hello everyone i'm going to discuss with you as a continuation of our week 3 discussion on the morality of human art this time in week 4 we are going to talk about modifiers of human arc so the main point of talking about this is to how this modifiers lessons moral accountability accountability so what what is modifiers of humana modifiers of human are factors and conditions that affect to a considerate extent man's inner disposition towards certain actions so this modifiers of human uh are also called obstacles of human arc that affects or prevents a clear knowledge of the object of the act it may impair the coming about of a human in its roots by diminishing or preventing the consent of free will these obstacles may increase decrease or totally inhibit human behavior from moral accountability or liability in other words it implies specific influence on the mental and or emotional state of person concerned to the point that the voluntariness involved in an act is either increase or decrease so this is significant because the moral accountability of the doer of the action is also increase or decrease as the case may be so what are the modifiers of humana there are four modifiers of human arc but there are other two factors that also modifies human act so let us first start to talk about the first modifier which is what we call ignorance what is ignorance ignorance is the absence of necessary knowledge which a person in a given situation who is performing certain act ought to have so ignorance is a negative thing for it is a negation of knowledge in short it is the mere absence of knowledge now there are there are two types of ignorance as you can see on your screen we have vincible ignorance and invincible ignorance under visible ignorance we have three types one is simple vincible ignorance crush or supine vincible ignorance and then number three is affected visible ignorance and for the second type of ignorance we have invincible ignorance so let's start to talk about first the principal ignorance what is vincible ignorance this is a type of ignorance which can and should be dispelled the agent could know and should know it can be cleared up if one is diligent enough the knowledge can be by ordinary effort uh it is achieved but was not acquired because of negligence or intentionally not acquired so let's start to talk about the first kind of visible ignorance which is simple vincible ignorance so what is this simple invincible ignorance this is the kind of ignorance which exerts certain but not sufficiently enough effort to dispel his ignorance and obtain knowledge for example one is doubtful whether classes are suspended and he asks his classmates who is also doubtful then he decides or this person decides not to go to class now the question is he capable of not coming to class if there are no suspensions the answer is yes he is culpable of not coming to class okay so because the principle is this if one performs an objectively wrong act whose wrongness one is unaware of because of simple ignorance the action is culpable however the culpability is lessened by the presence of ignorance so that's simple vincible ignorance now let us let us proceed to the second type of vincible ignorance which is grass or supine principle ignorance this is the kind of ignorance which the agent or the person perform performing the arc has the capacity but does not exert any effort at all to dispel this ignorance and obtain knowledge for example christine a fourth year education student does not know about the schedule or practice teaching she is required to perform now she can easily ask any one of her classmates or check the bulletin board where the schedule of practice teaching is posted yet she does not bother to do so so that's an example of grass or supine invincible ignorance now the moral principle is this in this kind of ignorance it lessens the imputability of an attack but still makes one gravely culpable if it concerns a matter of grave in importance okay so you are still call now the third type kinds of vincible ignorance is what we call affected vincible ignorance what is this type of ignorance this is the kind of ignorance which the agent exerts positive effort to deliberately foster his ignorance in order to escape responsibility that knowledge may require now of this tree this is the worst type of invincible ignorance because it is willfully established by the agent himself as an immediate excuse for any violations stemming from it for example a student who does not want to read the bulletin board or read in the student manual for he suspects that a certain regulations posted or written there is opposed to his plans so that's an example of affected principle ignorance so what is the moral principle regarding affected principle ignorance in this kind of ignorance the person does not excuse from his bad actions on the contrary it actually increases their malice or their moral responsibility okay okay now that's invincible ignorance what about the second type of ignorance this is vincible ignorance this is a type of ignorance which cannot be dispelled by ordinary diligence and reasonable effort in other words he is ignorant of his ignorance the person cannot be expected to take steps to enlighten himself because he is unaware that he is in need of enlightenment the person has no realization of his lack of knowledge okay so what are these instances it's good to find the causes of the instances of invincible ignorance now number one it may be impossible one of the causes of