hello everybody and it is time to start with the chapter one lecture videos before I go into the specific material for chapter one I want to talk about these videos in general they are being supplied to you because this would be what I would personally cover if I were coming to class with you face to face and so as you are going through your material use these videos like you go to class it's very important actually um I've got this by my side this is the guiding or the guided reading and understanding document that I have for you in Blackboard and basically you can just see chapter one and it's got all the different concepts that we'll cover in the video I've had some students take this and print it out or they just take notes and I don't know I found it really helpful to have kind of like something to go along with and to guide not only your reading but your studying as well so if you have any questions about anything let me know but literally watched the chapter lecture videos when you're going through that particular chapter literally just like you're going to class and I'll set you up for the best success especially when studying for exams all right so let's get started chapter one I on chapter one almost seems like two different chapters if you look at it the first part of it it's like all the series it's almost like we're kind of in a little bit of a history class and then the second part kind of shifts into research so when you when you do flip through that first chapter it almost seems like two in one but I'll I'll let you know when we're kind of making that shift and you'll kind of see on here we kind of make that shift so we've got all the psychological series and then research message sets at the bottom all right so let's go through some of these theories and again let's just talk about series for a minute you may read through some of these and you don't really like it that's okay right I mean the reason why there's so many theories is because somebody didn't like somebody else's the theory and came up with their own so you don't have to like or agree with all the historical series it's just that when we talk about psychology really that's the science of our behavior and mental processes or thought processes would be kind of a generic definition for this course's title where do we come from type of thing and so we have to talk about the different theories you know may or may not be the most exciting thing are not as much modern as others and I'll make mention of that too so the goal for any of the lecture material is to condense write simplify the material because sometimes reading a textbook can be confusing okay but do make sure make sure that when you are reading along the text using your guided reading because we're not going to read every word of the textbook that is not at all realistic you're going to focus on what's on here or what's in a crossword puzzle or what's on a quiz that guides what you pay attention to in the text not that you're sitting down reading a full chapter and then doing your work okay Panic or sometimes seen as psycho analytic this is not a modern one and really what I want you to connect especially as you're taking notes would be Freud I'm sure you've all heard of Freud even if you've never taken a psych class you've at least heard the name for whatever reason uh definitely connect he focused on the unconscious so that's important childhood experiences that's important and we'll talk about a lot of the stuff that we're kind of glossing over in chapter one we'll actually return to some of this stuff later on in other chapters where we're not glossing over it anymore but we are talking more in detail so for instance this psychosexual developmental stages for Freud uh back in childhood we'll revisit all this stuff but for now you're just kind of golfing over it big picture idea so oncologists childhood experiences um you know and he was uh heavy on the sexual focus and again we'll go back to those um developmental stages and you know kind of rubs people the wrong way now but it it did back then too okay um behaviorism that's another one this is a more modern one and we'll actually talk about this a bunch well really it's all of chapter five chapter five is learning and that's what this particular theory is all about it is a focus on learning um focus on the observable behaviors of other people now it's important to connect three different people Pavlov started this off if y'all have ever heard of Pavlov's dogs and classical conditioning he kind of kicked off this whole Theory now whenever he kind of had his say Pavlov Watson came into the picture continuing on with classical conditioning he was well known for a little Albert again we'll talk about all this stuff again in chapter five once he had his saying and Skinner came along and Skinner focused on operant conditioning and just to back up a moment classical conditioning is learning by association you might want to write that down learning by association we're just associating one thing with another thing so like with Pavlov's dogs he he actually didn't set out to um study psychology it kind of started out but again I'll go through that more in chapter five but it was disassociating uh the person who brought in the food with the food itself okay just two things were put together an association was made operant conditioning according to Skinner was more so based on um punishments and Rewards and then so anyway Pavlov Watson scanner definitely uh connect those three with behaviorism um Pavlov and want some more class classical conditioning learning by association Skinner was more operant conditioning learning by rewards and punishments that's really the the global view of that one for now uh humanistic this is another theory it's more of a modern Theory excuse me just a little tidbit about me I'm a sucker for old Tupperware so this is like a Tumblr glass from the 70s you'll see like random vintage glasses in my videos because that's constantly all right think of Rogers and Maslow with this one think of free will uh self-actualization so factualization is just basically meeting your total human potential type of thing and motivation again we'll go through this more later in another chapter cognitive this is another more modern approach think of this one as well think of the word cognitive or cognition it's the way we're thinking so thinking then drives our Behavior this one came about more so in the 60s where it's kind of Compares how we think to a computer and in the 60s I swear all that started to uh ramp up sociocultural this one's a little easier because you basically take this word social roles and culture and kind of put them together so our social roles and culture kind of Drive how we behave so it's kind of easy to understand just like if I were to go into a classroom and I'm the teacher versus a student I might behave in a certain way based on my social role for that day and in fact I I do so I'm actually in real life a very introverted person my students have never really believed me because if you see me in class I'm very hyper and very outgoing in class never any other time so again if you see me in class likely I'm going to be all over the place I'm hyper I'm here it's like I'm I'm you know one of those balls in a pinball machine and I'm very very talkative and loud and I talk super super fast I try to slow myself down on on videos so that is my behavior now if I were to walk in there as a student I would literally probably not say anything and the only time I would probably say anything is if the teacher were asking questions and nobody else was answering and I want the kind of move the discussion along but anyway just kind of a simple example to say how are Behavior might change based on our social roles or even the culture that we're from biopsychological this one is this one honestly kind of like behaviorism is all of chapter five biopsychological as all of chapter two so whereas in chapter one we're going to discuss these older theories or more modern theories and research in chapter two we take a completely different shift and we talk about the brain and sometimes that's surprising to students it's like whoa I felt like I was in history class for chapter one now I feel like I'm in biology class but basically it that our Behavior the theories that our behavior is a direct result from things that are happening in our physical body maybe it's genetics maybe it's brain damage maybe it's different brain chemicals because it's all geared towards what's happening in our physical body another structuralism this is not so much a modern approach and I can run runt something like that it starts with a W uh but it's German and I can't hardly say it uh he is often credited as being the father of psychology even as sometimes I've seen you know things where people argue well Freud is but not really not according to the timeline it's just I think people recognize Freud's name uh more because he's been more publicized but when it comes to kind of the date and the timeline of psychology 1879 was the first lab solely dedicated to psychology from Vermont now one other important thing other than the name to put with structuralism is the term introspection so this is what he was really focused on so let's say um uh put an apple in your hand and I asked you to introspect You're Gonna you're really gonna be uh thinking about your experience with this apple and maybe it's shiny maybe it's smooth if you take a bite maybe it's crunchy or oh have you ever had those apples where they're soft in the middle honey crisps are by far my favorite right you bite into them it's crunch and it's very crisp it's just like the it's just like the um the the name of it the other apples you bite into it and it's soft I'm sure some people like those but oh they kind of it gives me the chills thinking about biting each other soft Apple uh not so weird and random but that would be the experience right that I'm explaining oh it's sweet or it's not so sweet it's soft it's crisp it's juicy it's whatever or sometimes it's waxy or bitten into an apple it tastes like you're biting into wax but anyway that is the idea of introspection uh Gestalt this is another um older Theory and really probably I guess a good phrase to write down uh with this one and it's worth worth Heimer it's another uh hard name for me to say but is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts y'all may have heard that uh phrase somewhere along the line and basically it's that we kind of see things as a whole you can kind of think of like we can't really perceive a piece of music until we kind of hear it as a whole if we hear individual notes can't really we can't really take in that piece of music but if we hear it all together as a whole we can or like if we look at these pictures that um it's different objects but uh we kind of see it as a whole uh I just saw because I am creating this video at Christmas time and I just saw a picture of a Santa Claus that wasn't a Santa Claus at all but it was buttons and maybe y'all have seen this it was literally just different colored buttons that's all it was and somebody had glued different color buttons all over this huge look to be huge canvas but all I saw was Santa Claus but then when I started looking it's like whoa wait a minute all these are buttons just layered on top of each other so but when I looked at it I saw the whole thing that's kind of an example of that one and the last Theory functionalism this is an older one and you can connect this one with William James and basically it's the idea that our brain helps us function and survive over time kind of closely uh going along with uh Darwin and Darwin's idea whether you believe in evolution or not it goes with his uh thought process that because uh Evolution was about physical traits so we changed physical traits or animals change physical traits to survive over time and William James took this and kind of tweaked it for his own use and thought okay well our brains can do the same thing and so our brains could help us function in the real world and therefore survive okay so that would be all of the theories kind of start out our course and I've I've tried to whittle down uh some key words and key ideas to explain the differences some again you may like more than others and that's totally okay there's some that I like and some that I totally don't like and that's okay all right so let's get I'm trying to go trying to go along with your guided reading especially if you're going along with it to write notes which I highly suggest all right so let's go to the four goals of psychology let's just figure out I mean what is this subject aiming to do anyway right kind of simple as that let's let's also talk about one thing before I forget whenever you're thinking about these Concepts or you're reading in the text always make sure that you're thinking about it within the context of real life or within a context of an example because on the exams oftentimes I put scenarios or examples on there so I might give you a scenario and then ask you what goal of psychology is it so yes it's important to understand what is the goal you know what what's what's the goal and what's the order but what does the goal mean okay so oftentimes whenever you are watching a video and I'm going through a concept and I use an example you may want to jot down that example too because you're going to see a lot of that in the exams I do do some like vocabulary but it's just not as much it's more example and scenario and things like that okay so the first one is description we're just describing what's going on you know what what's happening and that's it describe Behavior what's happening uh let's see let's say more females teach elementary school I'm sure I mean we all can picture um a common Elementary School and yes there are more female teachers in elementary school where does describing what's happening that's all we're doing okay what's happening that's what's happening and I'm sure we can all agree that's this factual okay then we want to explain it why why is that why is it why are more females teaching elementary schools I mean you could come up with all different explanations and you don't really have to be right in the context of you know our research you're gonna you know perhaps you know figure out or come up with some you know pretty solid ideas about why but you know think to yourself why it may be that well that's just always been the way it has been um Elementary School students are little I mean think of the average kindergartner I mean they're so they're so teeny tiny uh and they're they're still trying to learn how to tie their shoes and I mean even going to the bathroom is still somewhat questionable things they're just lit all so maybe females are more apt you know they're they're more nurturing they're more like take you know they lean towards that taking care right and so maybe that's just an area where they shine right I mean uh perhaps more females want to have more of a schedule that their kids do I mean who knows right it could be it could be any number of things so that's what we'll do we'll just explain it and again you don't have to be right it's just you know some ideas we can predict Behavior well that's just easy what what do we think is going to happen in the future do you think that more females will teach elementary school in the future probably so then we want to control behavior and kind of think of this as you know how might we change it how might we control it enough to change it in this context how do we get more males to the com Elementary School teachers you know so you can kind of think in your mind you know how might how might those jobs be marketed you know or whatever so again when you're thinking about the foregoat know what they are and know their order but also understand them in the context because you will see one if not more of those on the exams another idea just as we're getting introduced to psychology is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist which is oftentimes confused I've even seen this mistake made in TV and movies but they both have phds okay so the psychologist has a PHD and I don't know that person might have their own practice maybe they're doing talk therapy with clients they could be researching they could be teaching a lot of times people with PhD you'll see them as College professors so they could be doing a number of things but a psychiatrist in addition to that schooling tax on medical school as well well if you have a medical degree then you can do one key thing that the psychologist cannot do and that's to prescribe medication so they may be more focused on medication management with different psychological disorders not to say they wouldn't do talk therapy as well they could and many do but it's also kind of common to hear that let's say you have a psychiatrist for medication management but you're also going to a psychologist for talk therapy for you know maybe uh you know coping mechanisms and you know that that type of stuff or um to help uh talk through a past trauma or whatever the case may be so it's not always that you know somebody might do one or the other they they could be doing both but just remember that key is the type of schooling that's that medical schooling to be able to prescribe medication that is the key difference there okay foreign let's see let's move on and let's shift our gears to research now all of this is not on your guided reading I do want to talk about for a moment the scientific method since we're going to talk about research so you may want to write some notes about this scientific method what do we use it for in very simplistic terms to reduce bias that's it we use the scientific method so that we can reduce bias in our research now there's five different steps and most often times people forget the the last one but let's talk about these steps we want to come up with a question identify a question what is it we what what do you want to know what do you want to study what do you want to research it's kind of like if you were writing a paper or something what's the first step in writing a paper you have to figure out what to write right you CA you can't write your paper without first knowing well what's my topic you know what what do I want to write about same thing with research identify your question what do you want to know and then you want to come up with a hypothesis y'all probably heard of this word and that's just kind of an educated guess you know you you know what you want to research come up with a hypothesis what do you what do you think again you don't have to be right because you're going to do the research figure it out so you do not have to be right but you want it to be a pretty educated guess okay then you want to test it right now what we're fixing to talk about is how we could test it all right but that's what you want to figure out you want to test to see if your hypothesis was right or not and then you want to come up with your conclusions based on your test then that last thing you want to report it out because don't you want other people to know now you may or may not have done some like real research papers likely you haven't yet um if you're just now taking this 101 but if you take let's say you come back to me and you take my 400 level class um I teach a developmental psychology 420. and you're doing the research paper well what you're doing is you're going and finding out all of the uh experiments and research that other people have done well good thing they reported it right because you you need to find all that and so it's pretty nice we appreciate when people report their results because then we can see what they came up with and this might spur our you know our own research ideas but certainly helps our research paper out of knowing you know what other people have done okay so let's get to the types of research that you know what what are our choices we want to do some research but what are our choices I'm a little stopped up so um through this doing this video is kind of um kind of difficult all right the first one we want to do is a descriptive so again this this describes Behavior super easy by just this by just the title right we just want to describe but if we want to describe Behavior how do we do that so if we're just thinking about descriptive research as an umbrella you know what kind of specific research methods do we put in that umbrella one we could do like a a survey and I'm sure all of y'all have done a survey even if it's super simple um gosh I've sat down to a restaurant table before and there will be a little card there asking questions I might go on a website and there's this pop-up that asks a couple questions if you've ever done an in the survey course evaluation if you've never done one before you're going to do one for this course again it's just a survey they're they're everywhere and they're so easy now and and that's one of the uh kind of prose is this easy it's cheap it's quick I mean I don't know how many Survey Monkey surveys that I've uh Survey Monkey being the survey website that you can quickly create a survey and send it out to people I mean it's just quick easy cheap way of getting the responses of behaviors and thoughts of a lot of people like that all right there's a downside though to that too because you might send it out people don't even send it back or people you know might start the survey and not finish it another thing is they can just lie about it oh I mean you know so you have to kind of take that into consideration when you get the responses like you hope people are being honest but they might so with everything comes you know some some good and some bad things to to consider a case study is another one that you could jot down under an umbrella case study is just a whole lot of information about one person or one situation this is great uh for something let's say that's very rare and many uh introduction site books you'll read about the example of finis gauge for a case study and this was a long time ago uh but this man had without going into all the details of Steel Rod uh blown into his skull when in the front and then came back miraculously he survived and uh a whole bunch of information was gathered about his particular situation about what happened the medical records interviews with people you know about you know him before and after and this and the other so I mean you think about it I mean can you do an experiment if you want to know if your question is hey if if I you know had a steel rod blown through my skull and out the other side you know would I survive I mean yeah ridiculous right totally ridiculous but we can't actually study that but you know this freak accident that happens okay well what you can do is you can take down all the information from that one specific incident now the the bad thing is you can't generalize that so let's say this freak occurrence happen to someone else well just because you know this that and the other happened to Phineas Gage doesn't mean that that's going to be your experience or this other person's experience so it's good information to have but we can't generalize it to everybody so that would be a downside you've got observations of people and you've got two different types you could do it in a lab but of course you know the good thing is you can create the environment that you need the bad part is it's not real life I mean you have artificially created this environment in which to observe Behavior you could do observations naturally called naturalistic observations and this is in real life that's the good part is you are um you are observing people in their real life environment which you know is obviously not replicated in the lab however you can still have a downside so um you can have kind of two different things going on you could have observer effect or Observer a bias Observer affected I mean let's say that you knew that I was studying the um behavior of college students there's they're social their social skills and you're on campus and you see me kind of hanging out you know she's still research on something alter your behavior because you know I'm there and you know that I'm researching you know you might have ever heard me saying it or maybe I talked about it in class or something not to say that you would but you might on the flip side on my side what if I'm watching the social interactions of college students and I based on my past you know my personal opinions and all that I come up with a conclusion about what I'm seeing that's really not the truth right I'm letting my bias skew what might be going on so again all these have a little good but then also have some cons as well all right so let's shift our Focus to correlational research maybe that's the research method we want to use well think of that word correlation it kind of means a relationship between two different variables it's important to note this note this in your notes this doesn't mean causation okay correlation just means is something connected or linked or has a relationship with something else it's kind of like you know does does smoking cause cancer well we can't say that definitively because there's smokers that don't get cancer is it highly correlated yes that's two different things right if something is correlated with something versus just something cause something else so make sure you're you're not confusing those okay so you could have a positive correlation of you know one variable increases so does the other or you could have a negative whereas an inverse correlation is one number it's going down the other one is going up and again we'll talk about that later but for right now it's that one thing is linked and there's a relationship between two variables but it's not causation less shift Focus if we want to show if something causes something else because that's what we want to look for we want to look for causation we have to use a formal experiment this one's different it's a little bit more complicated because there's more moving parts to this one so with a formal experiment yes you are looking for causation but you've got a couple different groups you've got a couple different variables and you're you're going to want to know what these are and also be able to pick them out of a scenario all right so let's talk about the two groups so you you'll have an experimental group and I like to think of this as they're getting experimented on you know so if I if I'm reading a scenario about a research I'm asking myself who's getting experimented on and that'll be my experimental group you've also got a control group now we want to control this group we don't really want anything to happen so we're controlling them all right we have an independent and dependent variable an independent variable is the one that's being manipulated this is very important to write down independent variable is the one that is the variable that's getting manipulated the dependent variable depends it depends on what the independent variable is another way to remember dependent variable is that that's what's being measured okay now this experimental uh independent variable rather the one that we're manipulating this is what the experimental group is getting because they're getting experimented on okay so let's use all that and let's think of an example let's put it all together let's say I want to know if playing an aggressive video game because there's a lot of really aggressive and violent video games out there I don't play games but I've seen some of it um I don't see the appeal but lots of people do uh let's say and that's that's what we want to figure out does playing a violent video game calls okay so it's important we're we're searching causation so we're using a formal experiment increased aggression so I thought well no we gotta test it so we're going to test it well let's get two groups experimental group control group what does the control group get nothing okay so you know that they'll either get nothing or play some sort of very calm non-violent you know generic game because we want to control them we don't we don't want anything to happen not different anyway then we have the experimental group well we're going to give them the independent variable because they're getting experimental so what then is the independent variable remember this is the one we're manipulating it's the type of game so the independent variable is going to be the violent game okay now our dependent variable is going to be what depends on the independent variable it's also what is being measured so after these people play The Violet video games we want to measure somehow increased aggression whatever that is will be our dependence figured okay now one way to prepare for those types of questions on the exam would be to like Google independent and dependent variable scenarios just read through the scenarios see if you can pick out what's the independent variable what's the dependent variable what's the experimental group what's the control group and if you can do that then you'll be totally fine for those exam questions all right wrapping up chapter one would be ethical guidelines now gosh we'll talk about some you know uh just like that Watson that I mentioned in behavioral uh he's famous for little Albert at that that kind of experience the experiment would not happen today it's not at all ethical so um you know some of the the earlier experiments you might ask yourself uh is that ethical uh and chances are the answer is no but if you do research today ethical considerations are extremely extremely important so one of them is really that people come first you know the rights and well-being of people come first and the research has to be worth it in some way um you know in a lot of cases in a major way Studies have to be voluntary I mean you can't force anybody to do something it'd be like me asking or let's say that I am giving you a survey I'm doing some research about you know college students or whatever and uh give you a survey and say you know this is worth five percent of your grade this is for my research well I'm not technically forcing you but really I am right if you if you think it's worth part of your grade you're going to feel forced to do it I mean you don't want a zero so you're going to feel forced to do it so I can't do that now I might could give you something and say hey for some extra credit you could you know fill this out that's totally fine but I couldn't force you to do it um if you're part of the study and yes you volunteer to do it but in the middle you want to stop you're able to stop you don't you don't have to keep on doing that um sometimes there's deception in research and and that's fine but you know people have to be debriefed at the end you know again it has to be worth you know the deception but a debriefing is at the end where you go back and you hear about exactly what the study was about and the groups and um the results and all that kind of stuff I don't know about y'all but if I take my time to help somebody with a study I'm I I want to go back and see okay well what were you really after what group was I in what what were your results you know I'd be uh pretty interested in that uh another thing is that it's the responsibility of the researcher to make sure that no physical or psychological harm uh comes to someone who is our participant and if one of those things does happen it's the only researcher to to make that right so there's you know a lot of accountability there if you are doing your uh research to make sure that everybody is taken care of and last but not least certainly as animals are used for uh research and if they are they have to be treated humanely or let's say that there's some sort of um in a procedure physical procedure that has to be done or something um you know animals would have to get anesthesia and all that just like uh humans would all right so that wraps up our chapter one I'm at 44 minutes now um you know a standard class for me for this particular class will be an hour and 15 minutes likely I will probably never use all that time so uh the good thing with these videos is you can stop them you don't have to watch them all in one stretch if you don't want to but they're very digestible and um either a classroom setting or just you know at home where you're carving some time for going to class this this these videos are definitely going to class but will rarely ever be an hour and 15 minutes will be um shorter than that all right until the next chapter bye