Let's start off the class today by reviewing what we did last time with the verb s. And to do that, you got it. I'm going to put it on a chart. So, right over here, I'm going to put the verb s. And we'll draw our chart again. Our one line down and our two lines across. Okay. Now remember sir means to be but like we told you last time we can't say sir with everyone we can't say yer or to because that would mean I to be or you to be. So we have to conjugate it. We have to change it up a little bit so that it fits with each of those pronouns we learned in the last episode. So last time we were together, we put those forms of said on the chart and we talked about what they meant. So let's just kind of go back over those. The first one we wrote was soy and we talked about that meant I am. Okay? And then we went down here and we put which means you are if you're talking to someone that you know in a casual and informal way. And then down here in this bottom part of our chart on the singular side, we put the word s. Now s, as you remember, can mean either is or are. It depends on who you're using it with. If I say he is, it would be l. If I say she is, it would be. But if I'm speaking to someone directly and I want to say you are but I'm using that more respectful form s in this case would mean are. So s means you are in a respectful way. Okay. Now over here on our plural side we put three conjugations as well. And up in the top right we put and as you remember that means we are. And right here we put the word soy. And again, this is that form that's pretty much a Spain thing. Uh not real common in this part of the world in Central America, South America, Mexico. Uh but it is used. And then down here in this part, we use the word son, and that means they are. So if we wanted to say they are, we could say we could say or if we wanted to say you are plural, speaking to more than one person, we can say. Okay, now that we reviewed the verb said, we have to take it a step further today. In English, to be only has one form. The word to be itself also is, am, and are. So we can use those words with any pronoun. I am, she is, we are, etc. The issue in Spanish is is that there are two different ways to say to be. And so today in the classroom portion of our time together, we're going to talk about when we use this one and when we use the other form, which I'm going to give you today. So let's start out by laying a good foundation of when we use the verb said. Now to give you sort of a a visual something that you can remember um we usually uh refer to the word pppin. P O P I N. I teach my students regularly the word pppin to help remember the conditions under which we use the verb said. These forms here. Now pPP is just a little way for you to remember these conditions. The first condition is a permanent condition. What do I mean by permanent condition? Well, anything that doesn't change. So, for example, if I want to just say that building is really tall, I could use is is to say is because the building being tall, it doesn't change. That's a characteristic of that building. It doesn't change. That's the way it is. So therefore, a permanent condition would be an example like that. The building's tall. Now, another condition, the O stands for occupation. Anytime in Spanish, we're going to say someone's occupation, their job, we're going to use a form of se. So for example, in Spanish, the word uh lawyer is abug. So if I wanted to say he is a lawyer first of all in occupation we don't say a we just say he is lawyer. So we would say l is abug and that would be how we say he is a lawyer. So since it's his occupation we would use a form of s to say is am and r. Okay. Now the next letter p stands for place of origin. When you're stating where someone comes from, their country of nationality, you would use a form of s to state that. So if I wanted to say I am American, I could use y soy because I'm stating my place of origin or I am from the United States. I could say since that is my place of origin. I would use one of these forms to say that. And next we have identification. Identification is any word that really identifies who someone is. if you're talking about uh their their characteristics such as being tall or funny or serious that those words we mentioned in the last episode then we could use one of these forms of se like we did last time. So if I say he is tall, L is alto, we would use to say is for he because it's his identification. And finally the N stands for nationality. So just like place of origin, nationality, they're kind of along the same lines. Uh again, if I wanted to say uh we are from Puerto Rico, I could say Puerto Rico nationality Puerto Rican we are Puerto Rican. Okay, so these are the conditions under which we use sir. Okay, so let's just kind of summarize for a minute. If I'm speaking Spanish and I want to say the word is, am or are at any time, I'm going to have to make a choice. These are forms of s. Sometimes I can say soy to say I am or is to say you are. And so if I ask myself is it one of these my sentence that I'm talking about the subject if I'm saying one of these things about the subject then I can use one of these forms of is am and are. Okay. So make sure you go over those and get them down get them on that chart. So, when you're speaking Spanish, hopefully really soon, and you need to make that choice, you can just make the decision. Okay. Now, we're going to move over here for just a minute and we're going to learn the other way to say to be. Now, again, I'm going to draw another chart because that chart's a great visual for us. Okay? So, draw another chart. And it's one line down and one line across. Now the other way we say to be in Spanish is estar. So I'll write that up here. Estar means to be as well. Okay. Now I'm going to start out by giving you the forms of estar the is the am and the are of this form of the verb. Okay. So right up here in the top part of the chart, I'm going to write estoy. It ends a lot the same as soy, but has a different root to it. So estoy means I am. And then right here in the middle, we're going to write estas. Now, a few of these have accents on them, but I'm going to tell you that at the end because I want you to get the visual. And down here in the bottom left, we're going to write esta. Okay? So, this would mean I am. This would mean you are speaking to one person in that casually uh casual informal way. And then down here, esta meaning he is, she is or you are speaking in that respectful way. Now on the top right on our plural side we're going to begin by writing estamos. Estamos means we are. Now right here in the middle we're going to write and in the bottom right we'll write an. So this would mean we are you are plural speaking to more than one person and they are or you are you are speaking to more than one person again plural. Okay. Now four of these have accents. The easy way if you're getting that chart visualizing in your head if you're starting to imprint it in your mind the easy way to remember where these accents go is all you have to remember is that the two on the top don't have accents. All the other ones do. Or you you want to think of it differently. The bottom two on each side have accents and put them on the A right here. Like that, like that, right there, and right there. So now we have our correct writing in place and our accents going. So we have our forms of to be over here. And over here we have our forms of to be. Now here comes the challenge. The challenge is is that when we're speaking Spanish, we have to make a choice just like I said before. So for example, if I want to say I am, I can either say or I can say the question is how do I know the difference? Okay, so all you have to do is remember two things about estar. You've already got popping the conditions under which we use s. Now I'm going to give you the conditions under which we use aar and there's only two of them. So this is easy and I want to give it to you in two different ways because some of you may find one easier to remember than the other. All right. So we're going to use in two ways. First of all, we're going to use it to state a temporary condition. Now temporary condition is anything a person is going through that is not permanent. Um now I want to go ahead and tell you this is mainly feelings. So if you want to go ahead and just get it in your mind that all feelings are temporary conditions. All feelings in Spanish are estar. We're going to express those using. Okay. So if you wanted to say I am sad. Okay, she is sad. Okay, so we're going to use these forms to say are is am and are when is the subject's temporary condition. Now the only other one we have to remember for estar is location. Anytime we state someone's location, we are going to use estar. Now, if I wanted to say I am at the mall, I would say ytoy because that's my location. Now, sometimes it gets confusing because we think of s as the permanent and estar as the temporary or the the feelings. But the problem comes is that when that location is a permanent location, you have to remember that location is always estar. Even if it's a permanent location. So if you say Atlanta is in Georgia, you still have to say Atlanta estar in Georgia because it's the location of Atlanta. Okay? So don't get confused on that. Any location is estar. Now, some of you may find, like me, may find it easier to remember a little saying or some phrase that helps you connect these together. Now, a lot of times my students like to instead of remembering temporary condition or location, a lot of times they like to just remember this. How you feel and where you are, that's when we use. So, if that's easier for you remember, go with that one. Okay. Well, let's look at some comparisons here. So, in the event that I want to say I am, I have to make a choice. As we mentioned a while ago, I can either say yoy or ytoy. So I have to ask myself the questions. Now some of you may be saying this is a lot to remember or this is a lot to remember. My college professor in Spanish told me to keep it really easy because when I was young and learning Spanish in the very beginning, I tried to make this really difficult and remember all this and all of that. And she looked at me and she said, "All you have to do is remember this temporary condition or location and everything else is said." And when I started applying that rule, I started finding that she was right. I could always answer the question whether it would be s or whether it would be estar just by asking myself those two questions. [Music] Heat. Heat. [Music] [Music]