okay and we're back I do want to add a little extra layer as well because when we're talking about yes we have single double and of course Triple bonds then what I'm starting to realize is that I want to talk about rotation around those bonds as well because when you have a single Bond you have free rotation okay so free rotation around the bonds which will allow carbon and things that's attached to to have basically a lot of different Arrangements but because they have different Arrangements that also can cause more confusion because you might be thinking to yourself well wait a minute they look like the same exact structure or they look like different structures but they actually could be the same exact structure that's what I'm trying to say okay so with this you have again free rotation no rotation with something that's linear no rotation okay and then here you're going to have restricted rotation so double bonds you have restricted rotation now of course you do see that I have a flash card moment up here that means that you want to stop yourself and create some kind of flash card um to help you start understanding bonding properties of carbons for example maybe on the front you can say carbon hybridization on the back could be all three of the hybridize amounts so to kind of help you with that because yes it can't get messy with me in my brain um I actually am going to go and start to basically write down some details about the different hybridizations that we just saw okay let's go to the next again you stop and make sure we have detailed down in these hybridizations we talked about three main ones that help us understand those bonds that carbon is creating and of course the shapes of come from all right so I'm going to start with the fp3 Hy equation I don't know let should make read short portions I'm going to say okay we have a carbon that has four things attached to it we have a carbon that has three things attached to and what are these things and we know that we're talking about electron groups so those things can be electron um L pairs just write electronic grps get my head out there Elon groups which can be of course other atoms or it can be lone pairs let's just get that out the way off RI okay so of course the front of the car can be about carbon hydridization the back would be something like this it is your choice but I'm just want you to be as active as possible in this moment okay let me erase this here let's get down a details we have four electron groups surrounding the carbon then you're going to have sp3 hybrid orbital okay and those sp3 hybrid orbitals are going to have a shape that is tetrahedral again we have a carbon with two molecules that are in plane and two that are out okay because we are dealing with sp3 we know that they're going to form Sigma bonds or just simply Sigma Bond all right so you can just write that but let's kind of add an example let's say that we have this molecule this actually represents a skeletal structure we're going to talk about later on and as you can see each carbon we're not able to see the hydrogen because it's skeletal it doesn't show hydrogen skeletal structures but this organic molecule here has single bonds I no double bonds or anything like that and so these single bonds can rotate around and because single bonds can rotate sure and they can rotate freely this structure will be the same as this structure here have the same amount of carbons okay have the same amount of carbons they're just arrang differently right let's count the amount of carbons one two three four and five the amount of carbons here still one two three four and five all that happened is is that this carbon carbon 2 here definitely had and carbon two and four both had different attachments that's all we're seeing okay now let's move on and go into the three things that are attached to C and one are those three things again it's going to be electron group okay when three things are attached that means we're only going to need three Atomic orbitals to mix to form SP2 hybridized Orit before do want to go back and make sure that you guys have the 109.5 degree Bond angle between these bonds here the sigma Bond just make sure they that and also just to add to yes they can rotate but it can um when you actually have carbons moving into other areas and extra branching that can be a completely different structure so we'll talk about some in five all right back to three things for F2 okay so we have these SP2 orbitals and again these brand new hybrid orbitals are going to have their own shape this shape is going to be trional planer okay and so that means you're going to have carbon double bonded and then you're going to have um of course two other single bonds here so this double bond here is going to be made of Sigma Bond and one Pi Bond and of course all these uh single bonds are all Sigma bonds here all right now trigonal planer is going to give to be very flat and so you're just going to have 120 de angles as you see here and again you're dealing with Sigma and Pi bonds to give yourself a double bond now when it comes to double bonds you do have restricted rotation and so that means that yes it can rotate a bit but it's not going to be as much it's just going to be able to rotate here a little bit and kind of change groups that are attached to the carbon itself so let's go ahead and come up with something here like for example we have one carbon here and another one here we have a group here and a group here right um due to rotation so one of these groups rotates it actually can create brand new geometric isomers which means same type of actual molecular formula but their structures different so these isomers as you can see since one both groups are on the same side here going to be called a cyst isomer and then of course when they're across from one another one group here and one group down here or of course you can have the opposite one group here and one group here these are called trans and so we'll talk about how some of these geometric shapes arise when you have uh of course double bonds that restrict that rotation single bonds free rotation you kind of move things around and get all kind of different like structural is for example but when it comes to double bonds because they can only rotate specifically they they're what's called geometric isomers because it's all about the spatial arangement all right now let's end off with of course when you have two electron groups surrounding our overall carbon you're going to have SP hybridized orbitals which is going to be linear so if I have a triple bond this is the carbon here this is the carbon here um there's going to be a 180° Bond angle and no rotation here that okay no rotation and this is kind of how it will set up or at least start to set up um the flash card again you can edit this of course make it look way better than how I'm writing it but again this is just getting your brain juices working making sure that you are staying active you you can add more examples about their orbitals themselves their angles their shapes course give yourself more examples any options work so what else I mean yes we understand that we have our Atomic properties we understand bence Bond Theory we're able to see visually how carbon is able to make those stable sp3 SP2 or SP bonds but what else should all carbon makes it so amazing well carbon is actually small we go back to the periodic table we said as you go across you increase electro negativity and as you go up with you also increase electro negativity well you increase Atomic five sorry decrease Atomic five as you go up the group and since carbon let go back to that actual here because carbon is right here up in the group we want to make sure that we understand that carbon is actually very small and so because it's very small it's going to allow better overlap what am I talking about well we know we're dealing with Sigma bonds right and tri Bond and so Sigma bonds have endtoend overlap and when you have better overlap you have more stable bonds guess what carbon can provide that because it's so small all right it's able to orient better become more stable also these carbon carbon bonds that we see here these carbon carbon bonds are short they allow Sigma and Pi bonds allowing for more structural diversity because they're so short they can make Sigma bonds piie bonds Etc more Pi bonds of course more bonding you have triple bonds of course if you only have Sigma bonds single bonds and if you have a pi and a sigma Bond you have a double bond here right so again these shorter bonds allow for more diversity really the amount of carbon bonds and their strength are going to really account for for cation which is all those train uh chains and branches and rings that carbon can form so when I'm thinking of now catnation everything I'm bringing it all together I want to make sure we're clear that carbon concatenate they're not just making bonds they're making stable chains and greens and branches we'll talk a little bit detailed about that next