienda owner and the background is the infamous company where workers were forced to go into heavy debt in order to get the food and supplies for their families but like most dictatorships they began to lose their grip on power as political and economic social realities begin to interfere into the facade of power and instability that was no exception for the portfolio social and political critics became bolder and among them was the cartoonist was a famous graphic artist at the turn of the century he created the famous la catrina figure that you see during dia de los muertos was heavily influenced by posell that in fact one of us later works the dream of sunday afternoon in alameda park diego has both posada and la catrina front and center with diego depicting himself as a little boy and there you see frida kahlo in the background but in many of his works in the 1880s and 1890s bosada made fun of porfiriato here in this print called el mosquito americano he depicts american investors as mosquitos sucking the blood from the mexican people this anti-portfolio porfirio artwork found more expression in the 1920s after the mexican revolution as people like david alfaro were part of a new generation of artists who venerated mexico's native past like the aztecs and maya they rejected everything that they stood for we'll examine more of these themes a little bit later on in the semester now by the end of the year 1900 decade several factors were converging which made this standing up a bit shaky these were economic and labor problems and a new generation of young middle class elites wanted to participate in the political system but they were blocked by the old guard of diaz's friend and cronies the borderlands were becoming an unstable region which really made the united states nervous and in 1910 after a rigged election where diaz surprised surprise what won again francisco matero issued the call that eventually became a spark of the mexican revolution now here's a look at catherine garcia just one of a long life of texas bon divos who fought for justice for the hanoi populations around this time now back in the 1850s and 1960s there was one cortina and the turn of the century that was recorded but garcia was among the first to use the borderlands as a staging error to fight the ds regime and even though he died in 1895 there will be others to pick up the slack after that now i mentioned labor issues and the one place i saw the us regime use violent force was at the rio blanco textile plant in veracruz in 1907. and here we see and here we see a scene of of some of these striking workers but as this map shows there were numerous disorders all over the country from sonora and chihuahua all the way down to the yucatan peninsula the flores macon brothers here we see brothers ricardo and enrique jesus was the other brother active in political activities in 1917 they were involved in the barbie liberal mexican mexican liberal party and they had a newspaper called regeneration and in september 1910 they published up stories of three 1908 revolutionary episodes in which the mexican dress and the surgical leader braxilis guerrero described pier allema text on the settlements of las vacas modern days these were intended to spark a social revolution across mexico but the man who really got things going so to speak to toppo diaz was francisco as we see here he was from a well to do background but his family was kept away from the political advancement by the ds political machinery in pauwila after he lost the election and he act he actually had been arrested prior to that he fled to texas and announced the plan which eventually put an end to this regime waltz took place up all throughout mexico and diaz stepped out and flipped into exile to paris where he died a few years later in 1950 but this reportedly said as he's leaving mexico madero has unleashed a tiger let us see if he can try to tame it the old dictator proved to be right because the decade of the 1910s would prove to be the most violent and chaotic in mexico's history and we'll explore in much more detail in the next module