Overview of U.S. History (Jackson to Gilded Age)

Chapters / Topics to Study: *highlighted stuff is important (I want to study it), if a whole topic is not highlighted then all of it is important Age of Jackson / Chapter 6 Indian-Removal Act * Jackson had no regard for Native Americans living on the lands he wanted. * 1830 → Indian Removal Act → forced thousands of Native Americans to leave their homelands and move West of the Mssissippi River to the “Indian Territory” located in present-day Oklahoma * Removal lasted long after Jackson’s presidency, which ended in 1837 * Jackson thought his removal policy was generous (IT WAS NOT) * Native Americans suffered brutal treatment * Some Native Americans refused to leave their lands * 1831 → sent military to forcibly remove Sauk and Meskwaki from Illinois and Missouri * 1842 → sent military to forcibly remove Chickasaw from Alabama and Mississippi * Thousands of Native Americans died on the journey west Trail of Tears * 1838 → almost 20,000 Cherokee still lived on their native lands * President Martin Van Buren sent military to force Cherokee into camps * Beginning October → Cherokee were forcibly sent on an 800-mile journey from the east to “Indian Territory” * Over 5,000 died on the Trail of Tears from disease, starvation, exhaustion, and the weather Spoils System * Jackson gave government jobs to loyal friends * Keep position for maximum of 4 years → prevent corruption * Led to unqualified workers in government positions * Jackson fired 10% of government workers → most were from Adams’s presidency * Jackson’s presidential cabinet called “kitchen cabinet” National Bank Veto * Charter of the BUS (Second Bank of the US) was ending in 1836 * Supporters were business owners and most lived in the North; against were mostly farmers and most lived in the South * Nicholas Biddle ran the BUS * Biddle, Daniel Webster, and Clay introduced legislation to recharter BUS in 1832 * Hoped Jackson would not veto the bill and lose presidential election votes * Jackson said, “The Bank is trying to kill me, Sir, but I shall kill it!” * Jackson vetoed the Bank Recharter Bill Brief Tariff of Abominations Overview (relates to Nullification Crisis) * 1816, 1824, 1828, and 1832 → tariffs passed to make British imports more expensive * South was angry because they had to pay more money for goods → Northern manufacturers benefited * South Carolina’s economy was failing * South Carolina Exposition → a state had the right to nullify a law it considered unconstitutional; each state was sovereign Nullification Crisis * April 1830 → Jackson stated, “Our Union: it must be preserved” * Jackson supported stronger state governments, but NOT if it threatened the country * December 1830 → Calhoun resigned from vice presidency * When Congress passed the 1832 tariff, South Carolina declared the tariffs “unauthorized by the Constitution” and “null, void, and no law” * South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification → passed Nov. 24 * South Carolina threatened to secede from the U.S * 1833 → Force Bill → allowed federal government to use army and navy against South Carolina if the state refused to pay the tariff * Clay came up with bill that lowered the tariff over 10 years Reform Movements Abolition Goal was to end slavery Principles behind movement: >Political – “All men are created equal” > Religious - equal in the eyes of God Involved men and women Goals of the movement: > 1. End Slavery > 2. Equal rights for all African Americans > 3. Educate the free slaves > 4. Send the former slaves out of the US *All abolitionists supported the first goal. The other 3 varied.* Important figures: > Frederick Douglass: Escaped slavery at 20 Became a lecturer for the Mass. Anti-Slavery Society Wrote a best-selling autobiography > Harriet Beecher Stowe Born into a family of Abolitionists Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1853) Early Women’s Rights During the early to mid-1800s women had limited legal rights and limited access to formal education Start to see a push for women’s rights in 1848 in Seneca Falls, NY > Wrote Declaration of Sentiments- “All men and WOMEN are created equal! Led by Elizabeth Cady Stantion and Lucretia Mott Public Education Reform Horace Mann/ Public Education Reform Goal of the Movement – Free public education for everyone Tax-supported public education grew from 1825 to 1850 (except in the south) Horace Mann: “The Father of American Public Education” Promoted Public Education Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837 Prison / Asylum Reform Prisons were used as a holding place for criminals/ people who were mentally ill Reformers argued that society would benefit more from rehabilitating prisoner than punishing them >By 1850, most started adopting the penitentiary system By 1815, asylums appeared that separated the mentally ill from prisoners Dorothea Dix led the reform movement for the mentally ill Transcendentalism Urged people to transcend, or overcome, the limits of their minds and let their souls reach out to embrace the beauty of the universe Used writing (essays, poems, novels) to express their thoughts and ideas >Began in Boston Massachusetts Prominent transcendentalists: >Henry David Thoreau >Ralph Waldo Emerson >Margaret Fuller >Many more Chapter 7 Westward Expansion / “Manifest Destiny” The idea that America was meant to grow so democracy and freedom could spread. The American belief that it is their God given right to expand westward and take over the continent. Oregon Trail * The trail people traveled on while traveling west Donner Party A group of pioneers that split from the main trail. They were trying to go through a shortcut that should have saved them time. The shortcut was shared with them by an unreliable guide. The “shortcut” they took ended up adding more miles to their journey. They got trapped in exceptionally heavy snow in the Sierra Nevada, and they resorted to eating the members of the group that had died when food ran out. Gold Rush * 49ers * People rushed to California because gold was there * California became highly populated * Was admitted into the Union as a free state because of the compromise of 1850 Texan Independence * March 2, 1836: Texans formally declared founding of Independent Republic of Texas * April 28: Rebels defeated Santa Anna’s troops and forced him to recognize the new Texan republic * Elected Sam Houstan as their first president * Drafted a constitution modeled on that of the United States * Included a provision which prevented the Texas Congress from interfering with slavery The Battle of the Alamo * Santa Anna held rebel forces under siege for 13 days (February 23 - March 6, 1836) before overcoming the Texan Alamo fortress (over 100 Texans killed, 600 Mexicans). Mexican-American War * Texas, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California, and New Mexico made up Northern Mexico * President James K. Polk wanted to go to war with Mexico because he believed that Mexico started the war by killing Americans on American soil, and Mexico says they’re at war * Treaty of Guadalupe - Hidalgo ended the Mexican - American War in 1848 Chapter 8 Underground Railroad / Harriet Tubamn * The Underground Railroad was a vast network of people, places and routes that fugitive slaves used to escape slavery to the NOrth and to Canada. * According to one estimate over 100,000 slaves found their freedom between 1810 and 1850 * Harriet Tubman was a conductor of the Underground Railroad * She made around 13 trips to Maryland where she rescued about 70 people from slavery Turner’s Rebellion * Large slave uprisings were rare. Although slaves expressed day-to-day resistance by breaking tools, faking illness, and running away * Nat Turner was an enslaved preacher who lived in Southampton County, Virginia: An area the enslaved population on was the majority of the population * In 1828 Turner was convinced that God talk him to “slay [his] enemies with their own weapons.” * In 1831 Turner led a 3-day slave rebellion, killing 51 white people * The state militia captured Turner 3 months later. * Turner was hanged and skinned * Hundreds of innocent slaves were murdered dur to fear, slave codes were strengthened Free Soil Party * Political party standing for the limiting of slavery * Representative Wilmot of Pennsylvania proposed the Wilmot Proviso, suggesting that slavery is banned in new territory gained from the Mexican-American War * Wilmot Proviso passed in the House and failed in the Senate * The failed resolution resulted in a split in the Whig Party, and inspired the formation of a new political party: The Free Soil Party Compromise of 1850 and All Components * When California applied for statehood as a free state, some Southern states threatened secession * California is admitted to the Union as a free state * Texas gives up some land to pay for war debts * Popular sovereignty is used to determine if slavery is allowed in the Utah and New Mexico territories * The slave market (not slavery) is banned in Washington, D.C. * Fugitive Slave Law is strictly enforced in the Free States Fugitive Slave Act Uncle Tom’s Cabin Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a fictional story written by abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe which told the story of a slave. Stowe was inspired to write the story after the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act, the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850. The novel came to be very popular in the north, as it revealed the harsh realities of slavery and enforced the northern belief that slavery was a barbaric and inhumane act. On the other hand, slave owners in the south claimed that the representation of slavery in Uncle Tom’s Cabin was inaccurate. Uncle Tom’s Cabin received other backlash, for some black writers perceived the story to be stereotypical. Alongside this, many people found that Stowe’s depiction of slavery did not properly convey the horrors surrounding it. Stowe herself recognized this and wrote, “A work which should represent [slavery] strictly as it is would be a work which cannot be read.” Kansas - Nebraska Act Taking place in the year 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act turned the unorganized territory of the west into two territories, the Nebraska territory in the north and the Kansas territory to the south. Alongside this, the Missouri Compromise was repealed in order to permit settlers within the territories to decide whether slavery would be allowed or prohibited in those regions by vote. Both sides, pro-slavery and anti-slavery, wanted to vote in favor of their standing on the issue. Many northerners settled in Kansas in hopes of creating an anti-slavery majority. However, a great number of “Border Ruffians” also entered Kansas. These people were armed Missourians who crossed the border to vote illegally. The ongoing tension between the conflicting sides led to a number of violent transgressions which resulted in the nickname “Bleeding Kansas.” Bleeding Kansas * Thousands of Northerners rushed to live in the Kansas territory to create an anti-slavery majority in the territory * Border Ruffians: Armed Missourians crossed the boarder to vote illegally in the elction of 1855, helping to elect pro-slavery legislature. * By 1865 Kansas had 2 governments, one pro-slavery, another anti-slavery * The pro-slavery government of Pawnee Kansas sent a group of 800 boarder ruffians to Lawrence, the capital of the rival anti-slavery government, sacking the city * EFFECTS: Free Soil Republicans introduced bills to annex Kansas into the Union as a free state * Democrats introduced bills to annex Kansas into the Union as a slave state * Kansas abolitionist John Brown led a group of 7 abolitionists to Pottawatomic Clark, killing 5 pro-slavery individuals Caning of Charles Sumner * Abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner delivered a speech in 1856 condemning slavery and Senators Stephen Douglas and Andrew Butler for “Crime Against Kansas” * Speech enraged South Carolina Rep. Preston Brooks, who was Butler’s cousin * 3 days later Brooks attacked Sumner at his desk in the Senate with a cane * Preston Brooks was hailed as a hero in the South * Northerners viewed this as a symbol of the South’s barbarism John Brown * Was a strict Calvanist with a strong sense of right and wrong, seeing no greater wrong in the U.S. than slavery * Fathered 20 children * Traveled to Kansas with four of his sons, saying they are “disposed to go to Kansas or Nebraska, with a view to help defeat Satan.” * Raid on Harpers Ferry: Wanted to initiate a nationwide slave insurrection (violent uprising). Needed weapons to arm slaves → conducted raid on Harpers Ferry to steal weapons and guns. Thought the raid on Harpers Ferry was a means to finally overthrow the slavery institution. Raid was unsuccessful. Brown was given a death sentence and was hanged in Virginia. Dred Scott vs. Sanford * Between 1833-1843 the enslaved Dred Scot and his (free) wife lived in the free state of Illinois, and in the Louisiana Territory * When Scott’s owner died, Scott was sent back to missouri, where he petitioned for his freedom * Scott initially won the case, though it was appealed to the U.S. Supreme court, which decided against Scott * Scott didn’t have the right to sue because he was property, not a citizen * The government cannot seize private property * Congress cannot ban slavery because that would violate property rights * Therefore, the Missouri Compromise and other popular sovereignty decisions are unconstitutional Lincoln / Douglas Debates * Lincoln ( R ) and Douglas (D) debated in the 1858 Illinois Senatorial contest * Lincoln lost, but it gained him a national following * Lincoln believed that slavery is a moral issue.. It is wrong, and Republicans want to stop it from spreading * Douglas believed the balanced between free + slave states can and should remain equal, it's what the founders wanted 1858 Illinois Senate Race Election of 1860 In the Election of 1860, there were four presidential candidates running for office, consisting of Abraham Lincoln, John Breckinridge, Stephen Douglas, and John Bell. The major issue of the election that concerned voters was slavery. While Breckinridge and Douglas were in support of using popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery in states, Bell wished to ignore the issue of slavery in order to keep unity, and Lincoln wanted to put an end to the spread of slavery all together. Lincoln won the election with the most electoral votes and popular votes out of all four candidates. This caused outrage in southern states who believed that their property rights, or rights to own slaves, would be threatened by Lincoln’s presidency even though he had no plans to abolish slavery in the existing slave states. Southern states threatened to leave the union, and South Carolina was the first state to secede only a month after Lincoln was elected as president. Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address Chapter 9 Key Individuals: Clara Barton * Part of the Union. Lincoln and Davis * Lincoln: President of the Union. * Davis: President of the Confederacy. Grant and Lee * Grant: Part of the union. * Lee: Part of the confederacy Strengths and Weaknesses: Union and Confederacy Northern Advantages: * Population size (21 million in 23 states, 2 million serving in army) * Has way more immigrants who stay in workforce * Transportation → ⅔ of all railroads, can move troops + supplies * Industry → Union made 90% of all manufactured goods (cloth, shoes, weapons, trains, ships) * Agriculture → begin to out produce the South in corn, oats, and wheat * More organized country/ established * Navy → controlled in North; can set up blockades of South + control imports + exports Southern Advantages: * Stronger Army → most Southern men entered the military, many had combat experience from Mexican - American war * Most high ranking U.S. officers were from the South, many returned * Defensive War → on own land, better attack positions * “Southern Cause” * White soldiers fighting to preserve way of life * Fierce fighting spirit + unit * Massive support from civilians (donations, etc.) Northern Disadvantages: * South has slave labor * Unprepared Army → very spread out geographically, Atlantic → Pacific * Many high ranking officers in U.S. military left to go fight for their home states * Strategy → leadership issues, fighting in enemy territory, not very passionate about the cause (initially)) Southern Disadvantages: * Population → 9.5 million in total (4 million of that enslaved, 1 million in army) * Lacking railroads (only ⅓, most going to/from Atlanta) * Lacking Industry → few cities + factories, most of the small industry takes place in Atlanta → Atlanta becomes a target * Inflation → print own money, prices go up, value of money goes down, people lose support Fort Sumter * Took place in April 12-14, 1861 * Located off the coast of Charleston, South Carolina * Confederate Commander P.T. Beauregard cut off supplies to the fort * Lincoln tried to send additional supplies to the fort, but Confederate forces blocked it * On April 11 Beauregard told Union Major Robert Anderson if he did not surrender, he would fire upon it * Anderson refused, and around 4:30 am on April 12, the battle began * Anderson realized he had no chance of winning with little food and ammunition * Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to join the Union Army for 90 days * He thought the war would be short * It lasted over 4 years and involved millions of men First Bull Run * Took place July 21, 1861 * The South called it First Manassas * Took place near Manassas Junction, Virginia, along a river called Bull Run * First major land battle of the Civil War * Lincoln wanted to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia * Union Brigadier General Irvin McDowell led 35,000 troops and suffered 3,000 casualties * Confederate General Beauregard led 31,000 troops and suffered 2,000 casualties * Union didn’t know the Confederates were bringing in 11,000 reinforcements * Confederate Colonel Thomas Jackson and his troops held off the Union Army at Henry Hill House * He earned the nickname “stonewalll” and become one of the most famous Confederate generals of the war * When Confederate reinforcements arrived, they launched a counterattack * Thy screamed as they advanced, and the Rebel Yell became infamous among Union troops * McDowell was forced to retreat * The South believed the North didn’t have the will to fight * The North realized it would be a long war * The Confederates won Vicksburg * Siege of a city * Took place May 18 - July 4, 1863 * Took place halfway between Memphis (TN) and New Orleans (LA) * Took place on the bank of the Mississippi River * Union General Ulysses S. Grant led 77,000 troops and suffered 5,000 casualties * Confederate General John Pemberton led 33,000 troops and suffered 32,000 casualties * The Union wanted Vicksburg because: * 1) It was the last major Confederate port on the Mississippi River * 2) The South would no longer be able to send supplies to its troops in the West * 3) Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas would be cut off from the CSA * During the campaign Grant captured railroads to use as Union supply lines and surrounded the city * The Union Army laid siege to the city * Stopped all supplies from reaching the Rebels * Constantly bombed the city * Wanted to force the Confederate Army to surrender * The Rebels suffered, but so did the civilians! * When food ran out, they began to eat horses, dogs, cats, rats, and tree bark * They lived in basements and dugout caves to stay safe from the bombings * Pemberton finally surrendered and the Union Army has control of the Mississippi River * The Union won Antietam * Took place September 17-18, 1862 * First major battle fought in the North (Maryland) * Single bloodiest day in American military history: 23,000 casualties (people dead/ wounded/ missing) * Union General George B. McClellan led 87,000 troops and suffered 12,000 casualties * Confederate General Robert E. Lee led 38,000 troops and suffered 11,000 casualties * Lee invaded the North because: * 1) Confederate President Jefferson Davis hoped to capture the slave state of Maryland * 2) Davis wanted France and Great Britain to recognize the South as a real country * Lee led his troops across the Potomac River into Maryland in September 1862 * Lee and his army retreated the evening of the 18th * Neither side won * The Union claimed victory * Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation which freed all enslaved people in the Confederacy Gettysburg * Took place July 1-3, 1863 * Lee invaded the North again: Pennsylvania * Philadelphia, Boston, and Washington are all at risk of being attacked * Union General George G. Meade led 93,000 troops and suffered 23,000 casualties * Confederate General Robert E. Lee led 72,000 troops and suffered 28,000 casualties * The Union and Confederates met outside of Gettysburg * This small skirmish became one of the most important battles of the Civil War * The Union Army was pushed back through Gettysburg * Lee ordered General R.S. Ewell to seize the high ground from the Union * Ewell hesitated, and the Union troops dug in at Cemetery Ridge * General James Longstreet warned Lee that they would not break through the Union lines * Lee believed if he won this battle, the South would win the Civil War * On July 2 Confederate soldiers attacked the Union Army * The Union Army maintained their defensive position * On July 3 Union troops opened fire on the Rebels * Confederate General George Pickett led 12,000 soldiers to attack Culp’s hill in Pickett’s Charge * They had to walk over a mile in an open field to reach Union lines * When they reached the Union line, gruesome hand-to-hand combat took place * The Rebels retreated * The South never invaded the North again * The Union won Sherman’s March to the Sea * Sherman wanted to gain control of Savannah next because it was the Confederate’s main port on the Atlantic Ocean * Sherman led his 60,000 men on a 285 - mile “March to the Sea” * Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman believed the strength of the Confederacy came from the civilians who provided supplies and support * They decided to frighten and make southern civilians’ lives miserable, so they would demand an end to the war * The Union Army had only fought directly against the Confederate forces * Now they would fight against anyone who supported the Confederacy and destroy private property * This is known as Total War * During the march Confederate troops burned bridges and barns filled with supplies so the Union Army couldn’t use them * Sherman split his army into multiple groups to cause as much damage as possible * Union troops stole from farms and plantations * They killed livestock to eat * Anything they couldn’t carry, they burned or destroyed * Sherman wanted to send a message to the Confederate sympathizers * Cotton gins, lumbar mills, and other factories were destroyed * Southern morale was at an all time low * Sherman and his army arrived in Savannah on Dec 21 * The Confederate Army had already fled the city * The mayor of Savannah surrendered with little resistance\ Surrender at Appomattox * Lee surrendered because his army was surrounded, and his men were weak and exhausted * Meeting between Grant and Lee at Appomattox was about 2 ½ hours → meeting was important because it ended the war * Before meeting, Grant and Lee exchanged letters discussing surrender * Grant suggests to Lee in his April 7th message that Lee should surrender because Lee’s army can no longer resist Grant’s army (no point in resisting anymore) * Lee wanted to know about Grant’s terms of surrender * Both Lee and Grant wanted peace * Go over surrender at appomattox paper Chapter 10 Radical Republicans Scallawags * A white southern Republican * Made up the biggest group of delegates to the Radical Reconstruction - Era legislature * Some were established planters who thought whites should recognize Black’s civil + political rights, with whites still retaining control of political + economic life Carpetbaggers * A traveler who arrives in a new region with only a satchel (or carpetbag) and attempts to profit from or gain control over new surroundings * Southerners were resentful → thought carpetbaggers just wanted to make profit and leave * Called carpetbaggers as cruel nickname Grant Administration Freedman’s Bureau * Purpose was to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South after the Civil War * Was impactful in short term → provided food, housing, medical aid, established schools, and offered legal assistance * Was prevented from carrying out its full program because of shortage of funds and personnel Black Codes * Laws that limited the freedom of African Americans Reconstructions Amendments * 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments * 13th: Abolition of slavery * 14th: Defines citizenship and gives citizens equal protection under the law * 15th: Prohibits discrimination in voting rights of citizens on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude Creation of the KKK * Violent terrorist organization * Began in Tennessee in 1866 * Comprised of Confederate veterans, ministers, merchants, military officers, Democratic politicians, and other professionals * Goal was to restore white supremacy and prevent African Americans from exercising their political rights Confederate Monuments * At first, commemorative markers of the Civil War tended to be memorials that mourned soldiers who had died * Eventually began to build Confederate monuments * Glorified leaders of the Confederacy (ex: Lee, Davis, Jackson) * Monuments were there to teach values to people → were placed in city squares and infront of state buildings * Values were the glorification of the cause of the Civil War * White women were instrumental in raising funds to build Confederate monuments (United Daughters of the Confederacy) Sharecropping * Black families would rent small plots of land or shares, to work themselves * They would give potion of their crop to landowner at the end of year in return * Plantation owners would divide up their land and rent it out → get share of crop from people who rented * People were dependent on landowner * Sharecropping came to dominate agriculture across cotton–planting South * Many forced to sign unfair + exploitative sharecropping or labor contract * Sharecroppers benefited least from Sharecropping End of Reconstruction * 1873 → American economy went into a depression * Northerners began to grow tired of Reconstruction efforts and equality * Racism began to emerge in North * Derogatory images of African Americans became more frequent and acceptable in the North * 1874 and 1875 → anti-Reconstruction violence began again * Many Northerners did not want the federal government to step in * 1882 → Supreme Court rules Enforcements Act unconstitutional * Early 1880s → white supremacy had been restored throughout the South Rutherford B. Hayes and Compromise of 1877 * Compromise of 1877 established the end of the Reconstruction Era * Rutherford B. Hayes made a deal with Democratic Southern State governments: if he removed Reconstruction, they would vote for him Gilded Age Monopolies When one company controls an entire industry. Importance of Railroads * Small towns grew → no longer isolated * Cities began to specialize in specific goods * Railroads transported settlers / resources * Business profits increased because they could sell their goods in towns far away * New towns popped up along railroad tracks * Cities near each other had different times because sun was used to determine time → travelers would have to reset watches by minutes to be on local time → time zones created as a result Captain of Industry / Robber Barons * People complained that robber barons drove their competition out of business and didn’t care much about their workers * Andrew Carnegie * J.P. Morgan * Most famous banker of the era * Owned U.S. Steel * John D. Rockefeller * Cornelius Vanderbilt Rise of Unions * Labor union: An organization of workers fight together for better working conditions * Unions argued that inequality was making the nation less free * Unskilled workers earned low wages, ad long workdays, not given vacation time, and worked in unsafe environments * Laborers began to demand higher pay and safer working conditions * Formed unions → more influence than individually * Used collective bargaining → group of workers negotiate with employer through the union * Also used strikes, protests, boycotts, and sabotage * Were often local instead of national * Bigger unions: Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor Notable Strikes * The Great Strike of 1877 (AKA Great Upheaval): * Railroad workers / unions went on strike because their pay was reduced by 10% and they were asked to work more hours (for less pay) to make up for fired workers (companies decided to reduce workforce, too) * 600 soldiers from Pennsylvania National Guard were sent in to end the strike * Troops panicked and opened fire on angry crowd of men, women, and children * 20 dead and 29 wounded * Haymarket Riot, 1886 * Labor unions across country planned strike in support of 8-hour work-day and 40-hour work-week * “Pinkertrons hired to rough up workers and end strike * Fight (strike workers vs. Pinkertons) → police fired into crowd + killed 6 * Workers gathered in Haymarket Square to protest next day * Bomb from crowd thrown at arriving police → 7 killed, at least 60 wounded * Homestead Strike, 1892 * 5,000 steelworkers went on strike because Carnegie cut their wages again * Battle between Pinkertons and workers broke out * Shots fired, dynamite thrown, fires set → 12 died * 7,000 Pennsylvania National Guard soldiers restored order + forced open the steel mill again * Pullman strike, 1894 * Pullman created “company town” → workers had to live in it, pay him rent, shop at “company store” for groceries * Workers went on strike because Pullman cut their wages by ⅓ but didn’t lower their rent of prices at store during a recession * Strike affected railroads all over America → businesses crippled * President Ccleveland sent in 10,000 federal troops to force striking workers to return to their jobs * Ludlow Massacre, 1913 * Rockefeller gave his miners money only god at his “company store” and required they live in “company-town” * 95% of his workers went on strike for the right to form a Union and improve working conditions and pay * Rockefeller kicked out striking workers from company town during winter → they lived in tents/ cardboard shacks * Colorado National Guard sent to force strikers to return to work * Strikers fought back → National Guard attacked w/ machine guns + grenades * 26 workers + 11 children died Key Figures Andrew Jackson * 7th president of the US * Believed federal government needed to change * Sought to help the common man * Gained support from common man → Champion of the Common Man * Had strong military history → won Battle of New Orleans against the British before news of the treaty of Ghent (which ended the War of 1812) arrived in the U.S. * Vetoed more bills than the previous 6 presidents combined → “Andy Veto” Sam Houston * Was elected as the first president of Texas after Texas gained independence Stephen Austin * Son of Moses Austin * Moses Austin was granted a large piece of land → let his son break the land into smaller pieces * Stephen Austin was the most successful empresario in Texas * Empresario was a Spanish word meaning “agents” or “contractors” * Mexico gave empresarios large grants of Texas land. In return, the empresarios filled the land with settlers. Horace Mann “The Father of American Public Education” Promoted Public Education Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837 Dorothea Dix * led the reform movement for the mentally ill (prison reform movement notes) General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna * Mexican President that took absolute power * Held rebel forces under siege for 13 days during Battle of the Alamo Harriet Tubman * One of the most trusted conductors of the Underground Railroad * Escaped from slavery * Experienced sleeping spells from head injury when young * Made multiple trips to Maryland where she rescued slaves from slavery Harriet Beecher Stowe * An abolitionist * Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin after the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act Nat Turner * Led Nat Turner’s Rebellion → 3-day slave rebellion that killed 51 white people * Was an enslaved preacher who lived in Southampton County, Virginia, an area where the enslaved population was the majority of the population * Turner was convinced that God told him to “slay [his] enemies with their own weapons” * Captured by state militia → hanged and skinned John Brown * Abolitionist * Strict Calvinist with a strong sense of right and wrong * Saw slavery as the greatest wrong in the U.S. * Father to 20 children * Led John Brown’s Raid Dred Scott * Enslaved and had a free wife * Lived in the free state of Illinois * His owner died, and Scott was sent back to Missouri → he petitioned for his freedom there * He initially won the case * Case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme court → decided against Scott * Decided that he didn’t have the right to sue because he was property, not a citizen Charles Sumner / Preston Brooks * Abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner delivered a speech condemning slavery and Senators Stephen Douglas and Andrew Butler for “Crime Against Kansas” * South Carolina Rep. Preston Brooks was enraged * Brooks is Butler's cousin * Brooks attacked Sumner at his desk in the Senate with a cane * Brooks was hailed as a hero in the South Stephen Douglas Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant William Tecumsah Sherman Andrew Johnson Rutherford B. Hayes J.P. Morgan Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller Cornelius Vanderbilt Project thingy Name of strike: Great Upheaval / The Great Strike, 1877 When + where strike took place: Took place in 1877 across the nation. The series of strikes began in West Virginia. Who was striking: Railroad workers alongside other laborers who wanted to strike against unfair pay and poor working conditions. Reason of strike: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company cut laborer’s wages 3 times in 1 year; similarly, many railroad companies announced a 10% reduction in the workers’ pay. Railroads also tried to minimize the work-force by firing a number of workers. The remaining workers were in turn requested to work more hours for less money. Tactics used during strike: * Laborers blocked all the engines so they couldn't leave * Refused to allow any train to leave until pay was restored * Laborers sabotaged trains → only 1 made it to its destination End results of the strike: * Of the over 100,00 laborers that went on strike, over 100 laborers were killed and about 1,000 were imprisoned * Millions of dollars of damage done to railroad industry * Troops were sent in by railroad companies and elected officials to end the strike. Do you think striking is an effective form of protesting? Why or why not? * I think striking can be effective depending on how it is done. If only a few workers strike a business, then it can be ineffective because the owners may be rich enough to wait out the strike. However, when it is applied on a larger scale, as done in the Great Upheaval, strikes can be effective in causing the disruption that is needed to gain the attention of businesses.

Chapters / Topics to Study: *highlighted stuff is important (I want to study it), if a whole topic is not highlighted then all of it is important

Age of Jackson / Chapter 6

Indian-Removal Act
* Jackson had no regard for Native Americans living on the lands he wanted. 
* 1830 → Indian Removal Act → forced thousands of Native Americans to leave their homelands and move West of the Mssissippi River to the “Indian Territory” located in present-day Oklahoma
* Removal lasted long after Jackson’s presidency, which ended in 1837
* Jackson thought his removal policy was generous (IT WAS NOT)
* Native Americans suffered brutal treatment
* Some Native Americans refused to leave their lands
* 1831 → sent military to forcibly remove Sauk and Meskwaki from Illinois and Missouri
* 1842 → sent military to forcibly remove Chickasaw from Alabama and Mississippi 
* Thousands of Native Americans died on the journey west

Trail of Tears
* 1838 → almost 20,000 Cherokee still lived on their native lands
* President Martin Van Buren sent military to force Cherokee into camps
* Beginning October → Cherokee were forcibly sent on an 800-mile journey from the east to “Indian Territory”
* Over 5,000 died on the Trail of Tears from disease, starvation, exhaustion, and the weather

Spoils System
* Jackson gave government jobs to loyal friends
* Keep position for maximum of 4 years → prevent corruption
* Led to unqualified workers in government positions
* Jackson fired 10% of government workers → most were from Adams’s presidency 
* Jackson’s presidential cabinet called “kitchen cabinet”

National Bank Veto
* Charter of the BUS (Second Bank of the US) was ending in 1836
* Supporters were business owners and most lived in the North; against were mostly farmers and most lived in the South
* Nicholas Biddle ran the BUS
* Biddle, Daniel Webster, and Clay introduced legislation to recharter BUS in 1832
* Hoped Jackson would not veto the bill and lose presidential election votes
* Jackson said, “The Bank is trying to kill me, Sir, but I shall kill it!”
* Jackson vetoed the Bank Recharter Bill

Brief Tariff of Abominations Overview (relates to Nullification Crisis)
* 1816, 1824, 1828, and 1832 → tariffs passed to make British imports more expensive
* South was angry because they had to pay more money for goods → Northern manufacturers benefited
* South Carolina’s economy was failing 
* South Carolina Exposition → a state had the right to nullify a law it considered unconstitutional; each state was sovereign

Nullification Crisis 
* April 1830 → Jackson stated, “Our Union: it must be preserved” 
* Jackson supported stronger state governments, but NOT if it threatened the country
* December 1830 → Calhoun resigned from vice presidency
* When Congress passed the 1832 tariff, South Carolina declared the tariffs “unauthorized by the Constitution” and “null, void, and no law” 
* South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification → passed Nov. 24
* South Carolina threatened to secede from the U.S
* 1833 → Force Bill → allowed federal government to use army and navy against South Carolina if the state refused to pay the tariff
* Clay came up with bill that lowered the tariff over 10 years

Reform Movements

Abolition
Goal was to end slavery

Principles behind movement:
>Political – “All men are created equal”
> Religious - equal in the eyes of God

Involved men and women

Goals of the movement:
           > 1. End Slavery
           > 2. Equal rights for all African Americans
           > 3. Educate the free slaves
           > 4. Send the former slaves out of the US

*All abolitionists supported the first goal. The other 3 varied.*

Important figures:
      > Frederick Douglass:
Escaped slavery at 20
Became a lecturer for the Mass. Anti-Slavery Society
Wrote a best-selling autobiography
      > Harriet Beecher Stowe
Born into a family of Abolitionists
Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1853)

Early Women’s Rights
During the early to mid-1800s women had limited legal rights and limited access to formal education
Start to see a push for women’s rights in 1848 in Seneca Falls, NY
> Wrote Declaration of Sentiments- “All men and WOMEN are created equal!
Led by Elizabeth Cady Stantion and Lucretia Mott

Public Education Reform
Horace Mann/ Public Education Reform

Goal of the Movement – Free public education for everyone
Tax-supported public education grew from 1825 to 1850 (except in the south)

Horace Mann:
“The Father of American Public Education” 
Promoted Public Education
Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837

Prison / Asylum Reform
Prisons were used as a holding place for criminals/ people who were mentally ill
Reformers argued that society would benefit more from rehabilitating prisoner than punishing them
>By 1850, most started adopting the penitentiary system
By 1815, asylums appeared that separated the mentally ill from prisoners
Dorothea Dix led the reform movement for the mentally ill

Transcendentalism
Urged people to transcend, or overcome, the limits of their minds and let their souls reach out to embrace the beauty of the universe
Used writing (essays, poems, novels) to express their thoughts and ideas
>Began in Boston Massachusetts
Prominent transcendentalists: 
>Henry David Thoreau
>Ralph Waldo Emerson
>Margaret Fuller
>Many more

Chapter 7

Westward Expansion / “Manifest Destiny”
The idea that America was meant to grow so democracy and freedom could spread. The American belief that it is their God given right to expand westward and take over the continent.

Oregon Trail
* The trail people traveled on while traveling west

Donner Party
A group of pioneers that split from the main trail. They were trying to go through a shortcut that should have saved them time. The shortcut was shared with them by an unreliable guide. The “shortcut” they took ended up adding more miles to their journey. They got trapped in exceptionally heavy snow in the Sierra Nevada, and they resorted to eating the members of the group that had died when food ran out.

Gold Rush
* 49ers
* People rushed to California because gold was there 
* California became highly populated
* Was admitted into the Union as a free state because of the compromise of 1850

Texan Independence
* March 2, 1836: Texans formally declared founding of Independent Republic of Texas
* April 28: Rebels defeated Santa Anna’s troops and forced him to recognize the new Texan republic 
* Elected Sam Houstan as their first president
* Drafted a constitution modeled on that of the United States
* Included a provision which prevented the Texas Congress from interfering with slavery

The Battle of the Alamo
* Santa Anna held rebel forces under siege for 13 days (February 23 - March 6, 1836) before overcoming the Texan Alamo fortress (over 100 Texans killed, 600 Mexicans).

Mexican-American War
* Texas, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California, and New Mexico made up Northern Mexico
* President James K. Polk wanted to go to war with Mexico because he believed that Mexico started the war by killing Americans on American soil, and Mexico says they’re at war
* Treaty of Guadalupe - Hidalgo ended the Mexican - American War in 1848

Chapter 8

Underground Railroad / Harriet Tubamn
* The Underground Railroad was a vast network of people, places and routes that fugitive slaves used to escape slavery to the NOrth and to Canada. 
* According to one estimate over 100,000 slaves found their freedom between 1810 and 1850
* Harriet Tubman was a conductor of the Underground Railroad
* She made around 13 trips to Maryland where she rescued about 70 people from slavery

Turner’s Rebellion
* Large slave uprisings were rare. Although slaves expressed day-to-day resistance by breaking tools, faking illness, and running away
* Nat Turner was an enslaved preacher who lived in Southampton County, Virginia: An area the enslaved population on was the majority of the population
* In 1828 Turner was convinced that God talk him to “slay [his] enemies with their own weapons.” 
* In 1831 Turner led a 3-day slave rebellion, killing 51 white people
* The state militia captured Turner 3 months later. 
* Turner was hanged and skinned
* Hundreds of innocent slaves were murdered dur to fear, slave codes were strengthened

Free Soil Party
* Political party standing for the limiting of slavery
* Representative Wilmot of Pennsylvania proposed the Wilmot Proviso, suggesting that slavery is banned in new territory gained from the Mexican-American War
* Wilmot Proviso passed in the House and failed in the Senate
* The failed resolution resulted in a split in the Whig Party, and inspired the formation of a new political party: The Free Soil Party

Compromise of 1850 and All Components
* When California applied for statehood as a free state, some Southern states threatened secession
* California is admitted to the Union as a free state
* Texas gives up some land to pay for war debts
* Popular sovereignty is used to determine if slavery is allowed in the Utah and New Mexico territories 
* The slave market (not slavery) is banned in Washington, D.C.
* Fugitive Slave Law is strictly enforced in the Free States

Fugitive Slave Act

Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a fictional story written by abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe which told the story of a slave. Stowe was inspired to write the story after the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act, the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850. The novel came to be very popular in the north, as it revealed the harsh realities of slavery and enforced the northern belief that slavery was a barbaric and inhumane act. On the other hand, slave owners in the south claimed that the representation of slavery in Uncle Tom’s Cabin was inaccurate. Uncle Tom’s Cabin received other backlash, for some black writers perceived the story to be stereotypical. Alongside this, many people found that Stowe’s depiction of slavery did not properly convey the horrors surrounding it. Stowe herself recognized this and wrote, “A work which should represent [slavery] strictly as it is would be a work which cannot be read.”

Kansas - Nebraska Act
Taking place in the year 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act turned the unorganized territory of the west into two territories, the Nebraska territory in the north and the Kansas territory to the south. Alongside this, the Missouri Compromise was repealed in order to permit settlers within the territories to decide whether slavery would be allowed or prohibited in those regions by vote. Both sides, pro-slavery and anti-slavery, wanted to vote in favor of their standing on the issue. Many northerners settled in Kansas in hopes of creating an anti-slavery majority. However, a great number of “Border Ruffians” also entered Kansas. These people were armed Missourians who crossed the border to vote illegally. The ongoing tension between the conflicting sides led to a number of violent transgressions which resulted in the nickname “Bleeding Kansas.”

Bleeding Kansas 
* Thousands of Northerners rushed to live in the Kansas territory to create an anti-slavery majority in the territory
* Border Ruffians: Armed Missourians crossed the boarder to vote illegally in the elction of 1855, helping to elect pro-slavery legislature.
* By 1865 Kansas had 2 governments, one pro-slavery, another anti-slavery
* The pro-slavery government of Pawnee Kansas sent a group of 800 boarder ruffians to Lawrence, the capital of the rival anti-slavery government, sacking the city
* EFFECTS: Free Soil Republicans introduced bills to annex Kansas into the Union as a free state
* Democrats introduced bills to annex Kansas into the Union as a slave state
* Kansas abolitionist John Brown led a group of 7 abolitionists to Pottawatomic Clark, killing 5 pro-slavery individuals

Caning of Charles Sumner
* Abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner delivered a speech in 1856 condemning slavery and Senators Stephen Douglas and Andrew Butler for “Crime Against Kansas”
* Speech enraged South Carolina Rep. Preston Brooks, who was Butler’s cousin
* 3 days later Brooks attacked Sumner at his desk in the Senate with a cane
* Preston Brooks was hailed as a hero in the South
* Northerners viewed this as a symbol of the South’s barbarism

John Brown
* Was a strict Calvanist with a strong sense of right and wrong, seeing no greater wrong in the U.S. than slavery
* Fathered 20 children
* Traveled to Kansas with four of his sons, saying they are “disposed to go to Kansas or Nebraska, with a view to help defeat Satan.”
* Raid on Harpers Ferry: Wanted to initiate a nationwide slave insurrection (violent uprising). Needed weapons to arm slaves → conducted raid on Harpers Ferry to steal weapons and guns. Thought the raid on Harpers Ferry was a means to finally overthrow the slavery institution. Raid was unsuccessful. Brown was given a death sentence and was hanged in Virginia.

Dred Scott vs. Sanford
* Between 1833-1843 the enslaved Dred Scot and his (free) wife lived in the free state of Illinois, and in the Louisiana Territory
* When Scott’s owner died, Scott was sent back to missouri, where he petitioned for his freedom
* Scott initially won the case, though it was appealed to the U.S. Supreme court, which decided against Scott
* Scott didn’t have the right to sue because he was property, not a citizen
* The government cannot seize private property
* Congress cannot ban slavery because that would violate property rights
* Therefore, the Missouri Compromise and other popular sovereignty decisions are unconstitutional

Lincoln / Douglas Debates
* Lincoln ( R ) and Douglas (D) debated in the 1858 Illinois Senatorial contest
* Lincoln lost, but it gained him a national following
* Lincoln believed that slavery is a moral issue.. It is wrong, and Republicans want to stop it from spreading
* Douglas believed the balanced between free + slave states can and should remain equal, it's what the founders wanted

1858 Illinois Senate Race

Election of 1860
In the Election of 1860, there were four presidential candidates running for office, consisting of Abraham Lincoln, John Breckinridge, Stephen Douglas, and John Bell. The major issue of the election that concerned voters was slavery. While Breckinridge and Douglas were in support of using popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery in states, Bell wished to ignore the issue of slavery in order to keep unity, and Lincoln wanted to put an end to the spread of slavery all together. Lincoln won the election with the most electoral votes and popular votes out of all four candidates. This caused outrage in southern states who believed that their property rights, or rights to own slaves, would be threatened by Lincoln’s presidency even though he had no plans to abolish slavery in the existing slave states. Southern states threatened to leave the union, and South Carolina was the first state to secede only a month after Lincoln was elected as president.

Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address

Chapter 9

Key Individuals:

Clara Barton
* Part of the Union. 
Lincoln and Davis
* Lincoln: President of the Union.

* Davis: President of the Confederacy.

Grant and Lee
* Grant: Part of the union.

* Lee: Part of the confederacy

Strengths and Weaknesses: Union and Confederacy

Northern Advantages:
* Population size (21 million in 23 states, 2 million serving in army)
* Has way more immigrants who stay in workforce
* Transportation →  ⅔ of all railroads, can move troops + supplies
* Industry → Union made 90% of all manufactured goods (cloth, shoes, weapons, trains, ships)
* Agriculture → begin to out produce the South in corn, oats, and wheat
* More organized country/ established
* Navy → controlled in North; can set up blockades of South + control imports + exports

Southern Advantages:
* Stronger Army → most Southern men entered the military, many had combat experience from Mexican - American war
* Most high ranking U.S. officers were from the South, many returned
* Defensive War → on own land, better attack positions 
* “Southern Cause”
* White soldiers fighting to preserve way of life
* Fierce fighting spirit + unit 
* Massive support from civilians (donations, etc.)

Northern Disadvantages:
* South has slave labor
* Unprepared Army → very spread out geographically, Atlantic → Pacific
* Many high ranking officers in U.S. military left to go fight for  their home states 
* Strategy → leadership issues, fighting in enemy territory, not very passionate about the cause (initially))

Southern Disadvantages:
* Population → 9.5 million in total (4 million of that enslaved, 1 million in army)
* Lacking railroads (only ⅓, most going to/from Atlanta)
* Lacking Industry → few cities + factories, most of the small industry takes place in Atlanta → Atlanta becomes a target
* Inflation → print own money, prices go up, value of money goes down, people lose support

Fort Sumter
* Took place in April 12-14, 1861
* Located off the coast of Charleston, South Carolina
* Confederate Commander P.T. Beauregard cut off supplies to the fort
* Lincoln tried to send additional supplies to the fort, but Confederate forces blocked it
* On April 11 Beauregard told Union Major Robert Anderson if he did not surrender, he would fire upon it 
* Anderson refused, and around 4:30 am on April 12, the battle began
* Anderson realized he had no chance of winning with little food and ammunition
* Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to join the Union Army for 90 days
* He thought the war would be short
* It lasted over 4 years and involved millions of men

First Bull Run
* Took place July 21, 1861
* The South called it First Manassas
* Took place near Manassas Junction, Virginia, along a river called Bull Run
* First major land battle of the Civil War
* Lincoln wanted to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia
* Union Brigadier General Irvin McDowell led 35,000 troops and suffered 3,000 casualties
* Confederate General Beauregard led 31,000 troops and suffered 2,000 casualties
* Union didn’t know the Confederates were bringing in 11,000 reinforcements 
* Confederate Colonel Thomas Jackson and his troops held off the Union Army at Henry Hill House
* He earned the nickname “stonewalll” and become one of the most famous Confederate generals of the war
* When Confederate reinforcements arrived, they launched a counterattack
* Thy screamed as they advanced, and the Rebel Yell became infamous among Union troops
* McDowell was forced to retreat
* The South believed the North didn’t have the will to fight
* The North realized it would be a long war
* The Confederates won

Vicksburg
* Siege of a city
* Took place May 18 - July 4, 1863
* Took place halfway between Memphis (TN) and New Orleans (LA)
* Took place on the bank of the Mississippi River
* Union General Ulysses S. Grant led 77,000 troops and suffered 5,000 casualties
* Confederate General John Pemberton led 33,000 troops and suffered 32,000 casualties
* The Union wanted Vicksburg because: 
* 1) It was the last major Confederate port on the Mississippi River
* 2) The South would no longer be able to send supplies to its troops in the West
* 3) Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas would be cut off from the CSA
* During the campaign Grant captured railroads to use as Union supply lines and surrounded the city
* The Union Army laid siege to the city
* Stopped all supplies from reaching the Rebels
* Constantly bombed the city
* Wanted to force the Confederate Army to surrender
* The Rebels suffered, but so did the civilians!
* When food ran out, they began to eat horses, dogs, cats, rats, and tree bark
* They lived in basements and dugout caves to stay safe from the bombings
* Pemberton finally surrendered and the Union Army has control of the Mississippi River
* The Union won

Antietam
* Took place September 17-18, 1862
* First major battle fought in the North (Maryland)
* Single bloodiest day in American military history: 23,000 casualties (people dead/ wounded/ missing)
* Union General George B. McClellan led 87,000 troops and suffered 12,000 casualties 
* Confederate General Robert E. Lee led 38,000 troops and suffered 11,000 casualties
* Lee invaded the North because: 
* 1) Confederate President Jefferson Davis hoped to capture the slave state of Maryland
* 2) Davis wanted France and Great Britain to recognize the South as a real country
* Lee led his troops across the Potomac River into Maryland in September 1862
* Lee and his army retreated the evening of the 18th
* Neither side won
* The Union claimed victory
* Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation which freed all enslaved people in the Confederacy

Gettysburg
* Took place July 1-3, 1863
* Lee invaded the North again: Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia, Boston, and Washington are all at risk of being attacked
* Union General George G. Meade led 93,000 troops and suffered 23,000 casualties
* Confederate General Robert E. Lee led 72,000 troops and suffered 28,000 casualties
* The Union and Confederates met outside of Gettysburg
* This small skirmish became one of the most important battles of the Civil War
* The Union Army was pushed back through Gettysburg
* Lee ordered General R.S. Ewell to seize the high ground from the Union
* Ewell hesitated, and the Union troops dug in at Cemetery Ridge
* General James Longstreet warned Lee that they would not break through the Union lines
* Lee believed if he won this battle, the South would win the Civil War
* On July 2 Confederate soldiers attacked the Union Army
* The Union Army maintained their defensive position
* On July 3 Union troops opened fire on the Rebels
* Confederate General George Pickett led 12,000 soldiers to attack Culp’s hill in Pickett’s Charge
* They had to walk over a mile in an open field to reach Union lines
* When they reached the Union line, gruesome hand-to-hand combat took place
* The Rebels retreated
* The South never invaded the North again
* The Union won

Sherman’s March to the Sea
* Sherman wanted to gain control of Savannah next because it was the Confederate’s main port on the Atlantic Ocean
* Sherman led his 60,000 men on a 285 - mile “March to the Sea”
* Lincoln, Grant, and Sherman believed the strength of the Confederacy came from the civilians who provided supplies and support
* They decided to frighten and make southern civilians’ lives miserable, so they would demand an end to the war
* The Union Army had only fought directly against the Confederate forces
* Now they would fight against anyone who supported the Confederacy and destroy private property
* This is known as Total War
* During the march Confederate troops burned bridges and barns filled with supplies so the Union Army couldn’t use them
* Sherman split his army into multiple groups to cause as much damage as possible
* Union troops stole from farms and plantations
* They killed livestock to eat
* Anything they couldn’t carry, they burned or destroyed
* Sherman wanted to send a message to the Confederate sympathizers
* Cotton gins, lumbar mills, and other factories were destroyed
* Southern morale was at an all time low
* Sherman and his army arrived in Savannah on Dec 21
* The Confederate Army had already fled the city
* The mayor of Savannah surrendered with little resistance\

Surrender at Appomattox
* Lee surrendered because his army was surrounded, and his men were weak and exhausted
* Meeting between Grant and Lee at Appomattox was about 2 ½ hours → meeting was important because it ended the war
* Before meeting, Grant and Lee exchanged letters discussing surrender
* Grant suggests to Lee in his April 7th message that Lee should surrender because Lee’s army can no longer resist Grant’s army (no point in resisting anymore)
* Lee wanted to know about Grant’s terms of surrender
* Both Lee and Grant wanted peace
* Go over surrender at appomattox paper

Chapter 10

Radical Republicans

Scallawags
* A white southern Republican 
* Made up the biggest group of delegates to the Radical Reconstruction - Era legislature
* Some were established planters who thought whites should recognize Black’s civil + political rights, with whites still retaining control of political + economic life

Carpetbaggers
* A traveler who arrives in a new region with only a satchel (or carpetbag) and attempts to profit from or gain control over new surroundings
* Southerners were resentful → thought carpetbaggers just wanted to make profit and leave
* Called carpetbaggers as cruel nickname

Grant Administration

Freedman’s Bureau
* Purpose was to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South after the Civil War
* Was impactful in short term → provided food, housing, medical aid, established schools, and offered legal assistance
* Was prevented from carrying out its full program because of shortage of funds and personnel

Black Codes
* Laws that limited the freedom of African Americans

Reconstructions Amendments
* 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
* 13th: Abolition of slavery
* 14th: Defines citizenship and gives citizens equal protection under the law
* 15th: Prohibits discrimination in voting rights of citizens on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Creation of the KKK
* Violent terrorist organization
* Began in Tennessee in 1866
* Comprised of Confederate veterans, ministers, merchants, military officers, Democratic politicians, and other professionals
* Goal was to restore white supremacy and prevent African Americans from exercising their political rights

Confederate Monuments
* At first, commemorative markers of the Civil War tended to be memorials that mourned soldiers who had died
* Eventually began to build Confederate monuments
* Glorified leaders of the Confederacy (ex: Lee, Davis, Jackson)
* Monuments were there to teach values to people → were placed in city squares and infront of state buildings
* Values were the glorification of the cause of the Civil War
* White women were instrumental in raising funds to build Confederate monuments (United Daughters of the Confederacy)

Sharecropping
* Black families would rent small plots of land or shares, to work themselves
* They would give potion of their crop to landowner at the end of year in return
* Plantation owners would divide up their land and rent it out → get share of crop from people who rented
* People were dependent on landowner
* Sharecropping came to dominate agriculture across cotton–planting South
* Many forced to sign unfair + exploitative sharecropping or labor contract
* Sharecroppers benefited least from Sharecropping

End of Reconstruction
* 1873 → American economy went into a depression
* Northerners began to grow tired of Reconstruction efforts and equality
* Racism began to emerge in North
* Derogatory images of African Americans became more frequent and acceptable in the North
* 1874 and 1875 → anti-Reconstruction violence began again
* Many Northerners did not want the federal government to step in
* 1882 → Supreme Court rules Enforcements Act unconstitutional
* Early 1880s → white supremacy had been restored throughout the South

Rutherford B. Hayes and Compromise of 1877
* Compromise of 1877 established the end of the Reconstruction Era
* Rutherford B. Hayes made a deal with Democratic Southern State governments: if he removed Reconstruction, they would vote for him

Gilded Age

Monopolies
When one company controls an entire industry.

Importance of Railroads
* Small towns grew → no longer isolated
* Cities began to specialize in specific goods
* Railroads transported settlers / resources
* Business profits increased because they could sell their goods in towns far away
* New towns popped up along railroad tracks
* Cities near each other had different times because sun was used to determine time → travelers would have to reset watches by minutes to be on local time → time zones created as a result

Captain of Industry / Robber Barons
* People complained that robber barons drove their competition out of business and didn’t care much about their workers

* Andrew Carnegie

* J.P. Morgan
* Most famous banker of the era
* Owned U.S. Steel

* John D. Rockefeller

* Cornelius Vanderbilt

Rise of Unions 
* Labor union: An organization of workers fight together for better working conditions
* Unions argued that inequality was making the nation less free
* Unskilled workers earned low wages, ad long workdays, not given vacation time, and worked in unsafe environments
* Laborers began to demand higher pay and safer working conditions
* Formed unions → more influence than individually
* Used collective bargaining → group of workers negotiate with employer through the union
* Also used strikes, protests, boycotts, and sabotage
* Were often local instead of national
* Bigger unions: Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor

Notable Strikes
* The Great Strike of 1877 (AKA Great Upheaval):
* Railroad workers / unions went on strike because their pay was reduced by 10% and they were asked to work more hours (for less pay) to make up for fired workers (companies decided to reduce workforce, too)
* 600 soldiers from Pennsylvania National Guard were sent in to end the strike
* Troops panicked and opened fire on angry crowd of men, women, and children
* 20 dead and 29 wounded
* Haymarket Riot, 1886
* Labor unions across country planned strike in support of 8-hour work-day and 40-hour work-week
* “Pinkertrons hired to rough up workers and end strike
* Fight (strike workers vs. Pinkertons) → police fired into crowd + killed 6
* Workers gathered in Haymarket Square to protest next day
* Bomb from crowd thrown at arriving police → 7 killed, at least 60 wounded
* Homestead Strike, 1892
* 5,000 steelworkers went on strike because Carnegie cut their wages again
* Battle between Pinkertons and workers broke out
* Shots fired, dynamite thrown, fires set → 12 died
* 7,000 Pennsylvania National Guard soldiers restored order + forced open the steel mill again
* Pullman strike, 1894
* Pullman created “company town” → workers had to live in it, pay him rent, shop at “company store” for groceries
* Workers went on strike because Pullman cut their wages by ⅓ but didn’t lower their rent of prices at store during a recession
* Strike affected railroads all over America → businesses crippled
*  President Ccleveland sent in 10,000 federal troops to force striking workers to return to their jobs
* Ludlow Massacre, 1913
* Rockefeller gave his miners money only god at his “company store” and required they live in “company-town”
* 95% of his workers went on strike for the right to form a Union and improve working conditions and pay
* Rockefeller kicked out striking workers from company town during winter → they lived in tents/ cardboard shacks
* Colorado National Guard sent to force strikers to return to work
* Strikers fought back → National Guard attacked w/ machine guns + grenades
* 26 workers + 11 children died

Key Figures

Andrew Jackson
* 7th president of the US
* Believed federal government needed to change
* Sought to help the common man
* Gained support from common man → Champion of the Common Man
* Had strong military history → won Battle of New Orleans against the British before news of the treaty of Ghent (which ended the War of 1812) arrived in the U.S.
* Vetoed more bills than the previous 6 presidents combined → “Andy Veto”

Sam Houston
* Was elected as the first president of Texas after Texas gained independence
Stephen Austin
* Son of Moses Austin
* Moses Austin was granted a large piece of land → let his son break the land into smaller pieces
* Stephen Austin was the most successful empresario in Texas
* Empresario was a Spanish word meaning “agents” or “contractors” 
* Mexico gave empresarios large grants of Texas land. In return, the empresarios filled the land with settlers.

Horace Mann
“The Father of American Public Education” 
Promoted Public Education
Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837

Dorothea Dix
*  led the reform movement for the mentally ill (prison reform movement notes)
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
* Mexican President that took absolute power
* Held rebel forces under siege for 13 days during Battle of the Alamo
Harriet Tubman
* One of the most trusted conductors of the Underground Railroad
* Escaped from slavery
* Experienced sleeping spells from head injury when young
* Made multiple trips to Maryland where she rescued slaves from slavery

Harriet Beecher Stowe
* An abolitionist
* Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin after the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act
Nat Turner
* Led Nat Turner’s Rebellion → 3-day slave rebellion that killed 51 white people
* Was an enslaved preacher who lived in Southampton County, Virginia, an area where the enslaved population was the majority of the population
* Turner was convinced that God told him to “slay [his] enemies with their own weapons”
* Captured by state militia → hanged and skinned

John Brown 
* Abolitionist
* Strict Calvinist with a strong sense of right and wrong
* Saw slavery as the greatest wrong in the U.S.
* Father to 20 children
* Led John Brown’s Raid

Dred Scott
* Enslaved and had a free wife
* Lived in the free state of Illinois
* His owner died, and Scott was sent back to Missouri → he petitioned for his freedom there
* He initially won the case
* Case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme court → decided against Scott
* Decided that he didn’t have the right to sue because he was property, not a citizen

Charles Sumner / Preston Brooks
* Abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner delivered a speech condemning slavery and Senators Stephen Douglas and Andrew Butler for “Crime Against Kansas”
* South Carolina Rep. Preston Brooks was enraged
* Brooks is Butler's cousin
* Brooks attacked Sumner at his desk in the Senate with a cane
* Brooks was hailed as a hero in the South

Stephen Douglas

Abraham Lincoln

Jefferson Davis

Robert E. Lee

Ulysses S. Grant

William Tecumsah Sherman

Andrew Johnson

Rutherford B. Hayes

J.P. Morgan

Andrew Carnegie

John D. Rockefeller

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Project thingy
Name of strike:
Great Upheaval / The Great Strike, 1877

When + where strike took place:
Took place in 1877 across the nation. The series of strikes began in West Virginia.

Who was striking:
Railroad workers alongside other laborers who wanted to strike against unfair pay and poor working conditions.

Reason of strike:
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company cut laborer’s wages 3 times in 1 year; similarly, many railroad companies announced a 10% reduction in the workers’ pay. Railroads also tried to minimize the work-force by firing a number of workers. The remaining workers were in turn requested to work more hours for less money.

Tactics used during strike:
* Laborers blocked all the engines so they couldn't leave
* Refused to allow any train to leave until pay was restored
* Laborers sabotaged trains → only 1 made it to its destination

End results of the strike:
* Of the over 100,00 laborers that went on strike, over 100 laborers were killed and about 1,000 were imprisoned
* Millions of dollars of damage done to railroad industry 
* Troops were sent in by railroad companies and elected officials to end the strike.

Do you think striking is an effective form of protesting? Why or why not?

* I think striking can be effective depending on how it is done. If only a few workers strike a business, then it can be ineffective because the owners may be rich enough to wait out the strike. However, when it is applied on a larger scale, as done in the Great Upheaval, strikes can be effective in causing the disruption that is needed to gain the attention of businesses.

Transcript for:Overview of U.S. History (Jackson to Gilded Age)

Transcript for:
Overview of U.S. History (Jackson to Gilded Age)