Notes on Chapter 6: Political Parties

Introduction

• Topic: Political parties in social science (Class 10 Civics)
• Focus: Components, functions, necessity, types, national parties, challenges, and reforms.

What is a Political Party?

• Definition: A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in government.
• Examples: BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) and Congress.
• Roles: Majority party forms the government; opposition parties criticize the government.

Components of a Political Party

1. Leaders: Formulate policies and lead the party.
2. Active Members: Assist leaders and promote party policies.
3. Followers: Believe in the party's ideology and support it through voting.

Functions of Political Parties

1. Conduct Elections: Parties choose candidates to contest elections.
2. Policies and Programs: Offer various policies for voters to choose from.
3. Law Making: Play a crucial role in making laws; party members often follow party lines.
4. Form and Run Government: Winning party forms the government and appoints ministers.
5. Role of Opposition: Critique government policies and hold it accountable.
6. Shape Public Opinion: Highlight public issues and sometimes initiate movements.
7. Access to Government Schemes: Help citizens connect with government services and welfare schemes.

Necessity of Political Parties

• Political parties are essential for:
  • Performing the seven functions mentioned.
  • Establishing a stable government.
• Importance in a modern democracy:
  • Without parties, candidates would be independent, making governance unstable.

Types of Party Systems

1. One-Party System: Only one party is allowed (e.g., China, North Korea).
2. Two-Party System: Two major parties dominate (e.g., USA - Democratic and Republican parties).
3. Multi-Party System: Multiple parties have a chance to win (e.g., India).

National Parties in India

• Definition: Parties that operate across the country with similar policies in all states.
• Criteria for recognition as a national party:
  1. 6% of total votes in Lok Sabha or assembly elections in four states.
  2. At least 4 seats in Lok Sabha.
• Examples of National Parties:
  • Indian National Congress
  • Bharatiya Janata Party
  • Bahujan Samaj Party
  • Communist Party of India (CPI)
  • Communist Party of India, Marxist (CPIM)
  • All India Trinamool Congress (TMC)
  • Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
  • National People's Party (NPP)

Challenges Faced by Political Parties

1. Lack of Internal Democracy: Concentration of power in a few leaders; members may not participate in decision-making.
2. Dynastic Succession: Leadership positions often held within families, limiting opportunities for others.
3. Money and Muscle Power: Influence of wealthy individuals and businesses on party decisions; sometimes supporting criminal candidates.
4. Meaningful Choice for Voters: Similarity in policies among parties leads to limited options for voters.

Reforms for Political Parties

1. Anti-Defection Law: Discourages shifting parties post-election to prevent instability.
2. Mandatory Affidavit for Candidates: Ensures transparency regarding candidates' backgrounds.
3. Internal Elections: Required for maintaining internal democracy.
4. Suggestions for Improvement:
   • Maintain a register of members.
   • Reserve one-third of seats for women.
   • Government funding for parties to reduce reliance on private donations.
   • Public pressure and grassroots involvement in political parties.

Conclusion

• Political parties are crucial for democracy, representative governance, and societal change.
• Understanding their structure, functions, and challenges is vital for active participation in democratic processes.