Study Guide for BIO 181 Exam 4 - Fall 2024

Chapter 10: Cell Reproduction

General Functions of Cell Division

• Understand the purposes and processes of cell division.

Binary Fission

• Describe the steps involved in binary fission.

DNA, Chromatin, and Chromosomes

• Explain the structure of DNA, chromatin, and chromosomes.

Chromosome Terms

• Histones: Proteins that package and order DNA into structural units.
• Scaffolding Proteins: Help maintain chromosome structure.
• Centromere: Region of chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach.
• Kinetochore: Protein structure where spindle fibers attach during cell division.

Spindle Fibers

• Structure and function in cell division.

Chromosome Numbers

• Significance of haploid and diploid states.

Mitosis

• Functions: Purpose and importance of mitosis.
• Phases of the Cell Cycle: Enumerate and explain.
• Interphase Stages: Functions of each stage.
• Mitotic Phase Stages: Major events in each stage.
• Identifying stages of mitosis.
• Differences between mitosis and cytokinesis.
• Differences in cytokinesis between plants and animals.
• How mitosis produces genetically identical diploid cells.
• Regulation of cell cycle by growth factors and inhibition methods.
• Function of cell cycle checkpoints.
• G0 Phase: Definition and significance.
• Role of cyclins and cdks in cell cycle regulation.
• Causes of cancer through unregulated cell division.
• Differences between benign and malignant tumors.
• Mechanism and side effects of chemotherapy drugs.

Chapter 11: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

Meiosis

• Function: Explanation of meiosis.
• Homologous Chromosomes: Definition and genetic composition.
• Importance of chromosome number and haploid/diploid states.
• Terminology: Gamete, Egg/Ovum, Sperm/Spermatozoon.
• Importance of haploid nature of gametes.
• Stages of Meiosis I and II: Key events.
• Importance of synapsis during Prophase I.
• Crossing over and significance of homologous recombination.
• Production of genetically different, haploid cells through meiosis.
• Comparison with mitosis.

Chapter 12: Mendel’s Experiments and Heredity

Basic Principles of Heredity

• Difference between alleles and genes.
• Gene location on chromosomes.
• Definitions: homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive.
• Genotype vs. phenotype.
• Contributions of Gregor Mendel.
• Laws of Heredity:
  • Law of Segregation.
  • Law of Independent Assortment.
• Exceptions to the law of independent assortment.
• Generations: P, F1, F2.
• Creation and use of Punnett squares.
• Cross Test interpretation.
• Incomplete dominance vs. co-dominance.
• ABO blood type as co-dominance example.
• Pleiotropy and polygenic traits.
• Continuous phenotypes due to polygenic traits.
• Gene interactions and epistasis.
• Impact of genetics and environment on traits.
• Definition and concepts of epigenetics.

Chapter 13: Modern Understandings of Inheritance

Linked Genes

• Explanation and detection of linked genes.

Dihybrid Cross

• Performing dihybrid crosses and predicting phenotypic ratios.

Gene Proximity

• Determining relative proximity of genes based on recombination frequency.

Sex Chromosomes and Traits

• Mammalian sex chromosomes.
• Other forms of sex determination.
• Biological basis and prediction of sex-linked traits.
• X-chromosome inactivation and resulting phenotypes.
• Tortoiseshell coloration in cats.
• Transmission of sex-linked diseases like hemophilia.

Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

• How non-disjunction leads to aneuploidy.
• Causes and identification of Down Syndrome.
• Reading karyotypes for sex and chromosomal abnormalities.
• Definitions of inversions, deletions, duplications, and translocations.

Note: Complete this handwritten study guide for 5 points of extra credit on your exam.