Overview
This lecture covers the main political ideologies in America, focusing on the definitions of liberal and conservative, as well as the processes and factors (agents) that shape individual political beliefs.
Political Ideologies in America
- Political ideology refers to identifying as liberal, conservative, libertarian, socialist, etc.
- Party affiliation and ideology are related but not identical.
- "Left" typically refers to liberals; "right" to conservatives.
Conservatism in the U.S.
- Conservatives believe large government threatens liberty and prefer smaller government.
- Favor free markets and believe in minimal government intervention in the economy.
- Support strong national defense and lower government spending (except for defense).
- Prefer lower taxes and traditional values, including opposition to abortion and support for prayer in schools.
- Value liberty above other virtues.
Liberalism in the U.S.
- Liberals believe government can solve social problems and support larger government involvement.
- Favor economic regulations, higher taxes on the wealthy, and protecting marginalized groups.
- Support environmental protection and consumer rights.
- Advocate for more spending on social programs, less on national defense.
- Value equality as their main political virtue.
Agents of Political Socialization
- Political socialization is the process of developing political beliefs.
- Family: Primary influence—children often adopt political views of parents or rebel against them.
- Social Groups: Race, gender, religion, and ethnicity often predict political leanings.
- Education: Schooling exposes students to civic values; higher education correlates with more liberal views on social issues.
- Political Conditions: Major events during formative years (e.g., Great Depression, Reagan era) shape political outlook.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Political Ideology — A set of beliefs about politics and government roles.
- Liberal — Supports government intervention for equality and social welfare.
- Conservative — Prefers limited government, free markets, and traditional values.
- Political Socialization — Process by which individuals form political beliefs.
- Gender Gap — Tendency for women to be more liberal than men on many issues.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review your own political socialization agents (family, social groups, education, experiences).
- Prepare to discuss examples of political ideology in American life in class.