Overview
The lecture outlines the main features of the French Constitution of 1793, detailing citizenship, government structure, rights, and the principles guiding the French Republic during the Revolution.
Principles of the Republic
- The French Republic is unified and indivisible.
- Liberty, equality, and fraternity form the state's foundational values.
Citizenship
- French citizenship is granted to men born and living in France over 21, and qualifying foreigners after one year.
- Citizenship can be lost by naturalization abroad or accepting foreign office.
- Rights are suspended upon indictment or sentencing in absentia.
Popular Sovereignty and National Representation
- All citizens are included in popular sovereignty and can directly appoint deputies.
- Deputies are elected; each represents 40,000 citizens.
- Elections are by absolute majority, with special procedures for ties and second rounds.
- Deputies represent the whole nation and can be replaced by the assemblies that elected them.
- Annual elections occur on May 1st.
Legislative Body
- Sessions are public and require at least 200 members to deliberate.
- Laws, decrees, and major administrative actions are proposed and determined by majority vote.
Executive Council
- Composed of 24 members, chosen by the Legislative Body from department-nominated candidates.
- Responsible for executing laws and managing civil administration.
Administrative and Municipal Bodies
- Each commune, district, and department has its own administration.
- Officials are elected or appointed, renewed annually, and have no legislative powers.
Civil and Criminal Justice
- Uniform civil and criminal codes exist across France.
- Citizens can choose arbitrators; decisions are final unless reserved for appeal.
- Peace judges and criminal judges are elected; inquiries and trials are public.
Taxation and Public Duties
- All citizens must contribute to public expenses.
Constitutional Amendments
- A National Convention may be called if sufficient assemblies request constitutional revision.
Foreign Relations
- The Republic is allied with other free peoples and does not interfere abroad.
- Asylum is granted to those exiled for liberty; tyrants are denied.
Guarantee of Rights
- Guarantees equality, liberty, security, property, public debt, worship, schooling, relief, free press, assembly, and rights of man.
- The Constitution is to be displayed in public spaces.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Popular Sovereignty — Ultimate authority resides with the people; all citizens participate in government.
- Deputy — An elected representative in the legislative body.
- Executive Council — The body responsible for implementing laws and overseeing administrations.
- Primary Assemblies — Local citizen groups with voting and electoral rights.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the Declaration of Rights and Constitutional Act as referenced in the Constitution.
- Study the outlined election and representation procedures for further discussion.