Developments in East Asia (1200-1450): Focus on the Song Dynasty

Introduction to the Song Dynasty

• China, particularly during the Song Dynasty, emerges as a significant power in the ancient and post-classical world.
• The Song Dynasty is noted for how it maintained and justified its power.

Methods to Maintain and Justify Power

Revival of Confucianism

• Originated from the Han Dynasty (about 200 BCE).
• Society seen as hierarchical; respect and obedience expected from those in lower social positions.
• Promoted filial piety: honoring ancestors and parents.
• Neo-Confucianism: New version incorporating Buddhist and Taoist ideas.
• Used to maintain societal order and justify the rulers' position at the top of the hierarchy.

Imperial Bureaucracy Expansion

• Government officials executed the emperor’s will across China.
• Civil Service Examination based on Confucian Classics to recruit the most qualified officials.
• Aimed to increase efficiency and competency of governmental tasks.

Cultural Influence on Neighboring States

• Korea: Adopted Confucianism, civil service exams, but maintained political independence.
• Japan: Voluntarily adopted aspects of Chinese culture, including bureaucracy and Buddhism.
• Vietnam: Politically independent, adopted Confucianism and bureaucracy but maintained a more favorable view of women.

Buddhism’s Evolution and Influence

• Originated in South Asia.
• Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path are central doctrines.
• Spread led to variations: Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan, and Chan Buddhism in China.

Economic Developments

• Commercialization: Use of paper money, credit, and promissory notes.
• Iron and Steel Production: Boosted by both large-scale manufacturers and artisans.
• Agricultural Innovations: Introduction of Champa rice from Vietnam; drought-resistant and double the harvest period.
• Transportation Innovations: Expansion of the Grand Canal, perfection of the magnetic compass, and improvements in shipbuilding increased trade and economic prosperity.