[Music] scientific advances over the last 150 years have made our modern world an incredible place technology lets us live longer healthier and more connected lives technology is completely vital to the way we live Canada is a nation of imagination and innovation Canadians have played a massive role in developing many of the world's most significant medical and technological breakthroughs we've really changed the face of the planet is our innovation imagine Canada's best innovations who just stopped working to see just how much Canada has impacted the world we're going to look at it through a different lens today some of Canada's game-changing innovations will cease to function he would never have been president we might never have gone to the moon what would we do what kind of a world would we live in there wouldn't be a person on earth who wasn't tested people are going to be dropping in the streets it's going to be absolutely chaotic and world without Canada really wouldn't be much of a world at all join us in our thought experiment over the next hour we'll show you the devastating place that would be the world without Canada [Music] it's a day unlike any other on planet earth more than seven billion people are unaware that the world will suddenly be left without Canada's game-changing contributions to science technology without the ability to communicate and share information the world would very quickly descend into chaos not over days not over month in hours a nation of great distance Canada is one of the world's most inventive countries and communications breakthroughs since the dawn of time distance have been a divining characteristic farther away somebody actually was from you the less well connected order as simple as that telephony telecommunications took that away it made everybody exactly one phone call away from everybody else the world can Bank Alexander Graham Bell a Canadian for the telephone Bell moved to Canada with his family when he was 23 years old Bell had a natural passion for communication and audio and sound and he put that knowledge to use when he was developing the telephone and actually his first tests were done in Brantford Ontario which is still known as the telephone city bells early telephone used a liquid transmitter that converted vibrations from his voice into electrical signals the liquid was dilute sulfuric acid according to legend the famous first call between Bell and Watson was actually a response to Bell spilling some acted on his trousers a patent was issued to bail on March 7 1876 for his telephone while other inventors were closing in with similar inventions the world would not be the same if Bell had not been the first to the patent if he had failed to get that protection for his intellectual property would he have felt motivated to go on to the other great inventions securing the telephone patent insured bail could fund further invention many of them envisioned at his home in Baddeck Nova Scotia they'll help refine the phonograph develop the hydrofoil and worked on airplane design also came up with something called the photo ball which is the basis for fiber-optic technology endless inventions all would have disappeared if he hadn't successfully created and protected intellectual property here in Canada metals telephone was the start of a global transformation not just for himself but for communications worldwide this is the biggest invention of communication since writing could you imagine solving an international crisis with letters it can mean the difference between war and peace even an indirect telephone connection can present complications it wasn't until 1968 that most international phone calls could be made without an appointment and an operator the Cuban Missile Crisis emphasized the importance of a direct telephone connection single most important telephone connection in the world is the one between the White House and the Kremlin the one that was put in after the Cuban Missile Crisis that said look we cannot let a misunderstanding escalate to the point of global thermonuclear war only a few years after we could easily phone other countries American President Richard Nixon made the farthest long-distance phone call in history to the Apollo 11 mission his voice made that historic phone call from the White House he called Neil and Buzz on the moon on July 20th 1969 and Canadians continued to trail blazed in telephone technologies we got to see it start in Brantford Ontario and Alexander Graham Bell going to smart phones at research in motion in 1984 Canadian businessman Mike Lazaridis Doug bragging started tech company Research In Motion in Waterloo Ontario rims first success was a film editing tool called did you see that they won an Academy Award for in 1999 that award was a sign of big things to come for Lazzarini Stan friggin in 2002 they launched the game-changing BlackBerry smartphone a device that became widely adopted almost immediately [Music] the concept of the smartphone really originates with the blackberry texting email the internet and more all one device this technology absolutely transforms human interactions at a fundamental level what we've had thanks to telephony is people who had no telecommunications going straight to cell phones and smart phones without ever going through the stages in between look at developing countries where they learn from us in g8 countries and they realize we actually need those landlines we can go straight to cell phone technology we can go straight to the Internet Canadian inventions that are literally making people's lives in the most distant places on the globe better every single moment without it we would still be not Marshall McLuhan's global village but a globe of diligence everything we do today in terms of international relations in terms of international commerce telephony made that possible to be able to build companies to be able to shape economies so the impact of technology on a global level changes everything that that hello but today in the world without Canada the phone stopped working that connectedness we take for granted is now gone what happens when your basic infrastructure that you take for granted failed think about the impact on worldwide stock exchanges international trade nations on the brink of war the telecommunications suddenly stopped working we're in a matter of seconds we can convey huge amounts of information that senses connection that sense of identity all of that shifts without the technology and today not just our networks of colleagues family and friends that are affected Klaus the 911 is probably something that Alexander Graham Bell never foresaw in Brantford Ontario imagine a world in which we didn't have a phone to be able to call emergency services your sense of personal security would be I think shaken to the core Canada's impact on communications goes beyond talk and text Reginald Fessenden is the greatest Canadian you've never heard of on December 23rd 1915 from Bolton asked Quebec became the first person to transmit voice over radio waves he secured hundreds of patents for his innovative work radio is the terrific Canadian invention we're responsible for letting the world hear in self radio wave technology is behind some of the greatest advances in history from the beginning with radio we got television we got satellite communication we got the world wide web we got virtual reality imagine if we never explored the potential of radio all the things we could have lost the power of radio however isn't limited to the technology itself it's not just the medium it's the message worth on a page are one thing but when you bring those words to life through speech they take on an entirely different meaning radios amplifies that force it brings that power into your living room into your car it's an incredibly powerful tool for communicating and for inspiring radio was the first time that voices to traverse the globe if you look back to the 40s the 50s the 60s the radio was the source of direct transmissions around some of the biggest most important events of the 20th century President Roosevelt's groundbreaking fireside chats in the 1930s and 40s helped the American public connect with him and understand his way of governing the notion of the president actually speaking to the people unheard of before the advent of radio being able to hear one voice moving out to the masses is a powerful and galvanized insane in 1963 Martin Luther King led the march on Washington and spoke that great speech I have a dream King used the radio to spread his inspirational message beyond those listening to him that day in Washington I have a dream my poor little children one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of our skin but by the content of their character I am a tree thinking about that goosebumps because his voice conveyed the emotion even though I wasn't physically there every intonation brought me along with that vision and empowered me to believe in that dream while political mind sought to transform society other revolutions were underway with radio as a pivotal tool it changes the entire history of music nobody would have heard of the Beatles in the United States if it wasn't for radio if you think about the Beatles having to schlep from one town to another concert by concert they would have been old and great before you know more than a few thousand people even knew who they were and the Beatles were on Canadian airwaves one year before they were released in the US Canada became the first country across the pond to embrace the band Canadians formed the first North American Beatles fan club if Canadian Reginald Fessenden hadn't invented the radio imagine how many artists they'd never have made it no airplay no widespread recognition radio helped get messages and music to the masses but sometimes the most important radio transmissions however are between just a few key people I think very few people know that Canadians invented the walkie talkie I got something say Jeff I got one thing in fact it was two Canadians independently who invented the walkie-talkie Donal things was working for Canadian mining company Alfred gross was like your champion of amateur radio when world war ii broke out the National Research Council of Canada went and picked up Donald Haines and got him to develop the radio for wartime purposes as we came out of the war we realized that a lot of these technologies have incredibly powerful implications and why not continue to develop them for everyday people and see what happens is not an understatement to say endings of thousands of people's lives have been saved to operations that were coordinated by walkie talkies we've become completely dependent on telephone smart phones and radio technologies I can't hear you imagine the world today without them take those away those people are dead that's over and I you gotta get out of here without communications technologies first responders aren't the only ones in pero in today's world without Canada emergency rooms are overrun from the sudden loss of some of Canada's incredible medical innovations it's been just a few hours since some of Canada's greatest scientific contributions to the world have suddenly stopped working Communications technologies were the first devastating blow [Music] and now millions of lives are at risk as the world is left without game-changing Canadian medical breakthroughs our emergency Ward's would be overflowing everywhere in the world without Canada Rio Mumbai Tokyo cities everywhere are suddenly plagued by desperately sick patients how are you okay having no way to communicate with emergency services people are finding their own ways to the hospital and diabetics need help that diabetes is a hormonal disorder it's essentially our body not making enough insulin or not responding to insulin properly when that happens we end up with high blood sugar and that is a very dangerous condition without a critical Canadian scientific breakthrough their bodies are failing diabetes would be a fatal disease again in 1920 researchers Banting best MacLeod and column at the University of Toronto discovered a way to save the lives of diabetics worldwide vamping invest were responsible for probably one of the biggest medical breakthroughs of the 20th century the purification of insulin the development of a treatment for diabetes this is a profound shift in our ability to understand and cope with the disease that was affecting millions of people to think that a Canadian innovation is something that is so intimately tied to their body and is with them every day and is giving them a life that they wouldn't have had before 1920 is remarkable Canada's first Nobel Prize was awarded for the discovery of insulin in 1923 panting in the cloud were awarded the prize which they shared with best in colum Tanjung invest gave us insulin and it set the template for all subsequent drug therapies that were similar they demonstrated quite simply that if the problem was a missing hormone you just put that hormone bash and voila treatments a fantastic example is Addison's disease JFK is probably the most famous Addison's stuff her out there what would the world be like if Canadian breakthroughs in understanding hormonal disorders never happened he would never have been president we might never have gone to the moon a million different things would have happened in this world instead if it hadn't been for us setting a champion suddenly diseases like Addison's were treatable and that is all thanks to panting in bed worldwide over 400 million people have diabetes that's one in every 11 people before Frederick Banting discovered influence 100 percent of people with type 1 diabetes would not live for 10 years after they were diagnosed in the world without Canada the insulin diabetics have been receiving isn't available anymore and you suddenly deprive somebody of insulin they're not going to die that hour they're not going to die possibly that day but in a week they are going to be dead dead dead it is an existential crisis [Music] hospitals around the world are struggling to keep up things will get even worse as another game-changing Canadian invention stops working if suddenly everybody's pacemakers stopped working that's you know three million people who no longer have a regular heartbeat and could drop dead right away the Canadian innovation was to learn that electrical shocks could keep your heartbeat regen Toronto Surgeons Wilfred Bigelow and John Callahan came up with the idea for the pacemaker during an operation when a patient's heart stopped beating as a last-ditch measure Bigelow has an electric probe in his hand and he says I'm just going to try this applies the electric pulse to the heart and it starts again it starts beating it's remarkable Bigelow and Callahan teamed up with electrical engineer John Hobbs the National Research Council in Ottawa to design what became the world's first external pacemaker the first one that Callahan Hopson Bigelow invented was you know the size of a radio and it was placed outside the body in the years following their invention many inventors have continued to refine the pacemaker you have a lot of people out there who depend on this electrical pulse for their life all of a sudden it's not just your life that matters hundreds or even thousands of other lives can be affected by that you're driving a car when that happens and you are a lethal weapon you're as dangerous as a loaded gun one of the neatest aspects of this story is that Hobbs who invented the pacemaker ultimately had one implanted himself so his own invention saved his life later on most scientists hoped for one great moment in their life Bigelow and Callaghan had to their first big innovation was open-heart surgery they had been doing some research on hypothermia and realized that when bodies get cold circulation and all the other organ systems are slowed down this was the key breakthrough slowing the blood circulating through the body by cooling the patient allow doctors to open the chest to repair the heart for the first time in history Calahan later moved to Edmonton Alberta and performed Canada's first open-heart surgery in 1956 Canada punches well above its weight in matters of Science and Technology and medicine and always has a number of Canada's break medical minds have been women there were women for us to look up to going back to the mid-1800s and that's an incredible source of inspiration women like Maude Abbott who really paved the way for other women in the field Abbott from Saint Andre Dodge Ontario Quebec became one of the world's leading experts on congenital heart disease 50 years later women like Silvia federic of Saskatchewan were helping to change the outlook for those with pencils better equipped with one of the Canadian groups developing radiation therapy known as the cobalt 61 Silvius the doric was really forward-thinking she was a medical physicist who was the first person to actually get doses of cobalt-60 into patients she was the one that turned it from an idea into a treatment radiation therapies like those pioneered in Canada are still primary methods used to fight cancer there is no doubt that the fight against them is led with Canadian materials and Canadian techniques while genes were developing radiation treatments for cancer Canadian Wilder Penfield was studying our most complex and mysterious organ nurse his work was integral to today's understanding of the brain and its complexity without Penfield's work we'd have lost our most successful treatments for epilepsy thousands of people around the world would be again on a daily basis living with crippling seizures in today's world without Canada ten fields revolutionary brain mapping work is lost how big of an impact would this have around the planet right now an estimated 50 million people worldwide currently live with epilepsy another 2.4 million are diagnosed each year it's not just Penfield contribution to epilepsy treatments it's so important to if we were to have lost all of his other work this brain mapping research that he did it would set neurology back by in a hundred years treatments for depression treatments for neural muscular disorders like Parkinson's treatments ultimately after things like Alzheimer's memory loss all of those things are being worked on now that's the direct linear descendant of the work the wilder penfield de [Music] we've only touched the surface of Canada's impact in medicine and we've affected the lives of millions in the world without Canada as Canadian contributions in engineering stop working our safety will be put at risk today unlike any other a day when we envision the world without Canada a place where key contributions to communications and medicine have suddenly stopped working the resurgence of diabetes and fatal heart conditions has left hospitals worldwide really some of Canada's safety and security technology stop working things aren't getting any better whether it's a surveillance related activity looking for trouble before it happens or if a crime is being committed taking a lasting visual record of that that we can then use in our search for a suspect er and prosecution one transformative Canadian innovation has helped define a new era of communication and help to keep people safe around the world a tiny chip called the CCD the CCD or charge-coupled device allows us to capture light and turn it into electrical charges it allows us to digitize what we see at Bell Labs Canadian Willard Boyle was working with his colleague George Smith on a way to improve computer memory but what they actually found was a device that could turn light into an electrical signal the CCD chip changed photography there's no doubt about it oil a native of Nova Scotia won a Nobel Prize in 2009 for his work and was declared father of the digital ID it's a tiny creation that sparked a worldwide revolution so there are literally hundreds of possibilities for the use of the SACD in communications in the future the invention of the CCD basically kicked off a digital age everything you watch on television everything you look at on your phone on the Internet all of this came from the invention of the CCD the beautiful Moto's we've had of the universe through the Hubble Space Telescope our charge-coupled device photos what opened up the universe to us was this technology take a second to think about the impact the CCD has had on the way we communicated suddenly photography moves into a brand-new spear you have a generation for whom the camera is probably the single most important piece of technology the one that dictates how they live this selfie Instagram and snapchat these are entirely new modes of communication you haven't posted a picture it didn't really happen if it's not on Facebook nobody heard about it my whole mental construct of my world is now seen through images that I can shade I can change I can really touch and create other things around one trillion digital photos are taken on phone cameras alone each year if you looked at each one for a second continuously it would take you over 30000 years there's been no such seismic shift in human relations ever as powerful as the one the CCD technology made possible but it's not just about documenting the world around us this indispensable technology keeps us safe - it's a hugely valuable security in the world without Canada we lose this digital security imagine what it would be like to lose the connections that we've come to depend on we can't watch all the places that need to be watched at the same time and so this technology stands in for the guards on the tower if you like one recent incident highlighted the value of CCTV cameras for security on April 15th 2013 two homemade bombs exploded during the Boston Marathon three people were killed more than 260 others were hurt in the charged days following the blasts CCTV footage identified the two bombers without that technology we never would have found the people responsible for the Boston Marathon bomb and without CCD security footage things could have been even worse the brothers plan to make their next target New York to bomb Times Square we get through these imaging systems the ability to save human lives what could go wrong today in the world without Canada if police suddenly can't target criminals Canada's contribution to security extends beyond the CCD making the world without a volatile place Canadian technology from the NRC the National Research Council of Canada is used worldwide in detecting explosives before they go on NRC researcher Lauren Elias has been working on devices that could chemically detect harmful vapors in the mid-1980s the Canadian government asked Elias to develop the explosive vapor detection it is life-saving and it's Canadian the EVD came commonplace in Canadian airports and the technology was adapted worldwide in the air Canadian mines have made significant advances as well one of the first innovations that Canadians bring to the table in aircraft design is something called the variable pitch propeller they allow a plane and pilot to change speeds much like a manual transmission in a car the 1927 in the peace between the two world wars Wallace Turnbull a Canadian invented the variable pitch propeller Turnball New Brunswick engineer developed a propeller that was favored by pilots in World War two to this day that Canadian invention the variable pitch propeller is used on most small aircraft without a working propeller these planes won't stay in the air for long and planes aren't the only vehicles effective on the other side of the planet travel isn't much safer today in the world without Canada variable-pitch propellers are also found on ships on the open ocean cargo vessels are now adrift and without vital communications technologies ships and planes around the world on their own you're alone on a stormy sea and there's nobody that's coming to help you a world without some of Canada's most revolutionary innovations is a dark place and things are about to get much darker the world is a strange and foreboding place now that some of Canada's key breakthroughs in science and technology have stopped working the loss of yet another innovation won't help it goes without saying the world would be a darker place without electric life we live state lines you live much more productive lives than we ever did before a pair of Canadian inventors came up with one of the world's first lightbulb designs in 1873 medical student Henry Woodward and his neighbor Matthew Evans were playing around with a battery and an induction coil in their home lab they came up with the idea for a light bulb when they saw a spark and realized how bright it was the idea of using carbon in the filament and the idea of taking the air out of the chamber for the two things that really set them apart from other inventors at the time but their light bulb didn't take off in fact they were mocked for creating a useless product but another inventor and businessman took notice they patented their idea in both Canada and the United States which caught the interest of Thomas Edison who was trying to develop a lightbulb with his own he ended up buying their patent for $5,000 Canada has another connection for the light bulb Edison's father was from Nova Scotia we know Canada there's no Thomas Edison and none of the inventions he came up with including the electric light bulb while the bulb gained ground on city streets and in buildings another light source was used for car and mining headlamps in 1892 Thomas Wilson from Princeton Ontario made the key discovery Thomas Wilson did Bell the way of manufacturing is peddling gas acetylene burns of bright white work well to illuminate early roads and tunnels at the beginning of the 20th century acetylene gas became the primary means of welding metals like I beams this is a technology that made possible the vertical growth across the planet of architecture and buildings acetylene lighting fell out of favour and eventually the light bulb took over every aspect of illumination the world began to transform the light bulb was the gateway to the modern era where there's light there must be electricity so factories hospitals homes that wanted light bulbs needed electricity and were suddenly wired and had the potential to be so much more if there hadn't been that thing that everybody could see the utility of we never would have wired the world the very metaphor of an idea is the light bulb it was such a game-changer that it's become symbolic of the very notion of innovation in the world without Canada light bulbs stopped working a world without light is a dangerous place you are more suspicious you are more cautious or perhaps even a tad paranoid of what may lurk in the shadows before electric light doctah city streets worldwide were considered incredibly dangerous evil spirits lurked in the dark but there were real enemies to murder used to be rampant on the dark streets the world was a place of thieves and cutthroats Munich's murder rate is thought to have been five times higher before the advent of the lightbulb today under the cover of darkness we seem to easily revisit our new red groups we've all seen the stories of what happens during safe accidental blackouts when a city loses its power suddenly there's some people breaking windows and stealing things an infamous example took place in New York City in 1977 after lightning knocked out power to the city looters ran wild sixteen hundred stores were ransom almost four thousand people were arrested a thousand fires were set in the world without Canada and working electric light fire becomes something we rely on once again for licenses prior to electric lights we relied on oil or gas lamps or actual open flame to provide illumination at night this was something that was dangerous if a lamp fell over your house go up in flames the history is riven with examples of fires that went out of control fires sparked by lamps or candles have ravaged cities worldwide London lit up in 1666 Copenhagen in 1728 New York in 1845 and Chicago's Great Fire was claimed to have been started by a cow that kicked over a lantern this is what we lived with before the light bulb we are rightly nervous about being around fire in the world without Canada sudden darkness of [ __ ] disasters when Canada's contributions to power stop working will be even more vulnerable [Music] it's been less than a day since Canada's key contributions to science and technology have suddenly stopped working the loss of communications and medical advances have left the world reeling things aren't looking up either as some of Canada's engineering achievements shut down during the 1940s Canada became a leader in radioactive technologies becoming the second nation effort to show that nuclear reactions could be harnessed safely for clean power in the 1960s Canadian researchers developed a can-do nuclear reactor Canadian deuterium uranium a kind of nuclear power generating plant that is safe and efficient it's installed all over the world parts of China South Korea Argentina and India rely on the can-do for electricity the reality is CANDU reactors around the globe are giving countries that would not have cleaned or save sources of energy that very thing the same radioactive elements in nuclear reactors worldwide are those helping treat cancer remember the Canadian innovation cobalt-60 this is an isotope that the byproduct of nuclear reactors so the same facilities that are generating power for people are creating as a by-product is unusual little radioactive isotopes the can do reactor wasn't Canada's only breakthrough empowering the world not a lot of people know this but alkaline batteries are a Canadian invention louis yuri working at the Eveready battery company he came up with an alkaline battery a new type of battery that had never been seen before the first ever ready alkaline batteries hit shelves in 1958 glory born in pontypool Ontario earned more than 50 patents during his lifetime including some for the development of the lithium ion battery before later successes or he had to uniquely prove this alkaline battery design was superior when he went and talked to the executives of a company he had to toy cars and placed on the floor one had his new design and one had an old bat his new battery kept the car going to or three times as long as low battery the possibilities for kids toys skyrocketed around the same time another innovator began marketing her invention for children something that relied only on the power of two little legs in 1910 Olivia Poole created a modified version of a baby soothing device she remembered from her youth her Ojibwe family members while tending the fields used to securely suspend their baby cradles from tree limbs the bouncing of the limb soothed and entertained the infants pool named her version the Jolly Jumper and after using it with her seven children and many grandchildren decided to patent the design and market it for families worldwide [Music] Canadian innovation and child well-being doesn't stop there in 1930 researchers Frederick kissed doll Theodore Drake and Alan Brown at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto revolutionized child nutrition one of the biggest problems of the early 20th century was infant malnutrition and mortality rate in 1920 in Canada alone one in seven children never reached five years of age just all Drake and Brown responded with problem problem was really the first nutritional food designed to give babies give kids everything they needed nutritional deficiencies dropped from 62 to 17% dr. problem was invented early nutrition means better health outcomes later in life whether it's childhood infectious diseases or anything from autoimmune disorders to depression the impact of problem goes beyond childhood nutrition alone because the royalties for the problem patents were held by sick kids hospital for the next 25 years millions of dollars went into funding other research at fiction today sick kids is one of the world's leading pediatric hospitals around the world at the culmination of our day without Canada we can truly begin to see the impact key Canadian minds have had there wouldn't be a person on earth who wasn't affected if some of Canada's key impacts in communications medicine engineering and power stop working the world without Canada is an unimaginable place a world without Canada really wouldn't be much of a world at all Canadian science and technology breakthroughs and game-changing innovations suddenly stopped working over the course of one devastating day without the incredible impact the Canada have had on technology we would be living in a complete but happily we don't have to live there [Music] the last 150 years and beyond Canada has contributed far more than anyone realizes to the world from Canada's advancements in chemistry and engineering to medical breakthroughs and communication technologies if you look at any of these innovations independently they're fantastic they're great in their own right when you put them together they're much greater than the sum of their parts they impact the entire world our medical contributions are and continue to be some of the most impactful Canada's actually bida quite an innovator in the field of infectious diseases and Public Health the first to sequence the SARS genome really decode how this virus worked and we can say Winnipeg for some of the treatments that we now have that were tested in this last Ebola outbreak those came from Canadian researchers it's not just innovations and inventions that Canada brings to the medical stage it's people we have produced some of the brightest and best medical minds of the last 150 years the very first director general of the w-h-o was a Canadian major-general Drock Chisholm from Oakville Ontario head of the WH show from 1948 to 1953 and even proposed the eventual name the World Health Organization Canadian contributions to medicine show no signs of stopping from our early work in radiation therapies we've come to be world leaders in the treatment of capsule from the isolation of insulin Canadian teams have been working on ways to fully cure diabetes toast for the lady advances in communication technology will also continue to nip the world together Canada is a world leader in quantum computing which is the cutting edge of computing technology Canada is home to major players in the development of quantum computing Mike Lazaridis who is co-founder of research and motion rim endowed the Institute for quantum computing in Waterloo d-wave computing in British Columbia is the only commercial operation on the planet shipping quantum computers and their clients include Google and NASA [Music] Canadian technology is also vital to our search for life beyond we've been exploring the solar system and indeed the universe beyond thanks to charge-coupled devices a large telescope called the LSST is being built that will be able to capture images with a resolution of 3.2 gigapixels that's 64 times higher resolution than the best digital camera on today's month Canada is truly a place of incredible minds and innovations past and future the Canada's are being quiet Canada's incredible country I'm definitely proud to be Canadian I'm proud that we can contribute so much to the world we are just wonderful landscapes we are technologists engineers scientists who have remade so many fundamental technologies that are going to continue to do so well into the future we've got a history of a hundred and fifty years of amazing innovation and if we look forward to the next 150 years the possibilities are endless whatever the future brings Canadian science and technology will be front and center [Music]