hey everybody organized biology here and today we're talking about the bore and the helane effects but at the lungs okay so when we zoom in at the lungs we're going to look at the alvioli so the little air sacks of the lungs as they're budded up against the capillaries that are be going to be lining those alvioli so therefore if you think about it we want to at the lungs maximize how much oxygen we're going to pick up that's why you breathe in right and we're going to try to maximize carbon dioxide drop off so that we can breathe it out okay so what's bringing it in and dropping it off well the red blood cell now before we get into the details about how these two effects actually maximize these two things we have to remember what we talked about in the previous video if you haven't already watched it it's right here please click that watch that first so that this makes sense so we had at the tissue level this red blood cell went to the tissues and picked up a massive amount of carbon dioxide right because the tissues made carbon dioxide grabbed it combined it with water which is always present and it was converted by an enzyme called Carbonic and hydr into carbonic acid acids split apart into into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate in this case that's the conjugate base but I want you to key into the hydrogen ion that made that blood area very acidic because the hydrogen ions were present right and we remember that that helped kick oxygen off CO2 came in hydrogen bound to the hemoglobin molecule okay and then that bicarbon actually shifted with chlorine ions and popped in that was called the chloride shift now that was at the tissues right so I told you in the previous video we're going to reverse all of it today so let's get started so we're going to key into the bore effect first now remember the bore effect when it was really acidic at the tissues it was kicking off the oxygen up from the hemoglobin right but in this case what do we want to do with the oxygen well we want to maximize its pickup by the hemoglobin right so how do we do that well here's the thing we will have a concentration gradient of carbon dioxide here so I want you to look at Carbon dioxide's concentration gradient specifically in terms of partial pressure so it's just the pressure of carbon dioxide in different spaces the bloodstream right now we see the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is relatively High 40 millimeters of mercury that's a pretty good amount of pressure whereas in the alveoli little air saxs of the lungs is insanely low that's because the atmosphere that we're around and we breathe all the air in from has very very low amounts of carbon dioxide which is a good thing because now there's this gradient right so there's going to be some carbon dioxide floating out here that hasn't attached to hemoglobin or any other cases and it is going to begin leaving okay leaving the blood supply in the plas and it's going to actually go into the alvioli ever so slightly now here's the thing this takes a little bit of thinking if we diminish the amount of CO2 here all righty so we decrease this amount right here what happens is chemical reactions like to flow from where there's a lot of product to where there's a little product okay from high to low once again so if I'm telling you some CO2 is leaving we're diminishing CO2 so therefore in this reaction where is it going to go well check this out the arrows will flip so how did that happen well there are plenty of hydrogen ions that were holding on to the hemoglobin right and there's plenty of bicarbon so if we have a lot of those things not much of the carbon dioxide what's going to happen is everything's going to flow the opposite direction so I'm going to shift this Arrow bicarb is going to come back in chlorine is actually going to shift out and also the hydrogen ions attached to the hemoglobin are going to pop over here and these two guys since they're in heavy abundance are going to combine back into Carbonic acid and Carbonic and hydras flips the script instead of pushing it that way it'll force it this way creating carbon dioxide and water so what interesting now since we've made carbon oxide in water now whatever carbon oxide just got freed will actually leave into the alvioli wow how fascinating right so we flipped everything now here's the thing bore effect right deals with acidity what happened to the hydrogen ions now that we did the reaction that direction well I don't see any hydrogen ions anymore on this part of the reaction right so therefore we diminish the amount of hydrogen ions in the solution if we do that what does oxygen want to do it wants to bind to our hemoglobin again because now it's free yeah so I want you to write what the bore effect is at the lung tissue here so I'm going to point it out right here so since we have less hydrogen ions less acid the more oxygen will want to bind to hemoglobin so we're basically making these available receptors from the hemoglobin to come and grab oxygen okay and it's because it is less acidic due to these hydrogen ions being converted back the other direction the carbon dioxide leaving okay so now we have available spots for oxygen but how do we get the oxygen in well look at the gradients once again we have a relatively low amount of oxygen here 45 millimeters of mercury so there's still some oxygen here but not much compared to the air we breathe there's 120 millimeters of mercury worth of pressure of oxygen in your lungs that's because there's a lot of oxygen in the atmosphere thank goodness for that okay so we want to keep it that way so this oxygen high pressure here relatively low pressure in this bloodstream in the capillary so therefore oxygen I'm going to draw it down here is going to want to diffuse high to low into this blood supply and then onto that hemoglobin molecule now remember as oxygen begins to bind and bind and bind we remember the howan effect so the hdan effect States this in this case the more oxygen begins to bind a hemoglobin the less carbon dioxide wants to bind the hemoglobin so basically as oxygen starting to diffuse into this red blood cell what's happening is this CO2 is like no no no I don't like hanging out with oxygen so I'm just going to pop off and pop off so that allows for more oxygen to attach and C2 is going to detach and guess what that process of the hdan effect also allows CO2 to continue leaving into the lungs so at the same time the bore effect because it's less acidic the more oxygen wants to bind there down its concentration gradient right but as the oxygen begins to bind howan effect kicks in and the CO2 leaves because it doesn't like oxygen being there right so CO2 leaving exacerbates it CO2 continues to leave more of the hydrogen ions get converted and CO2 continues to leave oxygen continues to bind and we've maximized oxygen pick up and we've maximized CO2 drop off so once again if this has been helpful please subscribe to this channel like the video and check out my other videos on the cardiovascular system on blood as well as the previous video if you haven't already thanks for watching and have a great [Music] day