Liberalism Overview in International Relations

Key Topics:

1. Definition of "Liberal"
2. Liberal Views on Cooperation
3. Neoliberal Institutionalism

1. Definition of "Liberal"

• Multiple Meanings:
  • American Context: Associated with Democratic Party and policies such as pro-choice, legalization of marijuana, increased minimum wage, more government regulation and spending.
  • Economic Context: Originates from Adam Smith advocating for free-market ideology, liberating the economy from government control.
  • European Context: Often aligns with what Americans consider conservative.
• International Relations Context:
  • Separate from other contexts.
  • Example: George W. Bush, a conservative, sometimes had liberal foreign policies, unlike Obama, who had realist foreign policies.

2. Liberal Views on Cooperation

• Human Nature:
  • Opposite of Realism; believes people are fundamentally good.
  • Cooperation is possible and beneficial.
• Focus on Absolute Gains:
  • Not on relative power but on absolute benefits.
  • "A rising tide lifts all boats" – mutual improvement is the goal.

3. Neoliberal Institutionalism

• Definition:
  • Focuses on institutions as platforms for cooperation.
  • Believes institutions outlast individuals and maintain stability and order.
• Examples of Institutions: United Nations, government branches, educational institutions.
• Role of Institutions:
  • Encourage cooperation even amongst self-interested entities.
  • Operate within confines of established rules and procedures.
• Prisoner's Dilemma Application:
  • Repeated interactions can lead to cooperation.
  • "Tit for Tat" strategy: Cooperate until betrayed, then retaliate until cooperation resumes.
  • Demonstrated in international relations through arms agreements and various treaties.

Conclusion

• Liberalism in international relations differs significantly from domestic political or economic interpretations.
• Emphasizes the importance of cooperation and institutions in achieving international stability and progress.
• Neoliberal institutionalists advocate for institutional frameworks to manage self-interest and foster ongoing cooperation.

These notes provide an overview of the lecture on liberalism in international relations, capturing the distinctions, perspectives on cooperation, and the role of institutions in facilitating international relations.