Overview
This lecture covers the rise, survival strategies, and eventual downfall of the Tangut (Western Xia/Xixia) Empire, focusing on their political maneuvers and cultural developments.
Origins and Identity of the Tanguts
- The Tangut people, also known as Tang Zhang or Menya, originated in northwestern China.
- The name "Tangut" was used by the Mongols, while their self-designation was "Menya."
- Their ruling clan, the Tuoba (Toppa), was likely related to the Xianbei peoples.
- The Tanguts adopted several royal Chinese surnames (Li, Zhao), depending on their political allegiances.
Survival and Political Strategies
- The Tanguts used tactical alliances and frequently shifted allegiances between powerful neighbors (Tang, Tibetan, Liao, Jin, Song dynasties) to survive.
- They were rewarded with control over the Dingnan territory and became functionally independent military governors (jiedushi).
- During instability, they switched sides or pledged loyalty to new ruling dynasties to maintain their autonomy.
Rise to Empire
- In 1038, Li Yuanhao declared independence, established the Western Xia (Xixia) Empire, and changed his surname to Weiming.
- He created a distinct Tangut cultural identity, script, and ordered cultural reforms such as specific hairstyles.
- Despite multi-ethnic makeup, Tangut, Chinese, and Tibetan languages coexisted in administration.
Culture and Achievements
- Tanguts were known for adapting Han Chinese agricultural practices and integrating pastoralist traditions (e.g., camel rearing).
- They translated Buddhist and Confucian texts into the Tangut script.
- Developed unique architecture, including beehive-shaped royal tombs.
- Maintained grain production and distinctive clothing styles.
Downfall and Mongol Conquest
- Tanguts became Mongol vassals after defeat in 1209 but later refused to send troops to assist Genghis Khan.
- Tangut general Azagambu insulted the Mongols, provoking Genghis Khan's final campaign.
- In 1227, the Mongols destroyed the Xixia Empire, exterminating much of the Tangut population.
- Few Tanguts survived, and their history is largely reconstructed through archaeology and neighboring records.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Tangut — Ethnic group that founded the Western Xia/Xixia Empire in northwestern China.
- Menya — Tangut people's term for themselves.
- Jiedushi — Military governor in imperial China with semi-independent rule.
- Western Xia/Xixia Empire — Tangut-ruled empire (1038–1227) in today’s northwestern China.
- Tuoba (Toppa) — Ruling Tangut clan, possibly related to the Xianbei.
- Tangut script — Writing system developed for the Tangut language.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the causes of Tangut rise and strategies for survival.
- Study the events leading to the Mongol conquest of the Xixia Empire.
- Remember key terms and cultural developments for examination.