to start with this chapter of sexual reproduction in flowering plants flowering plants means angiosperms so before we start with this chapter of beta we have to revise certain basic concepts basic concepts basically this chapter is about reproduction flowering plants life cycle of angiosperms we should know everything about life cycle of angiosperms after that we'll move ahead with this chapter let's see uh life cycle they have got two generations you must be aware about this concept of generations one generation is called sporophyte and you have to Define who will Define what is a sporophyte what is a gametophyte what are just purified gametophyte and some students get very confused with these terms foreign who will define define I I want a full definition I want full definition you have said this is applied this is deployed anybody wants to make any addition or any change in it sporophyte either deployed generation which reproduces Ace actually by means of spores it reproduces Ace actually by means of spores right don't ever get confused sporophyte is a deployed generation it should be very clear about it sporophyte is a deployed generation and gametophyte is a haploid generation reproduces HX is actually by means of sports spores are formed by will come to that point later on that's also important so yeah gamitophyte is the haploid generation which reproduces sexually by means of gametes Yes actually reproduce foreign gametes undergo fertilization and that is which type of the production sexual reproduction so gametophyte reproduces actually by means of by means of sexually Productions are given to fight reproduces by means of sexually production by production of gametes is a basic definitions you should know these definitions no how do these Generations give rise to each other alternate alternate means about alternational generation sporophyte will give rise to gametophyte gamitophyte obviously will give rise to sporophyte right two generations so in different plant groups one generation is dominant dominant means dominating phase and generally we will see that plant around us more visible larger in size in angiosperms dominant generation is sporophyte so sporophyte dominant generation [Music] dominant generation group in which gametophytase dominant dominant generation any group um dominant this is not part of this chapter method just take examples which generation is dominant give me to fight like mosses and mosses but we are talking about foreign foreign type of spores heterosporus means they produce two types of spores larger female spores called megaspores and smaller male spores called microspores Mega spores or hello spores and microspores right when they are not differentiated they are not of two types so we cannot give them any name so they are just spores neither Mega nor micro Kush is angiosperms they will be talking only about angiosomes right angiosperms are Actos foreign megaspores and microspores right um right here 2N because this is a deployed generation right now they are heterosporous they'll form two types of spores right plants normally plants we see around us is four layers of structures samples petals stamens carpels all of you know that right that is actually the reproductive organ of the plant reproductive organization structures foreign means leaf so if chlorophyll sporophyll is a leaf-like structure it's actually a modified Leaf which is concerned with production of spores it is concerned with production of spores yo female sporophylloga is it called megasporophyll or the male particular that will be called microsporophyll megasporophyll and microsporophyll right um now which structure actually should be called megasporophyll and microsporophyllis carpal is called megasporophyll and stamen is called microsporophyll so so that means what we are trying to say um stamen is a leaf you need more space foreign yes basically all are modified leaves only foreign reproduction they are concerned with reproduction the concern with formation of spores statement is called microsporophyll and carpal is called megasporophyll right megasporophyll and microsporophyll Ables there are three bars ovary style stigma that all of you know foreign structure called Mega spirit inside that there is a structure called Mega sporangium this is [Music] foreign formed images will contain what is it will contain what megasporangium it will contain what it's a matter of Common Sense it will contain megasporangium emitter microsporophyll will contain what microsporangium if I ask you what is megasporangium what will you say it's a structure inside which megasposal form and it is a part of megasporophyll and what is megasporophyll and then you saw what is carpal I'll repeat this point what is megasporangium structure inside which megasposal form and this megasporangium is part of Mega sporophyll and what is Mega sporophyllium angiosperms carbon carpal carpool is a ovary style and stigma California inside which structure I have formed this is ovary contains ovule so what is ovule what is ovule foreign it is actually a mega sporangium inside which megaspores will be formed what is megasporangium structure inside which megaspores will be formed the flowering plants representative which structure is the Mega sprintium ovule right ovule right Now what is microsporangium structure inside which microspores are formed and it has to be a part of Stephen can pass without what are the parts of statement very easy question significantly sorry sorry filamental or filament you know anything about internal structure of answer is Poland sex and there is divided into two lobes generally and these lobes contain what pollens X and what are these pollen sacks what do these pollen sacs represent they represent microsporangium they represent microsporangium so which structure is called microspring genome and angiosperms bolon sags so I'll repeat pollen Sac represents microsporangium inside which micro spores will be produced and these microsporangea are part of microsporophyll and microsporophyll is represented by stamina it should be Crystal Clear there's no doubt right foreign right microscore Mother cell microscore Mother cell or also called Mother cell also called Mother cell no magazine and polar Mother cell now what do you expect these cells these cells these structures should be deployed or haploid what do you expect generation quantities purified was a deployed generation it's a person they will be deployed microscope all these will be deployed or is these are the last cells of deployed generation these are the last cells of deployed generation [Music] they will undergo meiosis they will undergo meiosis foreign so meiosis will give rise to haploid cells obviously meiosis will give rise to haploid cells I have blood cells or what those cells will be called because haploid these pores are haploid spores obviously these pores are haploid spores foreign they are also called pollens foreign is called carbon Microsoft is called megasper engine is called ovule microstringum is called poison sax right and megaspores gametophytic generation pores give rise to gametophytes obviously microscore will give rise to male or female gametophyte male gametophyte microscore will give rise to male gametophyte and megas4 will give rise to female gametophile right they have a highly highly reduced sporophyte was very well advanced hotels dermatophyte is Advanced and sporophyte is reduce Advanced and very well developed and gametophyte is reduce highly reduced names is called pollen is single cell then it divides into two cells and three cells so when it becomes multicellular when that same polar the microsports when it becomes multicellular but then it is equivalent to microscope and when it becomes multi cellular it becomes equivalent to male gametophyte right now obviously these gametophytes are haplota deployed it's a Hypno generation foreign has been called Poland and female gametophyte is called embryosac what is the name of male gametophyte ah female gametophyte amplusac ambrosec is the name of the you must have heard this name female gameto uh sorry embryos female coming to fight right give me 25 is reduced sporophyte is advanced gametophyte is reduced highly reduced and sporophyte is well developed ambrosec what is ambrosec female gametophyte female gametophile right but as the name indicates gametophytes will produce gametes Excel right now just now we have finished human reproduction those may be there also be read male gametes and female gametes so what do you expect these sperm cells is foreign totally wrong in angiosperms sperms are also non-motile gymnosis forms are two such groups where sperms male gametes are also non-motile noted down write it down the sperms are also non-metal exhale to high nonmetal foreign like in bryophyte stereophytes like in bryophyte pseudophytes uh male gametes sperms um in Plants motility has some significance wherever there are motile sperms water water is needed for fertilization if we say the sperms are motile they need water for swimming and reaching the female gamete so they need water for fertilization angiosperms do not need water for fertilization angiosperms have become independent of water for their fertilization significant pointer their sperms are non-motile their sperms are non-modile eggs what is pollination transfer of pollen grains from male flower to female flower and they are transferred to where that transfer to carpool right when poison is transferred there ovary May ovule Canada is foreign pollen tube yeah and then fertilization will occur so this fertilization through pollen tube it just palms and now they have to fuse with Excel and the fuse after formation of poison tube and that is called siphonogamy foreign tube for fertilization siphonogamy a very very important word siphonogamy 11th family is formation of pollen tube honogamy sperms will be transferred to ovule of Wilkins sperms right what will be formed after Fusion what do you expect to be formed The View form is zygote zygote will be formed Zagar will be deployed or haploid deployed points foreign they are formed through mitosis or meiosis mitosis why am I highlighting this point is through mitosis why mitosis because gametophyte is already haploid gamitophyte major cells and to be parts and they are already haploid because they have been derived from spores haploid is at the time of game information in human body meiosis occurs at the time of give me information is occurring at the time of um not give me information okay meat formation is through mitosis occurring is meiosis spores is poor formation this type of meiosis is also called sporic meiosis this is which kind of meiosis this is different um but this is foreign meiosis which occurs at the time of Spore formation the meiosis which occurs are diamonds poor formations is this is sporic meiosis yeah so after that meiosis already sells all the structures have already become haploid and when they have become haploid now they cannot undergo versus um when is it occurring at the time of poor formation and at the time of game information which cell division is occurring mind also gametes are being formed by mitosis and meiosis is occurring at the time of Spore formation this should be crystal clear right so now zygote no zygote has been formed which is a deployed cell can we say this is the first cell of deployed generation can we say this is the first cell of deployed generation yes only megaspore Mega foreign microscore mother cells and this is the first cell of deployed generation right zygote will form embryo obviously there is also two n embroidery it's purified right ambroil from what sporophytes e purified let's first revise it curlerwise quickly sporophyte is the dominant generation and it is heterosporous heterosporous means it will form two types of spores right so they possess structures called sporophylls sporophylls are leafy structures which contain sporangium sporophylls are leafy structures which contain sporangium so this megasporophyll and there is microsporophyll right and obviously these sporophylls will contain sporangium the megasporophyll megasporophyll hacker fish into ovary style and stigma so inside the ovary there is ovule and we will represents what megasporangium and statement is divided into antheran filament anther contains pollen sex and pollen sex represent what micros perennial so inside the microsporangium and megasporangium there are respectives poor mother cells megaspor muscle cells and microscore mother cells which are deployed or haploid deployed they will undergo meiosis will form Mega scores will form microspores right microscope microspore is also a single cell it is called pollen they are haploid they divide two mitosis and give rise to Microsoft will give rise to milk hematophyte and Microsoft will give rise to female is also called pollen singles represents if multicellularity represents male gametophyte which is also highly reduced is called Ambrose hack which will contain egg cell media sperms and they will show fertilization by a technique called siphonogamy photons are transferred to stigma stigma is it pierces through Style goes into ovary enters into ovules foreign this you must know right yeah now we start with the actual content of the chapter is first we have started with the male especially chapter mail refer to part start here you know all the terms so let's first study the structure of stamen statement is divided into two parts which parts so let's start with the anther structure foreign and there is normally formed of two lobes the generalier bilobed structure right so each lobe so these two Loops if you can see these two lobes are separated by a deep Groove foreign lobes are separated through a through cells they're connected through Celsius this tissue which connects the two lobes the tissue which connects the two lobes is simply called connective connectiveness sterile tissue sterilever community this part does not take part in reproduction foreign that part is that part doesn't take part in reproduction right no mobiles should be lying on the tables they should be inside your bags or your pockets no Mobiles on the tables please so we'll see each lobe contains two pollen sacs what is this this is a Poland sack how many Poland sacks are there in one enter how many poison sacks are there four present in four corners and each pollen Sac represents what volume sack represents what represents what Microsoft engine check your notes each pollen sack represents what if you know microspringium is called pollen sac so you should also know Poland's hack is the name for macrophone both you should know they represent what microstranging so suppose if I give a statement if I give a statement that this anther anther is tetrasporangiate what's the meaning of this statement that anther is Tetris it has got four micros per India each anther generally has four microsporangea right and obviously each lobe has got how many each lobe has got how many two yeah um foreign each answer group has two three Commons pockets this is a controversial statement but your ncrt has written it like this only is it has two Poland sacks each lobe has got two Poland sacks this is not exactly true but ncrt says like this right now Poland sex which are present in four corners is the outermost layer the outermost layer is foreign check your chart tables cycle they're supposed to have microscore mother cells and those Microsoft model cells will undergo meiosis to form Microsoft they're lying deep inside the pollen sags surroundings the outermost layer or wall is called epidermis outermost layer or wall is called epidermis phere there's nothing significant there's nothing special to be known about epidermis epidermis is just a covering layer a protective layer right so this is a protective layer called epidermis and inside this epidermis inside this epidermis they are layers called middle layers oh sorry inside and inside this epidermis there are there is a layer called endothecium there's a layer called endothecium you're present here only focus on your notes outermost is epidermis inner to that is endotheism and inner to that middle layers middle layers one two three layers and inside that there is tapitum inside there is just inside to that there is foreign right to nearest now few words about these layer beta is thick walls with fibrous thickenings right you can see on the side on the sides you can see foreign this area is also called stomium a weak area right this is the purpose of this area opening stoma actually means an opening when enter shows decisions you know what is decisions what is Jason's rupturing of the anther when anther ruptures burst open breaks so as to release the poems so I should leave the poisons that is called dysons oh foreign significant [Music] right foreign next layer is very important tape item is very important it has dense cytoplasm multi-nucleated cells is the name of the layer epitome has dense cytoplasm the cells are multinucleated yoga they become multilucated they have dense cytoplasm and the cells of tepitum perform multiple functions a is they provide nutrition and support system to the growing the sperms spermatocytes so same kind of role is played by this uh tipitum here they provide nutrition to the growing just poor mother says which are undergoing meiosis to form spores those process May cells will need nutrition so that is coming from it's an important function then better they form obese bodies or obesity granules which bodies or obesity granules what are these best granules or obese bodies foreign what is that called exyne important a word exyne should know this word exyne granules or bodies and they help in forming they have been forming exyne of pollen grain and what is exyne EXO means outer um is derived from obesity granules which are produced by which are produced by tepidum which are produced by tapita these two functions are important then there is one more function this epitome or helps in formation of pollen kit foreign foreign grains you know insects also help in pollination you must have heard some insects help in pollination of certain flowers so will it be of benefit if these pollens get stuck to the body of insects because of sticky nature of Poland kit is it has a specific role it helps in sticking to the body of insects so that they get easily transported to other areas foreign foreign means insect pollinated flowers like you must have heard anemophilus anemophilus means air through air less means through animals any animal blue fillers are being transferred or polluted through insects so exyne pollen kit and nutrition these are three main functions of tapita which is the innermost layer or outermost layer animals closest to the pollen Sac right outer layers now let's see what actually is present in the foreign what is written yeah what is written it contains porogenous tissue it contains what sporogenous tissue and what do you mean by sporogenous tissue Spore forming tissue a pollen Sac represents water now tell without uh without seeing your nodes Poland sacs represent water micro scores what do we call it sporogenous tissue what is porogenous tissue Spore forming tissue cells what what kind of cells do you expect micro score muscle cell other cells are also called foreign now you can check your notes PMC what is PMC PMC stands for PMC stands for the mother's health which is other name for microscope um what abbreviation will you make of Mega sport muscle cell foreign foreign cells deployed cells these are deployed cells right so yeah itself is these are the last cells of these are the last cells of the blood generation they have to undergo meiosis there's a word called microsporogenesis what's the meaning of word microsphorogenesis formation of microspores microscope so that's a process of micro sporogenesis and what do you think after meiosis each PMC after meiosis each PMC will give rise to how many micro scores will form four haploid microsports 4 Tata means group of four foreign which all are which all are haploid will get separated they'll get dissociated right distance means rupturing of enter right what will they be called what do we call them what do we call them pollens whatever sizes are mentioned in the ncrd obviously we have to know 25 to 50 micron it's globular rounded in outline right diameter at 25 to 50 micron uh so externally it is covered by exyne and internal it is covered by in time there is something called in time and there's something called exyne exyne and in time in time in time is pecto cellulosic and time is pecto cellulosic Now what's the meaning of pecto cellulosic what's the meaning of this term it consists of Pep T in or cellulose you know the meaning carbohydrates [Music] layer Xenoverse underline this word sporopolinine it's a highly resistant substance biological degradation you know the enzymes but we don't have any enzymes which can break this layer right that can be broken but normally it is resistant to any biological degradation no enzymes have been found which can break this substance foreign foreign they must resist sorry for fossilization any degradation must be resisted they get fossilized because of this reason which reason very important right now only further foreign we are not bothered about those layers we just remember one point the outermost layer the outermost layer exactly the outermost of these is called tectum what is tectum outermost covering of exyne outermost covering of exyne is called tectum and what is important about tectum what is important about tech term beta tectum has got different types of designs sculptures patterns patterns one of their designs and it's interesting to know Gears of patterns they're different for different species totally different species we know the patterns of tectum of different species so we can identify those pollens they belong to which species how by studying the patterns and designs made on tectum so tectum is important from this point of view yes important point then but uh one more point then rest we do next time foreign places absent those points are called jumpers [Music] absent so those areas are all jumpers foreign because there is no which area doesn't have Exxon area right so this is all for today