Transcript for:
Understanding Histology and Tissues

in the chat i want you to read this question and put the letter that's the answer don't say it out loud because we want everyone to have a chance to put this in the chat okay seems like everyone has this that's great so really what we're covering today is histology and histology is the study of tissues but what makes up a tissue you can put it in the chat or you can say it out loud molecules a little bit bigger than molecules molecules are present i can think of atoms i don't know atoms are going to make up your molecules so you're going for the small size it's going to be a little bit bigger all right i need something bigger all right okay so in the chat stephanie and darion they both said cells and that's correct so even though histology is the study of tissues since we're looking at the tissues and the cells that make them up we're actually looking at a lot of different cell features so we're going to talk about tons of cells today even though we're referencing the study of tissues so there's going to be four major tissues in the human body we have epithelial tissue epithelial tissue is the tissue that will cover and line cover and line structures in the body and epithelial tissue will also formula form your glands so epithelial tissue covers in lines and it also forms glands what do you think about with connective tissue what does the name help tell you you're a mute veronica and madison you got it so josemar also said connecting so connective tissue's name kind of helps you out it's going to be a binding tissue it supports other tissue it's the chair it's the cheerleader of the body it's the supporting tissue it's also the most abundant tissue in your body so pretty much whenever you're looking at any tissue you will see connective what do y'all think about muscular tissue one or two words to describe it for functions movement movements so with muscular tissue it's going to focus on movement and movement can be elongation or it can be shortening when we think of muscles we often only think of it as contracting which is shortening but it can lengthen also and then our last one is nervous tissue and we talked about nervous tissue last week what can y'all remember that we said nervous tissue can do you can throw it in the chat or you can say it it helps with electrical response okay electrical responses so basically what happens with nervous tissue is it's going to send electrical signal and then stephanie wrote impulses that's that you can say impulses just like signals and then um jostler said um helps to maintain homeostasis that is excellent what is the other major system besides the nervous system that helps maintain homeostasis so we have two systems okay what does the endocrine produce y'all are fast what does the endocrine system produce hormones hormones and if chemicals you can say chemicals too you'll be fine okay so again no one say anything out loud put this in the chat okay seems like everyone that i'm scenes answer which flew by quickly is all correct everyone is putting epithelia tissue okay here is another question just go ahead and throw it in the chat this way everyone can participate okay i'm seeing almost all d's d as in dog but a few people put c so muscles can conduct an electrical signal but the key word here is that it's saying it also trigger triggers muscles so this tissue can send electrical signals and it's going to excite our muscles also so d is the answer so good job now if you have your manual in front of you go ahead and turn to page 15 in your manual and at the top of the page you should see characteristics of organisms okay what we're going to talk about is just some basic characteristics that all organisms will have in common so we went over the hierarchical organization of the body last week we talked about atoms molecules cells tissues organs organ systems and then the organism now every time we talk about life and different characteristics that makes them unique compared to inanimate objects non-living organisms are non-living things there's going to be certain characteristics that are really important to understand your manual list six i'm only going to go over three in detail the ones i go over i find to be the most important and the ones that people generally get confused on so when we talk about metabolism you hear people say um i got a fast metabolism i got a slow metabolism and the thing is metabolism is a sum of every single chemical reaction in your cells so these could be reactions that are building things these can be reactions that are breaking down things so daniel i just saw you raise your hand do you have a question yes i do so when someone that's when someone really cannot like gain a lot of weight does that mean you have a high metabolism yeah it it yes their metabolism may be higher but a lot of times weight is influenced by numerous different genetic factors so the metabolism will play a role but it could be other factors influencing the individual it could really be genetic i didn't know that yeah yeah a lot of things with um weight and metabolism is genetic so if you hear about nature versus nurture so that really can affect your body so you may naturally be able to you know be relatively healthy have muscular um toned um body however you may also be prone to gaining weight easily you may also be prone to having weaker muscles weaker tendons we call ligaments it all just depends on your genetics but i did not know but i know now okay so now what i'm going to talk about with metabolism is with metabolism we build up and we break things down but metabolism is a combination of all of that each particular event that occurs in metabolism has a separate name so when we're talking about building versus breaking down we're referencing anabolism versus catabolism so and catabolism now when we look at molecules leave my pen work in here oops come on pen write for me there we go okay when we look at these smaller molecules when y'all are in gen bio you'll often call these monomers what is the word monomer or mono mean anybody remember yes julie said one okay okay there we go now they're coming in okay so the word monomer means single or small so what happens in anabolic reactions is we take these single units and then we're going to link them together where they're linked are called bonds and when we leak them together we're taking these small units linking them together and we make up larger units these larger units are going to be known as polymers now when we form those bonds we're going to store energy in those bonds so when you look at this picture what do you think is happening are we building an anabolism or are we breaking down in anabolism breaking down okay so look what's going on we're taking small units we have these units here one two three and four these were all originally separate units and now we're linking those units together so we're going from small single units into one big unit so anabolism our anabolic reactions are going to actually be synthesis reactions which is building and when we build when we link those small units together we're going to form bonds and those bonds are going to store energy so if we look at this as glucose all of these monomers are glucose and then we're going to link our glucose together we can form glycogen so your body needs glucose glucose helps us produce more energy but if we eat too much of the glucose your body's going to store it it's not going to store it as individual monomers though it's going to link those glucose molecules together and it's going to store it as glycogen so we're taking small units and building them to large and that's considered anabolic think about people when you often hear about people um working out that are extra extra big you often hear that they're on steroids and they can be on anabolic steroids and what does the word anabolic mean to build or to break to build yes and if we're building that means your muscles would be getting bigger so sometimes that's easier for people to remember because they can they have a more familiarity with the um muscle working out and weight lifters but not everything in your body is going to be building up glycogen is a very large molecule so it's lots and lots of glucoses together if we need fast energy your body's going to take this big glycogen molecule whoops right here big glycogen molecule and it's going to break it into smaller units so here we're going from a polymer to a monomer so in this particular side are we building or breaking for going from larger to smaller breaking good job and when we break we're breaking these bonds so all of these bonds here are being broken and when we break bonds remember the bonds initially stored energy when we break them what do you think they're going to release energy you got it so this is a really important characteristic of life is metabolism as a whole but it's really con um built of two different processes anabolic process and catabolic process um some people remember catabolic because a cat will tear things up so catabolic goes from something bigger to something smaller so that may help you it may not i got a lot of good analogies today y'all y'all are in for bad jokes okay the next thing that's really important in my opinion is differentiation differentiation is a fancy word for turns into our so in your body when you are developing you really start out as one single cell that single cell is known as a zygote this is not a lesson on embryology but that one single cell is going to grow into you and we know that we have different functions in our body so not the same the same exact cell can't do every function so what happens is we start off with stem cells and these cells are just very diverse potential cells and they are going to change into different cells in your body so they're going to change into epithelial cells muscle cells nervous system cells and connective tissue cells so when i say these stem cells turn into these other cells the turn into is just the more common term but stem cells differentiate into other cells in the body so i want you to think about just can you please explain that again miss uh yes yes i want you to think about what's happening in the scientific world pre-covered because we're not hearing about it anymore but um i want you to think about you hear about stem cells when people talk about cancer treatments when people talk about um you know growing new organs you hear about stem cells from birth so when parents give birth you have the option of keeping the umbilical cord and that umbilical cord is made up of stem cells those stem cells can be triggered by chemicals to change into other cells in your body so stem cells differentiate into other cells so think about if you cut yourself if you just get a a small cut on your hand does it heal okay i got a yes thank you daniel so basically what happens is new cells are going to differentiate into the cells that got damaged it might be blood vessel cells it could be epithelial cells it could be muscular cells it just depends on where it is and then in most cases stem cells can change into that type of cell so you're going to hear that word differentiate a lot through your a p career okay now the next thing i want you to make sure that you understand are my favorites hyperplasia versus hypertrophy okay and this has to do with growth we all start off as a little baby and that little baby is going to grow into our adult size so there's two ways in your body that cells can grow one is hyperplasia and one is hypertrophy okay we're gonna go over hypertrophy first okay this is what we're starting with this is our single cell that we're starting with this single cell grows into this i'm gonna name this one i'm gonna name this two when one turns into two are we actually creating more balloons or is the balloon we started with number one just getting bigger to turn into number two number one is just expanding into number two you got it okay so one way that cells can get bigger is just grow in size that is hypertrophy large growth more growth so balloons are a great example that this small balloon here number one just grew in size to make balloon number two we didn't add more balloons it just got larger and that's what a lot of your cells do in your body this is what adipose does and what is adipose fat tissue lipid it's your fat tissue so adipose cells actually just either store more fat or get rid of fat so the cell is actually just getting larger or smaller based on how much fat it stores now here is the real question how many of y'all recognize this movie i think we all i don't know i sometimes get people looking at me like they've never heard of this little cult classic okay i have a few people saying not me okay first of all if you have any free time go watch gremlins you can probably see the whole thing either on netflix or youtube gremlins are the cutest little things that was my first backpack first grade i had a purple gremlin backpack so that tells you how old i am okay i'd like to use gremlins because gremlins they don't die they multiply so we make more they get larger because they make more so hyperplasia is when we eat increase in size by multiplying the number of cells hyperplasia is multiplying the number of cells and that's what gremlins do they multiply so you're not getting more because it's getting larger you're getting more because we're duplicating cells so just because i'm a dork they accidentally split water on the gremlin foreign is that the gremlin multiply now yes okay okay so that was just so y'all can see that we can make more when we multiply let me get this screen back up so now y'all really know i'm a big dork you can laugh i'm fine with laughing okay so that's just a little cute way to remember the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia here's a little bit um more straightforward in this particular view the hypertrophy it's showing you the cells just getting larger but in hyperplasia it's showing that one cell is turning into multiple cells and both happen in your body it just depends on the specific tissue that you're referencing at the time now i will post this recording so don't feel like you have to write down everything that way you can actually just participate and be a little bit more comfortable okay so the next thing are going to be germ tissues and so this is on the bottom of page 15. i followed the manual closely and that way you always know where to reference okay for germ tissue let me get my pen working again okay the word germ rhymes with derm okay germ tissues are basically known as your embryonic tissues this means that these are the tissues that change into your adult tissues are your mature tissues can anyone tell me what the fancy word for change into is or give rise to transition transition is a is a good description but there's a specific word i'm looking for and yep stephanie sensation differentiation you got it so thank y'all daniel joseph julie stephanie all you all have it okay so germ tissue differentiates into your mature tissues the word germ rhymes with derm so anytime you hear a question that's talking about what germ tissue may differentiate into epithelia you know that the answer is going to end in derm because derm and germ rhyme now we have three germ tissues that will differentiate into your four mature tissues okay i'm going to give you just a little background you do not need to write this down i will not test on what i'm about to say because i just want you to understand where these germ tissues come from so we have the sperm sperm finds its egg sperm fertilizes egg and we have a single cell called a zygote that single cell in the first nine to 14 days is going to form a ball of cells with layers that ball of cell with layers is called a gastrula you do not need to write that down the gastrula is going to be where we see our three layers endo meso and ectoderm so this picture i have on here you see between nine and fourteen days of development do you notice that there's three colors blue red and yellow those are representing the three layers the outer the middle and the inner layer so this is not an embryology class so we're really just touching the surface the first layer we're going to start off with is the endoderm endoderm will differentiate into epithelial tissue okay mesoderm which is the middle layer and this picture is the red mesoderm will differentiate just a fancy word for change into epithelia tissue most muscle and connective tissue so mesoderm will change into epi muscle and connective tissue and our last tissue is ectoderm that's the outer layer ectoderm will change into epithelial tissue also what is the only tissue i haven't mentioned yet yep dawsomer said neurons and neurons make up nervous tissue so ectoderm makes up nervous tissue also so if i asked you and just put this in the chat you don't need to say it out loud but if i asked you which germ tissue gives rise to epithelial tissue in okay stephanie said all darion said all okay daniel said wait yes it moves so quickly when y'all post okay so this is the real quick reason i asked this question on the test would you write although no so i know what you're meaning i know that endoderm mesoderm and ectoderm all give rise but i just want to make sure that on the test y'all know to write something out because all will not give you credit any time you hear that word germ tissue what should the answer end in you got it because we rhyme german derm okay go ahead and throw this answer into the chat so what was the answer derm anything that you hear with germ you know the answer will end in derm wait um dr r uh-huh i thought it was under them so you say you add them to end of them already no no no how do you know what your answer is if you hear that word germ oh oh okay so that the answer will end in one of these they will have a derm okay yeah okay so i'm getting a lot of ectoderms a lot of c's and that is correct so ectoderm is really important especially in the first um trimester so basically your first nine weeks is a lot of the time that your nervous tissue is forming so your ectoderm is forming a lot in these first nine weeks so if there's going to be some type of nervous issue in the body it will usually happen in the development in the first nine weeks okay now we're gonna get to the nitty gritty of what today's chapter's about and that's epithelia so i'm gonna give y'all a five minute break and then we'll jump in so you can just go grab some water go to the bathroom go grab a snack and then we'll come back in five minutes my okay everybody you ready yes thank you okay i'm putting the chat up just so as we go through i can see okay so we are going to start on epiphania tissue we're going to do a little bit of background on it first and then we are going to jump into identifying tissues okay so the first thing i'm going to do is just talk briefly about epithelial tissue and compare it to another tissue connective tissue so everything i'm going over is going to be between pages 16 and 17 in the manual between pages 16 and 17 in the manual and this is going to be equivalent to page 109 in the textbook you don't need the textbook open right now but if you want to reference it later it's page 109 so we briefly talked about epithelia was found lining and covering it also forms the glands of your body so epithelial tissue is basically what you touch what liquids touch and what food touches all the time so if you are scratching your arm you are touching epithelial tissue and that's because epithelial tissue lines and covers so it's covering your body if you put a q-tip into your ear which you're not supposed to that q-tip is touching epithelia tissue because epithelium tissue lines and covers what tissue is covering your tongue epithelial tissue you got it what tissue is lining your nose lining the inside of your nose epithelial tissue if you wear contacts and you have to stick a contact on your eyeball that contact is touching what tissue epithelial tissue you got it so epiphany tissue lines and covers if i'm talking about sweat glands if i'm talking about oil glands if i'm talking about salivary glands they're also going to be made up of epithelial tissue because epithelial tissue lines covers and forms glands when we look at this picture oh let me get my pen working again when we look at this picture right here you'll notice that all you're really seeing are lots of cells tightly packed together and those cells have barely any space around them because there's they're like sardines in a can now this picture over here is connective tissue here's the cell here's the cell here's a cell here's a cell are these cells packed tight as tightly as epithelial tissue cells no nope so one big difference is epithelial tissue is tightly packed cells connective tissue is loosely arranged cells and connective tissue can you say that one more time epithelial tissue is tightly packed cells connective tissue are loosely based cells and when we just think about functions epithelial tissue covers in lines connective tissue connects so they're found together but doing different functions so this is a very generic picture of epithelial tissue in this picture we can see that the cells which are kind of the pink and purple guys those cells are very tightly packed so we don't have a lot of material between them all epithelial tissue is going to have certain characteristics that make it a little bit easier for you to recognize them under the microscope now y'all aren't actually using the microscope today but we're going to look at pictures that were taken with the microscope so one thing that all epithelial cells are all epithelial tissue have in common is they are tightly packed and they always are going to have what we call a free surface you can use the word apical apical is the fancy word but free surface is fine with me so again i want everyone to take their hand and i want everyone to put it on their cheek you are touching what part of your epithelial tissue what do we call what you're touching epico the apical surface that freeze surface if you take your tongue and touch your cheek the inside of your cheek sorry the inside the tongue is touching what area of epithelial tissue the basal surface no because your tongue is touching the top of it and what's the top of it oh apical suffix free surface you got it okay if you are picking your nose you your finger is going into the nose and it's touching what part of the epithelial tissue epical you got it so the epithelial tissue all of it will always have that free surface and then all epithelial tissue sits on a basement membrane wait okay so we have tightly packed cells that sit on a basement membrane and then we have that free surface where nothing touches beneath that basement membrane you are always going to have connective tissue beneath that basement membrane you are always going to have connective tissues so what does that tell you if you were looking at tissues if you were looking at epithelial tissue under the microscope what would that tell you you will probably see with that epithelial tissue under the microscope what is always beneath epithelial tissue beneath that basement membrane connective tissue connective tissue tissue so any time you see epithelial tissue there is a very big chance you will see connective tissue with it so josemer asks is the basement membrane what separates connective and epithelia yes excellent question so in most of the tissues that we look at today not all of them but most of them we're going to see both epithelia and connective so one of the key things to separate them until you start learning all the tissues is look for tightly packed cells and that free surface now i want you to think about what happens when you get a paper cut can you feel a paper cut yes yeah okay if we can feel it that means we have nerves now do most paper cuts bleed though nope so what do we not have if it's not bleeding nerve well nerves are what we can feel with oh okay so if we're not bleeding okay stephanie wrote veins and then tiffany wrote blood vessels so veins and arteries are going to be our two types of blood vessels if we don't bleed that means there are no blood vessels there so what happens with epithelial tissue is epithelial tissue lacks blood vessels and we call that a vascular this means the letter a means without so without vessels so epithelial tissue is avascular and it's innervated meaning that we feel things so we have lots of sensory receptors so if you look in this picture the nerve is this yellow tube that's going up to the epithelial tissue so we can see that if you cut yourself if something's hot cold painful we have sensory receptors that can detect that but when you look at the blood vessel the blood vessel is in connective tissue the blood vessel does not penetrate the basement membrane okay now if you bleed what does that tell you what have you cut into the blood vessel or the vein okay and where is that blood vessel located in the vein well a vein's a type of blood vessel vascular i guess so what tissue did we cut into epithelium what is epithelia epithelia is a vascular so it doesn't have oh sorry it's the connective tissue you got it yep and everyone i see that you posted in the chat connective tissue is correct so if you bleed that means you've cut through epithelial tissue into connective tissue now the issue is epiphyllia tissue has no blood vessels but you told me earlier that if you get cut it heals so there has to be a way to get all the nutrients from these blood vessels to the epithelial tissue because if we're going to heal that means we're going to need nutrients so if we bleed we cut in we are cutting into connective tissue absolutely yes and when you cut yourself even if you don't bleed you still have to heal and to heal you need nutrients and nutrients come from blood vessels the issue is epithelial tissue doesn't have any blood vessels so how do the nutrients get from point a to point b this goes back to gen bio how do the nutrients go from a to b connective t-shirt maybe okay so julie stephanie tyrone i'll put diffusion the nutrients will diffuse from the blood vessels in connective tissue to the epithelial tissue so nutrients will diffuse from blood vessels in connective tissue to the epithelial tissue it diffused from blood vessels nutrients diffused from blood vessels in connective tissue connective tissue okay to the epithelial tissue all right and those nutrients will allow the epithelial tissue to heal quickly so earlier let me find it on the chat i need to find it i saw someone post it someone posted the word proliferative but now i can't find it who was that that posted proliferated chelsea chelsea was that you yes there it is okay chelsea mentioned the word proliferative and that's super important when you cut yourself you heal pretty quickly now if you have a really big wound it's going to take time but if you get a paper cut if you get a scratch it heals quickly it heals quickly because epithelial tissue is proliferative you might often hear this as proliferation too just depends on how you're using it in a sentence basically that word means the cells divide quickly what is it called when cells divide mitosis you got it so basically epithelial tissue can undergo mitosis rapidly and that's called proliferation or you can say it's proliferative and you're going to see this word proliferation throughout a p because it's basically just saying cells can divide quickly so lots of cells in your body can divide quickly so daniel i see you have your hand raised you got a question because it's multicellular well it epithelia tissue is multicellular but what happens is if you cut yourself your body has stem cells that can um divide very rapidly oh okay just wanna make sure i got the same thing now the thing is not all not all tissue in your body is proliferative or not all cells are but for now we're talking about epithelial tissue it is proliferative now think about what what do you do every day you take a shower you wipe your hands you wash your hands constantly when you're doing this you are shedding dead cells if you shed a hundred thousand dead cells a day how many cells do you need to produce to keep homeostasis a hundred and thousand you got it so for your body to make those cells that we're losing it has to be able to go through proliferation so epithelial tissue can just divide rapidly now this is just general structure and functions of epithelial tissue now we're going to jump into how to name epithelial tissue i will say first is epithelial tissue is a little bit more i would say difficult for people than connective um connective is more distinct in appearance and epithelial tissue it just takes time it's confusing so when we talk about epithelial tissue we are going to name it in two ways we are going to talk about how many cells sit on the basement membrane and cell shape so the cells in the basement membrane we reference as layers and we have three types of layers simple pseudostratified and stratified simple is going to mean we have one layer of cells on the basement membrane one layer of cells on the basement membrane so i want you to think about all the commercials with bounty with charmin any of those paper towel and toilet companies toilet paper companies they like to show one paper towel or one sheet is able to clean up a big wet mess when they show that does that liquid kind of seep through that one layer okay simple since it's one layer is really great for diffusion osmosis filtration and absorption so simple is really good for things to move through the layer so if you are in doubt on the test and your mind is just going blank think about one ply tissue toilet paper kleenex things can move through it pretty easily now let's jump to stratified when you're looking at stratified you'll notice that in this particular picture there's about four to five layers so would stratify be considered one layer or two or more layers two or more okay so stratified is going to be two or more layers so two or more so two plus layers if you look we still have that free surface on top so it doesn't matter that it's lots of layers we still have that free surface okay what do you think a general just throw this into the chat a general function would be for having lots of layers julie good job yeah y'all are getting it yuri good job dustin veronica good job chelsea okay protection so anytime you see the word stratified if your mind goes blank for a very specific tissue what can you write and probably get credit for you can use the word protection so if you think about if you spilled some water and you took 10 paper towels and you fold it on top of each other you put that on top of the water over time the water may seep through all 10 layers it may absorb through all 10 layers but is it gonna happen quickly or slowly it's gonna be slowly yep slowly so stratified it can be used for diffusion and stuff but that's not its main function because it's not quick so when you see stratified in your head think protection now we do have this odd one we have pseudostratified the word pseudo means false so pseudostratified gives us false stratification what happens is it's only one layer but it's kind of an optical illusion that one layer looks like multiple layers so pseudostratified is only one layer but it looks like multiple layers and that is because the cells are different heights but each cell touches the basement membrane but because they're different heights our eyes play tricks on us okay so the next thing we're going to talk about is cell shape we've talked about layers simple pseudostratified and stratified now we're going to talk about our three cell shapes so what is pseudo stratus i'm sorry say that again what will be the function of pseudostratified so it's one layer that appears to be multiple so what what do y'all think of function would be these guys since it's false i'm kidding it has a little a little trench coat on and a hat to cover it up so simple and stratified are the most common layers in your body you have very few pseudostratified so when we talk about pseudo stratified in a minute you will notice that his very specific function is for its location so don't try to stick one function of pseudostratified because it's based on its location so our next all our cell shapes we have three cell shapes squamous cuboidal and columnar squamous is going to be flat and scaly okay so when we look at squamous from a side view it is going to look very flat like fried egg like no well the side view is going to just look like a sausage link or a pancake make me hungry but when we look at squamous from a hall view so looking on top of it that's when it looks like a fry deck sunny side up egg fried egg whatever you want to call them these are the same exact tissue side view and whole mountain view are the same exact tissue and cell shape it changes what we physically see though so we're going to look at squamous today from both views okay the next one is cuboidal cuboidal what do y'all think looks like yep like a cube like a square so cuboidal is going to be square like and the cuboidal nuclei are always going to be circular and in the middle of the cell wait sit down again please in cuboidal it's going to be cube-liked or square-liked and the nucleus is going to be circular and in the middle of the set out okay then we have columnar columnar what do you think about the name as columns columns so columnar is going to be tall and elongated so elongated relatively thin and look at the shape of the columnar nuclei what shape do y'all notice of these nuclei oval got it so columnar has oval nuclei and most of the time the nuclei are going to sit at the basement membrane so they're going to be closer to the basement membrane than to the free surface they're closed or they sit in there they're close to it okay because the nuclei are in the cells the cells sit on the basement membrane now columnar tissue is a unique tissue it is going to have modified columnar cells called goblet cells these goblet cells kind of look like a king's goblet are a chalice and does anyone know what goblet cells produce you got it now i'm gonna confuse you right now because the mucus it produces if i can i'm having trouble writing here the mucus that it produces is spelled like this m-u-c-u-s okay goblet cells are singles are single-celled exocrine glands goblet cells are single-celled exocrine glands goblet cells are single celled excellent exocrine glands you say god bless a single cell dr r yes single-celled exocrine glands and something else um so on the um columnar the um red that you drew up is that the mucus or or is that the goblet uh the goblet cells are actually not in this picture this is a goblet cell i drew right here oh yes i haven't gotten to the things on top yet all right when you hear that word exocrine what do you think about with exocrine what does that sound like externally you got it exocrine glands release to a surface exocrine glands release to a surface so goblet cells release to the surface of your gi tract the surface of your trachea the surface of your bronchi so goblet cells release that mucus to a surface now columnar tissue is unique and that it can have things on top of the free surface for us today we are going to see one of two things we are either going to see these long hairs what do y'all think the long hairs are called hairphilia yeah and the cilia is going to be used for movement so they just wave back and forth dr r yes i just want to ask a quick question because while i was reading yesterday i saw something like it helps push the mucus to the throat either or push it down for you to swallow or help you basically sometimes you have those in um sensation that would be the goblet helping you you know bring it out so the goblin cell just produces mucus it doesn't do anything with movement no no no i was trying to say the the hair the celia yeah yeah they will move the mucus out of you so when you cough when you sneeze when you have phlegm that's the cilia helping move the goblet sorry helping move the mucus and whatever the mucus catches because it's sticky out of your system okay thank you now the next thing that could be present are going to be called micro villi microvilli are going to be very short projections on top of the free surface microvilli are so tiny they just kind of look like a fuzzy border is that either or or it's either or for us we are going to only look at tissue today only look at columnar tissue that has microvilli or cilia okay the microvilli are going to function in nutrient absorption so this is a very good example of function structure and location how closely they are intertwined okay if we know that microvilli absorb nutrients there's basically two spots in your body that absorb nutrients when we eat where does our food grow digestive digestive digestive system so microvilli are going to be found in your lining your stomach and your intestines they're filed lining stomach and intestines so if i told you a function of its of a tissue is nutrient absorption you should be able to figure out what structure it has and where the location is so this is a great example of function structure location supporting each other okay so in this picture right here what cell shape do y'all see you can go ahead and throw that into the chat what cell shape do y'all see this one right here what cell shape do y'all see in this picture cubital okay everyone agree yep okay so we're getting cuboidal in the chat and we also heard it so this particular tissue has one layer what does one layer tell us how what do we call one layer simple okay so now let's add this together simple goes first and then cell shape goes second so if you saw this tissue under the microscope what would you call it simple cubic you got it okay now this picture over here is not too helpful i'm going to draw it separately yeah here's my basement membrane okay so we got my basement membrane connective tissue underneath free surface at top in this particular picture what we're seeing is cuboidal shaped cells at the bottom but as those cells move up to the free surface they gets flatter and flatter we're also seeing that we have about six or seven layers when we discuss layers would this be simple pseudo or stratified stratify okay so this picture is showing us lots of layers now whenever we look at stratified we never look at the bottom layer shape we always look at the free surface layer shape so at the bottom they were cuboidal but at the top they got flat what cell shape is flat simple okay cell shape these are your cell shapes sorry so it would be stratified what explain this you got it can we do another one like that um we're gonna have to go through the pictures there's not many like this okay all right yeah so we're gonna go through it this is just so y'all kind of get an overview of how to name stuff so when we look at stratified with stratified you always look at the cell shape at the free surface you never name it based off its bottom shape for stratify you always look at the cell shape cell shape at the free surface for stratified you always look at the cell shape at the free surface okay so go ahead don't say it out loud throw this into the chat good job y'all okay we have columnar is the answer i'm seeing from everybody so people put c or columnar okay same thing new question throw it into the chat this one will take just a little bit longer okay i'm mostly singing the same letter i saw a few others but almost everyone is putting e which is stratified cuboidal so it tells us multiple layers that's stratified square shells square cells that's cuboidal ah yeah i remember okay so this is just a reminder that epithelial tissue lines and covers forms your glands and it's going to form membranes and we're going to talk about membranes briefly right now membranes are sheets of tissue that lining covers stuff so membranes are basically epithelial tissue that's found lining and covering not all epithelia tissue forms membranes but a lot do so membranes are sheets of tissues that line and cover not all epithelial tissue will form a membrane but many do and i'm going to teach the membranes as we go through so it has a reference point for y'all i'm just not going to throw all the membranes at you okay now we talked about glands very briefly we talked about the goblet cell the goblet cell secretes to a surface is that exocrine or endocrine glands exocrine you got it so we're just kind of adding stuff here and there now the biggest hint i can tell you on the test if we ask for a location of epithelia tissue if you don't put the word line or cover with the location it is wrong because i want you to think of your stomach your stomach has many tissue types present so your stomach is an organ if you told me epithelial tissue is in your stomach that's true but it's not detailed enough if you said epithelial tissue lines the stomach or covers the stomach you would get you would get credit so with epithelial tissue throw the word lines or covers in front of it okay go ahead and we're gonna start on page 18 of your manual and we're gonna take another just few minute break because we're gonna really jump hard into the tissues and we won't have time for a break in it later so take another five minute break and then we'll hop back here okay yes ma'am okay everybody we're gonna hop back in so we can finish off epithelia tissues um again i just want to emphasize that this is being recorded so you don't have to write down everything you can always go back and reference the recording it will be posted within like 10 minutes of class ending now before we jump in whoops before we jump into the epithelial tissue i want to kind of teach you how to use your textbook because i don't go over everything due to time okay on page 18 you are going to see the first tissue that you are learning is simple squamous from a side view that's apical i'm sorry from a whole mount view apical view means top view okay on page 112 of your textbook i'm going to show you something this make it a lot easier on page 112 of your textbook you are going to see these whoops you are going to see these tables and these pictures the table has description location and function written in it on page 18 you're going to notice that you have to write down the structure the function and the location also the structure is basically what you physically see it's the description do not write down what the book tells you that's like the perfect description write down what you see so if you see unicorns dancing in the field write that down because you are the ones that have to recognize it again for the location and the function this comes straight from your textbook so i don't spend time in lab going over location and function sometimes i'll talk about it briefly but when you need to know the location and function where should you go you're like mail your what your textbook are you making your textbook you got it yeah so when you're like oh my gosh i didn't catch where this is located just know it's in the textbook so your textbook has everything we're going over here's simple cuboidal location function here's simple columnar location function and so on okay so just know that's where you're going to get the information that i'm skipping so that's going to start on page 112 for simple squamous in your textbook okay so we are going to start on our first tissue which is simple squamous okay here in this picture let's get that pen working again in this picture we have all of this area right here all of this area there's nothing touching it what is that area called the epicos office yep and what's another word you can use so you don't dispel apricol free space yeah okay now that's our free space then from here all the way there that is what the epithelial tissue is sitting on what do we call that long line i just draw that's what the epithelial tissue sits on the basement um whatever membrane you got it good job y'all okay and what tissue do we find beneath epithelial tissue the basement membrane and then what's beneath the basement the connective so all of this is connective tissue and y'all are learning connective on monday so you'll be able to identify a lot of these on monday so no matter what tissue we look at we're gonna have the same components free surface epithelial tissue membrane connective tissue now the actual tissue that we're looking at are these cells right here these cells are like smushed down flat what are the flat cells called so um the simple computer okay what are just the flat cells called just the cells is that's a lot and then if we see just this this is really tiny we're not seeing lots of cells on top of each other so would y'all say this is simple or stratified simple you got it so this is a picture of simple squamous from a side view because now we're seeing them as pancakes [Music] okay this both of these pictures were taken from our lab so the good thing is i'm showing you a lot of stuff that either i took or my students from previous classes took so if we look here again what is all this area where nothing's touching freestyle okay you see all of this blue stuff here y'all are rocking this out and then how is it from surface or free space it's free surface is it free free surface okay free surface apical surface or free surface most students like the word free instead of apical so i'm not picky on that i like free things too that didn't throw me off in some of the homework that squiggly line where you have a free space is there the distinction okay is there a distinction between free surface versus apical layer the apical layer is the top layer okay so that's the letter i thought it was saying like apical parentheses free layer in a previous slide this would have been a ways back so this this one yeah free surface apical surface free surface so it's the same thing yeah apical surface is the exact same as free surface but when i see that it looks like it's pointing to the very top of the cell but it is so it's it's what's above the cell right here okay so that's why in the pre uh last slide that you had the open space is what we're looking at that's the april surface yes so it's the top of the tissue where nothing's touching okay so it's based i mean if i drew it if i just drew it like this and just told y'all this area is our free space surface that's the same thing because i i was just understanding it previously as that top layer of cells itself was considered the free surface no it's it's where the cell the top layer meets nothing so that nothing could be liquid though it could be it's whatever is in the the area we're talking about sometimes it's filled with liquid sometimes so when we talk about mucus the mucus sits on sits on the top layer and the mucus is now kind of touching the free space sorry free surface okay thank you you're welcome okay so we're looking at this picture we're looking at these side views and you can see how flat they are so since we know that they're flat what type of cell shape are we looking at um and if we look here the layers are only from here to here so it's not a lot so what would we say this is layer wise so cuboidal's a shape layers are going to be simple pseudostratified or stratified simple simple why simple how many layers are we seeing there's one just one okay so anytime we reference layers layers are going to be how many cells we see stacked shape is going to be squamous cuboidal or columnar okay so this is what is a side view this one right here though this is what we call a hole mount or an apical view basically we're looking at the top of it so more like a whole mountain well a whole mount means that when it's put on you're basically looking at the top of the tissue you're not looking at the sides of it yeah that's why i was saying maybe like saying like visualize a mountain if that works okay so for this whole mount what we're looking at is the shape of the cells these cells are kind of scale-like each cell we can see the nucleus each cell is a little bit different in shape from the previous cell these are what we call amorphic all that means is that they don't have a consistent shape and sometimes i just call it scaly okay what we're looking at is still squamous cells when you look at the squamous cells from this view for the whole mount view when you look at it from this view can you actually tell that the cells are really flat from this view can you tell the thickness of them yeah really yeah you can you can tell how thick it is so how much it goes down beneath it no no you can tell so from this view all we can see is the shape of the cell so it's scaly but now let's look at this view over here from this view all we can see is that the cells are flat can you tell from this view that the cells are scaly no no okay but are these really the same tissue that we're looking at yes ma'am it is so you always kind of want to think if you see and i'll give you all examples tell me if y'all can see me okay you may have to click on my name to see me i see you okay this is our lab manual this is a whole mount view you're looking at the top of the manual so you can see the cover this is the same manual from the side they look the exact same at this at this angle what do you think this one this is a side view this is a hall mount so i'm looking at the cover and then i turn it and now all i can see is a thin white layer pages so i'm getting a lot of no's which is good but is this the same exact book no matter how i look at it yes yes so this is just really important that even though they look totally different you are starting to learn characteristics and that's going to help you understand that hey this is the same tissue but this is what i can tell from this particular view now this is where it gets more fun food okay when i see the whole mountain view i personally see eggs that's me if you see something different go for it i've had people tell me they see honeycomb yeah me too okay but fried eggs sunny side up eggs i kind of see that and we're only looking at it from the top view so we really don't know how thick it is we just know that it's scaly in shape okay but on this one i see sausage links i used to say pancakes but i think sausage links works better so each of these links is representing each of these cells here again this is what i personally see if you don't see this that is fine this is just how i remember all the stuff we're supposed to learn okay so for simple squamous we gotta learn a little bit more about their functionality based on location okay there are going to be two types of simple squamous based on location we call these mesothelium and endothelium for mesothelium you've probably heard that term on commercials and billboards what do you hear that term associated with mesothelioma you got it okay so mesothelioma is basically cancer are issues with the mesothelium in the body okay when you hear the word endothelium what does endo tell you inside and don't got it perfect okay so both mesothelium and endothelium are simple squamous so both are simple squamous the difference is their location endothelium is going to be found lining the inside of structures mesothelium is gonna be found covering the outside of organs so endothelium is lining the inside so like lining the inside of your heart inside of blood vessels specifically blood vessels uh that's an example we find that lining your heart the inside of blood vessels inside of kidney tubes just making sure yeah just the key there is inside okay so right here this is a blood vessel so this is where your blood would flow through endothelium yes because it's on the inside so all of this is simple squamous cells on the inside of a blood vessel since it's on the inside it's endothelium this right here over here this picture this is showing lining the outside of your intestines the outside of the intestines since it's on the outside of the intestines is it endo or meso meso good job okay so i'm going to go back to this picture this is a picture that i took or one of my probably my student took it because there's a pointer in there so this picture is actually from small intestines this is the outside of the small intestines so would this be mesothelium or endothelium do mesothelion all agree there are yes or no in the chat box yes okay i got one yes chelsea said yes betty said yes okay now the yeses are coming through good job okay so the problem with meso and endothelium for what we are learning y'all shouldn't be able to necessarily tell them apart by looking at them they look the same so you have to rely on me to give you a hint so if i'm asking any questions about meso or endothelium you have to kind of read the question to find the location i'm discussing now just like i was talking about earlier a lot of our tissues in the body they are going to form membranes and remember membranes are just sheets of tissues that line in cover so most membranes so all membranes but one in your body are made out of epithelia okay so when we talk about membranes we're going to talk about which tissue makes them up the location and if there's any extra land yap i need to throw in there now for these membranes in your manual if you turn all the way to the end on page 23 you will see all the information about membranes you don't need to turn there right now you can write it down with the material that we cover but that's where it is in your manual i don't like to teach it at the end because it doesn't relate to what we're covering i like to do it as we cover stuff so you say what page it's 23 in the manual to go over all the membranes okay so simple squamous forms of membrane that's our we supposed to print this page out or something yeah so the exercise two you were supposed to print out all of exercise two or have it with you i i have the i printed it out and the manual i'm actually talking about what you have on the screen no no no no this is my presentation for y'all okay all right okay so simple squamous forms a membrane the membrane it forms is a serous membrane we learned about cirrus last week serous membranes cover the outside of organs since it covers the outside of an organ would it be mesothelium or endothelium mesothelium everyone agree with veronica yes got one yes yes okay now i'm getting i got i got a test okay so serous membranes are actually just mesothelium the tissue that makes up serous membranes are the tissue that makes up mesothelium is simple squamous how many layers of serous membranes do we have what did we learn last week two layers visceral and parietal okay the layer that touches the organ throw this in the chat the layer that touches the organ is which layer visceral or parietal visceral visceral okay got a few people typing takes a little bit longer to type than to say it okay good job so we have two layers visceral and parietal they're named for their location pericardial covers the heart plural covers the um lungs and then everything in your abdominal pelvic is the peritoneum everything in your abdominal pelvic is covered by the peritoneum so we've already learned about serous basically all i'm adding to it is the tissue it is composed of so if on the test let me go back to this i say identify this tissue y'all will tell me tissue name what's the name of this tissue that you're looking at that the pointers at where is it that is the apical surface but what's the name of the tissue simple squamous okay so if you see me ask the name tissue you want to tell me the name of that tissue if i say what membrane does this tissue form mess up wait um serious membrane i guess you got it okay and then if i said this is found on the outside of the heart the outside of the heart mesothelioma you got it so really for y'all questions are very important because that's going to tell you what answer i'm looking for okay so if you hear me ask the word tissue i'm looking for the name of the tissue if you hear me ask the name membrane it's going to be one of the membranes we're going to learn if i ask you location you need a little bit more from me you need to know where i'm referencing and then we have our layers parietal and visceral so this is just building off of what we covered last week okay now the next tissue that we are going to cover is my classes usually their favorite epithelial tissue okay i want you to look at this tissue all of this is what we consider our free surface so there's nothing touching it here's the basement membrane and then this would be what tissue right here what tissue do we find beneath the basement membrane connective connective tissue okay okay so same thing here this is where your apical surface is the circle i'm drawing is your basement membrane and then all of this is some squished up connective tissue okay when you look at the shape of the cell what shape are you primarily seeing cue cube okay so what shape is that we don't call it cubital perfect y'all okay now if we look here here's the basement membrane i go up one layer and then i'm already at my free surface so this is only one layer so what would we put in front of cuboidal okay so this is simple cuboidal and this is the same tissue that we're looking at just different cuts so do you remember last week's analogy of the straws yeah okay this side would be the tops of the straws so we're just seeing lots of little o's and then this analogy right here would be the the length of the straw so basically these just got cut differently so we see them a little bit differently now i usually don't use straws as my analogy i personally use cheerios cheerios this is what i see fruit loops [Laughter] so when i look at simple cuboidal i see cheerios wow so when i tell you i have silly analogies this is how i've learned all of my tissues by food now something that's really important about simple cuboidal that i'm going to cover is simple cuboidal oh real quickly y'all both of these pictures came from our lab okay just want y'all to notice that a lot of the pictures i'm using come from our lab okay simple cuboidal is what creates sorry that's simple cuboidal cuboidal is what creates glands cuboidal creates a lot of our glands not all of them but a lot of them okay the cuboidal can be simple cuboidal which we just looked at or it can be stratified cuboidal which we are not looking at today simple cuboidal will form endocrine glands simple cuboidal will form our endocrine glands i'm just writing examples of glands so simple cuboidal will form pituitary glands parathyroid thyroid these are just examples of endocrine glands endo means that we're releasing chemicals into the blood so endocrine glands release hormones into the blood where do exocrine glands release everything to the surface okay exocrine glands are gonna be sweat glands salivary oil exocrine grains released into what to a surface okay goblet cells are example of exocrine okay both exocrine and endocrine glands are made out of cuboidal but they're made out of different types of cuboidal so this is just to give you a little background on the types of glands we're not going into detail on this an exocrine release to a surface and what does endocrine do i'm confused endocrine releases into the blood okay so when you salivate where does that saliva go it lines what the mouth the mouth and your mouth is a surface when you're sick and you're producing lots of snot where is that snot coming from your nose yep lining the nose if you cough up phlegm you're coughing up a lot of mucus that mucus is lining your trachea okay so as long as it's secreting to a surface and that surface goes to the outside world that's an exocrine gland when you sweat where do you sweat to the surface of your skin you got it so that's a surface okay so exocrine is a surface endocrine's blood both are made out of cuboidal both are made out of cuboidal but there's different types of cuboidal the only cuboidal we are looking at is going to be simple cuboidal we're not looking at stratified this week now our next group of tissues and this is going to be the bottom of page 19 is simple column is your simple columnar tissues okay all of these came from pictures from our lab now of course these are some really nice ones i'm not going to show you some of the really bad ones that we've taken okay when you hear the word columnar what are the cell shape going to be oval cell shape oh oval cell shape columns columns columnar tissue is going to have these tall cells yeah oh no okay so columnar tissue means that the cells are column like in shape and that just means that they're tall and thin so if i looked at this side over here here's a columnar cell here's one here's one so they're very tall now when i talk about the nucleus and we look at columnar tissue what is the shape of the nucleus in columnar tissue oval and the um towards the basement in most of the ones that we're going to look at so here whoops here we're gonna see i'm having trouble drawing today we got come on there we go we got oval shaped nuclei here and you'll notice that they're in a nice line it's not a perfect line but they're in a nice line these are tissues so nothing's going to be perfect okay so column like oval nuclei okay goblet cells what do goblet cells produce mucus mucus yeah with the you just you can put the use so goblin cells produce mucus with mucus these are goblet cells you'll notice that they don't stain very heavily and you'll notice that in general they're opening up to the surface so those are goblet cells in that picture these are goblet cells on the blue picture this one one has a lot of mucus in it okay so goblet cells produce mucus since that mucus is going to the surface is it endocrine or exocrine it's exocrine excellent job okay okay now the next things we're going to talk about are the two things that they can have on top it can have microvilli or cilia it won't have both so we are only learning columnar tissue with microstila myth with microvilli are with cilia we are not learning the ones without so we're only looking at two different columnar tissues today one will have cilia one will have microvilli okay i want you to look super carefully do y'all see that little bit darker line on the top of that tissue it's just like fuzzy a little bit darker in coloration yeah yes okay pretty tiny huh it's a goblet not a goblet goblet cells are gonna look like little half wine glasses or wine glasses that's a goblet right there this that's on top that is just a fuzzy surface micro those are you got it say it loudly microvilli you got it so microvilli are super tiny they kind of just look like a fuzzy surface i usually say that someone took a pencil and erased it and now it's smudgy that's kind of what it looks like to me that someone just erased the pencil line and it became smudgy so those little brown in the picture those little brown ovals that's not goblet cells which uh which picture this camera one two or three three three these right here these dark ones yeah what is that those are all just nuclei of the cells yeah okay all right okay so what are microvilli's function movement movement okay not movement absorption absorption absorption of what nutrition of nutrients you got it nutrient absorption okay now i want you to look at picture one is it a lot easier to see what's on top of this okay so this right here is a lot more this is a lot taller these are used for movement what are they celia okay cilia are much larger than microvilli they're way easier to see so i'm going to go to another picture just so i can show y'all okay this on this side this is gonna be picture one here's picture two in the chat don't yell it out in the chat tell me which picture one or two have cilia don't yell it out just put it in the chat look at y'all go y'all got this see i don't need me okay so one has cilia do y'all see how nice and tall those are yeah now look at two we got this tiny tiny border right on top of it that's so tiny they're not very long what does two have [Music] those two have cilia or microvilli microvilli good job chelsea callie and whoever else just said that sorry i can't see all of y'all's faces our names at the same time so i sometimes don't know who's talking dr yes it would help if you zoom the pictures this close in the test because because when that weight is hard to tell and i i use glasses but i put them out there for repairs and it's taking longer than expected so if it's zoomed in like this it's easier to teleport they they won't be veronica i actually use pictures from our class so pictures that we have taken with our microscope are the pictures that we use so these are pictures that we have taken with our microscopes yeah but you just made it larger and it was easy i pulled these from the internet just to show you the difference oh these are not our pictures our microscopes only go up to 400 power these are probably around 1200 well this one's probably around 1200 this one's probably around 2000 magnification okay our microscopes only go up to 400 magnification okay so we won't see this this is just so y'all can see the difference between them anytime that you see cilia they're going to be way longer than microvilli way longer for me i identify the cilia and then the one that looks like it has nothing i'm going to assume it's microwave that's perfect that's perfect now in real life we have columnar tissue that has neither but we're not learning those we're only learning with cilia or with microvilli so just know in real life there are more than the two we are learning what is this right here that i'm labeling a a goblin goblet okay and what is this right here it's the um what is it that's a goblet what is this right here the small tablet they're all goblets they just look a little different because they're modified cells now notice that all of these are in a line it's not a perfect straight line but it's a line and you'll notice that the shape is oval so these characteristics are going to stay the same no matter what we look at okay now the first tissue that i'm going to go over in detail is this one these were both taken with our microscopes what i want you to look at is what's on top here those are a lot bigger and larger so what would that be on top just okay from the picture on the right my right or your right let's go this one or two two two so that is cilia okay remember that cilia is gonna be a lot larger let me go back to these if you look here there's almost nothing there on top if you look here there's almost nothing there on top these two were taken from our these bottom two were taken from our pictures and then you look at these two and there's a lot more stuff coming off the top that is cilia if cilia is present it has to be in the name okay the only tissue that we are learning with cilia is pseudo stratified now this is only telling us cell layers what else do i need here i got my cell layers i also need my cell columnar shape which is you got it columnar good job now the word cilia are silly aided has to be in the name i personally do not care the order you write it down if you write pseudostratified columnar cilia that's fine if you write pseudostratified ciliated columnar that's fine if you write ciliated pseudostratified columnar i don't care as long as you get that word cilia in the name you gotta be the mix yeah okay so the two we are learning is pseudostratified ciliated columnar and then simple columnar so pictures two and three are simple columnar okay notice i don't put the word microvilli nor do i put the word nonciliated it is implied that it's not ciliated if we don't put the word cilia in it okay simple columnar has microvilli so where do you know it has to be found where do we absorb nutrients at the top at the stomach lining stomach in our intestines okay now you don't want to tell me stomach and intestines what's the one word you want to put on powers inside digestive okay i heard inside would work and uh no endothelium is only for simple squamous lining lining lining or covering lining okay so lining is going to be the inside covering hovering's usually the outside outside okay so i'm just emphasizing this because no matter how much i say this i still always have people just put stomach intestine heart and there are so many different tissues in those organs so i always just want to make sure that you have that word lining or covering somewhere if you wrote inside i would probably give you credit now both simple columnar and pseudostratified ciliated columnar form membranes they both have goblet cells what do goblet cells produce mucus mucus guess what membranes this forms mucus okay do y'all notice that mucus here is spelled differently okay simple columnar forms a mucous membrane mucous membranes are membranes that open to the outside of the body so what that means is anything that opens directly or indirectly to the outside of the body is a mucous membrane so if i put a marble in my mouth the marble will go from my mouth esophagus stomach small intestines large intestines anus toilet so that whole digestive tract tube is what kind of membrane since it all opens to the outside of the body mucus mucus you got it when you breathe in your nose does your nose open to the outside of your body no no your nostrils don't they do yes they do so what kind of membrane lines your nose um mucus mucus what kind of membrane lines the urethra the urethra is where p comes out where urine comes out mucus mucus because it's opening to the outside what kind of membrane lines the vagina mucus you got if it opens to the outside it is a mucous membrane okay okay now this particular mucous membrane simple columnar we know lines your gi tract okay so key keyword i put there was lines so you'll see the word lines and then just some extra info is what we just talked about it produces mucus to a surface that exits the body now again spelling counts on tests mucus that's produced versus mucus that names the membrane okay pseudostratified ciliated columnar do they have goblet cells yes you got it and what are the golf ball cells produce mucus so what type of membrane do you think this is yeah okay this membrane you got it now pseudostratified ciliated columnar the mucus that's produced is gonna stick to the lining of your trachea and your bronchi so the spelling of the maker's matter yes because i saw it somewhere too in the book you i think notes you said it'll matter or maybe i didn't get it right well the mucus with an o is the name of the membrane the mucus without the o is the actual produce okay so pseudostratified cilia columnar it is going to produce mucus that catches anything you breathe in so the dust other people's skin cells anything that you breathe in will stick to that mucus but we need to get that mucus out of our trachea and out of our bronchi so we don't get all clogged up and that's when we sneeze produce phlegm cough up nastiness but what helps us get rid of that mucus are the cilia the cilia will move the mucus through the trachea so i'm sorry in this case cilia reminds me of nose hairs okay your nose hairs are different than cilia but almost kind of the same function because your nose hairs are going to be more protection but because of their location they can actually catch stuff and move stuff okay so this particular columnar tissue pseudostratified ciliated columnar is found lining your upper respiratory tract the key word if you notice that i put here lines so if you just put respiratory tract that's incorrect and then the same thing it produces mucus so any basically your entire gi tract from mouth to anus your entire respiratory tract are mucus membranes but different tissues will form and line different organs so we have transitions between tissues but they still have some of the same functions so can we call reproductive organ um a mucus membrane a lot of it is okay okay so next thing we're going to go is to our stratifieds we only have three left okay what does stratify tell you multiple layers multiple layers you got it so if we look at these pictures here is my basement membrane what's all this beneath my basement membrane connective tissue connective tissue and then what's up here where nothing's touching the apical of free services okay and then that's the same thing over here this is just a basement membrane connective tissue free surface okay we can tell that there's more than one layer because each of these little circles is a nucleus and we can see that they go way up to the top so right there this is about you know 20 layers 15 layers same thing on this side so we know it's lots of layers okay so we do know it is stratified the next thing we have to do is figure out cell shape and you never want to look at the layers towards the bottom you'll notice that the layers towards the bottom have nice circle nuclei but as they start to move up what do you notice is happening to the shape of the nuclei they become flatter yeah and when they're flat what do we call flat cells llamas oh my gosh so stratified squamous is lots of layers with flat cells now we have two different types of stratified squamous that we're going to talk about both of these are pictures from our lab so you can see how nice these are okay this is another analogy this is a nice flaky croissant i don't know if flaky has an e y or y it has y just y okay okay this is called the it's laminated the word lamin lamella are laminated just means layers so this is nice layers do y'all see this part right here it's lots of nice layers i compare parts of stratified squamous to a croissant that's what i see you and food yeah okay so there's actually two types of stratified squamous we got keratinized stratified squamous and keratinized stratified squamous is going to have keratin and keratin is a protein that kills cells and makes them a protective layer so keratin is a protein that kills cells and it makes it a protective layer i want you to look at this picture i'm drawing this line here basically all of this has nuclei if nuclei is present that means the cell is living so if we look here all of this is living and it all has nuclei but about midway through we see that these top layers lack nuclei so this flaky part this croissant right here all this croissant they lack nuclei if it lacks a nucleus is the cell living or dead then dead and then what made the cell die what type of protein protein do they have keratin you got it so you know that keratin is present if the top layers lack a nucleus these top layers these is what we scrape off every day this is about 70 of what we breathe in is other people's skin cells so this is what we exfoliate now that's a lot of losing of cells so at the same time we're losing all those cells these bottom layers are producing more cells so homeostasis so i'm gonna go back to this picture real quick let me erase all this okay this is picture one this is picture two which picture put your answer in the chat which picture is keratinized because the top is flaky and dead put it in the chat one or two okay my chat may be broken i only see one person oh there we go okay just took a minute for my chat to cap up catch up okay so if we look at picture one we can see nuclei towards the bottom but then all of a sudden we hit this area and everything above this area doesn't have nuclei if it doesn't have nuclei this flaky area is considered dead or living you got it and if it's dead that means keratin was activated and if keratin is activated that kills the cell now look at this picture in the chat i want you to tell me if this picture picture a is keratinized or non-keratinized so k or nk so picture a is it keratinized or non-keratinized go ahead and put k or nk in the chat okay now remember one of the key features is nuclei so see if you can see any nuclei in that box i drew okay so most people got put k a few put n k this picture is non-carrot i'm sorry it's keratinized there are nuclei these little purple dots all the way on the bottom all of these purple dots are nuclei but all of a sudden we hit this area and there are no nuclei so all of a sudden it just looks like layers of empty flat space if there is no nuclei that means it has to be dead keratinized where do y'all think we find keratinized stratified squamous the skin okay skin's a full organ so put one word in front of that lining lining the skin lining the skin or you can even say it's the top layer of the skin of covering the skin you can say covering it actually is called your epidermis yeah okay but i would say i would take covering the body top layer lining you can be fancy and put epidermis okay the next one is non-keratinized stratified squamous i'm just using shorthand because i'm running out of room okay notice all of this area is your free surface okay you'll notice that these cells towards the top are very flat and we see tons of layers what do you also notice is in the cells nuclei nuclei on both sides if nuclei are to the free surface that means the cells are living or dead living if they're living they are non-keratinized stratified squamous because if there's no keratin the cells don't get killed now we find this lining and i hate this word moist openings so like the mouth the mouth is excellent your mouth connects to your stomach through your food tube do you know what your food tube is called sofa dust yeah the esophagus okay then your anus is also lined by this and so is the vagina is lined by this and the tips the tips of the urethra so lots of places okay so to me these look really different because you can actually see the polka dots all the way to the tip top and those polka dots are your nuclei so if you've seen polka dots to the top surface then it is always considered non-keratinized stratified squamous okay a real quick hint is that if you do not want to use this term if you just write stratified squamous it is implied that you're talking about non-characterized so a lot of my students want to use it because it's almost a safety net in checking that they're writing things correctly so i can say that these pictures are non-keratinized stratified squamous or i could just say that they are stratified squamous these two are interchangeable it's what you're comfortable with okay so the last two membranes that we're going to cover are stratified squamous ammonia and keratinized stratified squamous now stratified squamous notice i didn't write non-keratinized because it's implied but i can write it if i want so anytime you can move that chart up i i am once i get done with stratified squamous okay thank you so stratified squamous is found in moist openings and these openings go to the outside of the body what type of membrane do we know opens to the outside of the body mucus so what type of membrane is this you got it okay locations we already talked about that moist openings notice key term lines lines lines and then this is just a little explanation of why it's considered mucus even though it doesn't have goblet cells it has specialized cells that produce mucus associated with it so okay now i'm gonna have to exit to get to the last one so y'all can see it oops okay so carrots and ice stratified squamous we know we find lining basically your body so we know that your skin is kind of a first line of defense for protection so keratinized stratified squamous is not a mucous membrane so it's really not moist keratinized stratified squamous is going to be what we call a cutaneous membrane the word cuta means skin yeah that's another word for edemas okay where do we know we find the cutaneous membrane or where do we find keratinized stratified squamous that top layer of your skin and then any fancy information top layers are dead bottom layers are living okay so again on the test i might show you this picture and i might say identify the tissue okay the tissue's name is stratified squamous or you can put non-keratinized stratified squamous and then i might say what membrane does this tissue represent moist opening so what membrane does it represent if it's moist openings mucus you got it mucus so those are kind of the questions i can ask identify a identify the membrane okay now we have one last tissue and i'm going to speed through this because y'all have 11 minutes which one was moist opening that's the non-keratinized stratified squash so first person stephanie i think was asking a question can you just go back to i guess it was slide 40 just that extra information for the non-keratinized stratified squamous remember y'all this is a recorded presentation so anything you miss you can go go back and get okay thank you and then i think chelsea you were asking a question no no okay was someone else asking a question yeah um for the test do you have to put epithelial after the um the tet um this the tissue only if you want it's good practice but you don't have to all right okay okay our tissue is transitional and if you think about going through a transition that's what we're going through right now with our life a transition is what a change of events trend of events you got it like diffusion sort of uh no it's not diffusion for this it just means that it's going to change its appearance so transitional tissue changes its appearance on whether it is stretched or relaxed transitional tissue changes its appearance whether it's stretched or relaxed both of these pictures were taken at our lap they look very similar the only difference is the is the dye they were stained differently okay transitional tissue is going to be stratified so lots of layers and we don't put a cell shape with it because the cell shape changes in appearance whether it is stretched or relaxed so a lot of times we'll call it cuboidal like are squamous like they're not cuboidal they're not squamous but they end up looking kind of cubish or flatish everything but nothing yeah exactly everything but nothing at the same time to me when i look at transitional i see a lot of superdomes piled on top of each other this is what i see when i look at them so lots of layers um like super domey shaped cells with nuclei that's what i see when i look at transitional i don't have a food for this oh wow okay kiwi kiwi i need to go cut up in a kiwi strawberries okay strawberries kiwis that can work i can see strawberries in this one a little bit better i'd go pomegranate pomegranate that'll work so this one is the yummy fruit i see the roots of a tree okay so this is a this one's the tree that grows the fruit but what i want to show you is that even though it's lots of layers the cells in those layers are what i consider dome like and they're just lots on top of each other and then all of these are cube-like this one is flat but it's lots and lots of layers what people usually confuse with this one is stratified squamous but stratified squamous the cells get flat at the free surface and transitional the cells are still dome shaped so when you look at transitional think of like super domes top 10 past top of each other versus stratified squamous is going to be flat at the free surface the cells are flat okay i know i kind of ran through that one but you do have my epithelial tissue lectures online also so you can also just go through those um this will be posted this um particular slideshow will be posted probably in 10 minutes but i just want to remind y'all of the due dates which we went over at the beginning of class so on monday this is what's due the test opens on monday but it doesn't close until september 1st which is tuesday and notice the time 11 59 pm the test closed i pushed it back one day because we're behind today okay and then it closes tuesday yep tuesday night i usually only leave it open for um 24 hours but because of the delay with the storms i'm leaving it open for longer and that just gives you a little more time to review material okay i will post all this information again for y'all in a new announcement but it won't be till this afternoon okay so if you're in my lecture our lectures today will be very viable for the exams right yes okay thank you so if you're in my lecture at 11 go take a quick break and just hop on in it's going to be a new room it's not going to be the same room that we're in for lab okay i appreciate y'all's patience y'all did a phenomenal job today and i will be sure to um have this posted for y'all really soon when you send new room does it have a password or something nope it's just i'm gonna have to end this one and open up a new class oh okay okay so bye y'all if you have any questions i have office hours this afternoon or you can email me so bye y'all thank you bye