Overview
This lecture recounts the trial, execution, and legacy of Socrates, highlighting his influence on Athenian society, philosophy, and the enduring value of critical inquiry.
Socrates' Criticism and Arrest
- After Athens' defeat, citizens sought a scapegoat and targeted Socrates.
- Socrates was known for openly questioning Athenian traditions and public affairs for over 50 years.
- He gathered many young followers, which some believed weakened the city's morals.
- Socrates was arrested for questioning state religion and corrupting the youth.
The Athenian Legal System and Socrates' Trial
- Athenian trials lacked lawyers and professional judges; jurors were randomly chosen citizens.
- Trials were held in public spaces with timed speeches regulated by a water clock.
- Socrates defended his life of questioning, claiming it benefited Athens.
- He refused to apologize, instead demanding a reward for service.
- The jury found Socrates guilty and sentenced him to death.
Socrates' Death and Legacy
- Socrates remained calm and accepted his death sentence by drinking hemlock, a deadly poison.
- He encouraged his friends to remain calm as he died, emphasizing bravery and principle.
- Socrates became a new kind of Greek hero—valued for conviction and intellectual conscience rather than martial prowess.
- His death marked a shift from imperial ambition to intellectual inquiry in Athens.
Lasting Influence
- After Socrates’ execution, Athens embraced self-criticism and matured as a democracy.
- Socrates’ students, like Plato and Aristotle, advanced philosophy and science.
- Athens became a center for study, reason, and discussion.
- Socratic principles of reason and questioning continue to influence Western thought.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Socratic Method — A form of inquiry and discussion by asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking.
- Hemlock — A poisonous plant used for executions in ancient Athens.
- Athenian Democracy — A political system where citizens participated directly in decision-making.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review Socrates’ trial and defense as described in Plato’s "Apology."
- Study the legacy of Socrates through the works of Plato and Aristotle.